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How bullying becomes a career tool
... The second article, "How bullying becomes a career tool" (Tauber & Mahmoudi, 2022), poses a query -What makes bullying an unethical yet effective means to rise through rank? ...
... Groupthink equivalence is described as "department chairs who may want to promote their homegrown crown princes and princesses even if they are performing at a lower level than their peers." (Tauber & Mahmoudi, 2022). ...
... Additionally, according to a recent English study, 61% of researchers had either experienced or witnessed bullying [14]. This "bullying tool", along with sabotage and abuse of power, has been used to dissuade female researchers in places or positions where a man of lower, equal or higher rank feels intellectually threatened, being perpetuated by themselves [15,16]. Mostly, this has been done by male principal investigators, against minorities and in particular women, who are the primary victims [17,18]. ...
... Mostly, this has been done by male principal investigators, against minorities and in particular women, who are the primary victims [17,18]. These barriers affect women since the outset of their careers, persist through specialty years to senior and directive positions, making it more difficult to remain and later be promoted, compared to men [16,19]. Moreover, the absence of effective regulations in many regions such as in Latin America, against harassment, exacerbates these challenges by failing to shield complainants while protecting perpetrators. ...
Purpose of Review
This review endeavors to highlight the structural, systematic and societal challenges that female researchers encounter. It also acknowledges the achievements and initiatives that women scientists had throughout the HIV history, which have brought visibility to issues within the field and provided solutions.
Recent Findings
Key innovations in the field include the implementation of gender quotas in executive roles, editorial positions and among journal authors. Additionally, the establishment of gender workshops and mentorship programs aimed at young female researchers.
Summary
Despite the increasing number of female doctors in recent decades, women continue to be underrepresented in academic, scientific, clinical and leadership positions. Exposing the bullying and sexism that takes places within it, which perpetuate the exclusion of female doctors. A comprehensive understanding of these barriers that affect women physicians, remain critical to improve the equity within the medical field.
... Refusing to communicate or attempts to snuff out dissenting voices, on the other hand, lead to distrust, which creates unnecessary acrimony. We are currently witnessing this scenario play out across various pockets of academia (Täuber & Mahmoudi, 2022). ...
... While the objective of a litigation may be to beat the opposing party in a rather black and white fashion, mediation is a process where-through good communication-the parties identify the issues that are important to them and reach a workable solution together. In doing so the parties can create a better working relationship based on mutual understanding moving forward (Täuber & Mahmoudi, 2022). Thus, mediation is not black or white, but multicolored. ...
Various skills necessary to conduct mediation—a popular alternative dispute resolution mechanism—from effective trust-building to active-listening can be extrapolated and applied to defining and manifesting good academic citizenship. This essay suggests that learning how to communicate better, by understanding the interest of others while advocating for our own, is an essential—and often lacking—skill for many academics. Not only is communication a sign of respect that we are willing to engage with one another, but perhaps more relevant to the issue of academic citizenship, effective communication entails empathy and kindness, which fosters the willingness for the other side to reciprocate. This feeling of mutual respect and reciprocity are key ingredients to engendering safety and a sense of belonging, which often produce successful outcomes in mediation. This essay, relying on personal narratives, submits that these elements are currently lacking across many pockets of academia, where various instances of failure to communicate have created a sense of distrust and unnecessary acrimony. Learning how to mediate could offer academics a path out of this conundrum, which could also contribute to strengthening our collective sense of academic citizenship.
... quality of science as well as the rate with which science can generate knowledge, for example through ethically dubious research practices [1], a replicability crisis [2] or innovation biases [3,4]. 1 There is also a loss of talent [5] as ever more researchers are leaving science when facing mental health concerns, such as anxiety, chronic stress and exhaustion [6], as they struggle with a culture of precarious and short-term working conditions [7][8][9], power-abuse, exploitation, bullying and harassment [10][11][12][13]. ...
... Open Science practices could allow for more location-independent work that may foster a higher dispersion of resources and expertise around the globe. The Ronin Institute 12 and the Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE) 13 are examples of promoting this way of working. ...
We argue that many of the crises currently afflicting science can be associated with a present failure of science to sufficiently embody its own values. Here, we propose a response beyond mere crisis resolution based on the observation that an ethical framework of flourishing derived from the Buddhist tradition aligns surprisingly well with the values of science itself. This alignment, we argue, suggests a recasting of science from a competitively managed activity of knowledge production to a collaboratively organized moral practice that puts kindness and sharing at its core. We end by examining how Flourishing Science could be embodied in academic practice, from individual to organizational levels, and how that could help to arrive at a flourishing of scientists and science alike.
... In this competitive environment, another aspect comes to light -the role of power dynamics and unethical behavior in academic success. Täuber and Mahmoudi (2022) argue that some academics rise to star status not in spite of but because of their bullying behavior. This assertion sheds light on a darker facet of academia, where individuals might exploit their positions of power and influence to advance their careers. ...
This article presents a fictional narrative about Professor Sackker, the solitary researcher in the field of Sackker Studies, once known as Management and Organizational Studies. Despite its absurdity, the story portrays Sackker’s dominance, marked by his inevitable rise with recordbreaking publications and citations, stifling competition, and leaving him as the ultimate winner and ruler. Through personal reflections, his story explores his career strategies, provides insights into his success, and explains how he shaped, transformed, and eventually (but unwittingly) destroyed the field. This narrative, though fictional, mirrors real concerns in today’s reality: growing inequalities, the dominance of elite scholars, and erosion of meaning in academic careers as a function of hyper-competition. We examine the prevalence of systemic issues plaguing academia. Despite challenges, the article also aims to inspire hope. By illuminating these problems and integrating them into scholarly discussions, there lies an opportunity for change, empowering the next generation of academics.
... In this competitive environment, another aspect comes to lightthe role of power dynamics and unethical behavior in academic success. Täuber and Mahmoudi (2022) argue that some academics rise to star status not in spite of but because of their bullying behavior. This assertion sheds light on a darker facet of academia, where individuals might exploit their positions of power and influence to advance their careers. ...
This article presents a fictional narrative about Professor Sackker, the solitary researcher in the field of Sackker Studies, once known as Management and Organizational Studies. Despite its absurdity, the story portrays Sackker’s dominance, marked by his inevitable rise with record-breaking publications and citations, stifling competition, and leaving him as the ultimate winner and ruler. Through personal reflections, his story explores his career strategies, provides insights into his success, and explains how he shaped, transformed, and eventually (but unwittingly) destroyed the field. This narrative, though fictional, mirrors real concerns in today’s reality: growing inequalities, the dominance of elite scholars, and erosion of meaning in academic careers as a function of hyper-competition. We examine the prevalence of systemic issues plaguing academia. Despite challenges, the article also aims to inspire hope. By illuminating these problems and integrating them into scholarly discussions, there lies an opportunity for change, empowering the next generation of academics.
... [9,10] This phenomenon, prevalent in chemistry and other STEM disciplines, sees female scientists and other under-represented groups exiting academia at early career stages due to various challenges, including gender discrimination -ranging from microaggressions, harassment, isolation and bullying to lack of childcare support -as well as opaque recruitment and promotion practices. [11][12][13][14] In an international context, data from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) on the Sustainable Development Goals reveal that Swiss universities trail behind counterparts in the US (where women represent around 50% of academic staff), Sweden (45%), and the UK (45%), with only 35% female academic staff. These statistics highlight the urgent need for Switzerland to prioritize efforts towards achieving greater gender parity. ...
For this CHIMIA special issue on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the coincidental 10th anniversary of the association of Women in Natural Sciences (WiNS) at ETH Zurich, there is no better opportunity to share what we have achieved in the last decade. WiNS was originally founded by female PhD students and PostDocs at the Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB) and has expanded to include three additional departments at ETH Zurich. Join us in celebrating our anniversary, reflecting on what we and other associations with the same mission have done to promote gender equality and reduced inequalities for all. We invite you to reflect on what yet has to be done to enact a systemic change towards achieving equal opportunities for all, rather than simply accommodating the female perspective to Switzerland’s predominantly masculine working culture.
... Power abuse as a career progress tool. For instance, as suggested by Täuber and Mahmoudi (2022) "bullying is a means for mediocre scientists to rise to the top. Some star academics reached their position because they are bullies, not in spite of it. ...
Call for papers: THE SECRET ACADEMIA: THE SYSTEMIC AND CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE PRACTICES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT. Together with Prof. Izabela Wagner, we would like to produce a book analyzing the various practices of academic abuse of power and "bad behavior." We are interested in systemic, institutional, cultural, etc. analyses, i.e. we would like to move from the level of specific cases (e.g. power abuse, bullying, sexual harassment, bullying, etc.) to answering the question of how it is possible, how elements of the academic system and culture enable (or even cause) such behavior and its persistence in our environment. The link to the call: https://mariuszfinkielsztein.com/2024/06/20/the-secret-academia/
... Bullies more often than not have personality disorders (Field 1996;Piotrowski 2016;Tauber et al. 2022aTauber et al. , 2022bTauber et al. , 2022c, and those having either a narcissistic personality disorder or a histrionic personality disorder have a strong desire to intimidate and make others feel inferior. If the bully does not suffer from a personality disorder, prejudices, an authoritarian style of management and coercive control dynamics, envy and the elimination of competition (Tauber and Mahmoudi 2022) are drivers of misbehaviour. Successful scholars often become targets and power hungry and authoritarian heads of departments often dominate and micro-manage those under their management. ...
Notwithstanding universities’ many laudable aims, incidents of serious bullying, academic harassment and sexual harassment in academic settings are reported with increasing regularity globally. However, the human rights violations involved in bullying and academic harassment have not received attention by the literature. In this article, we pierce the veil of silence surrounding university environments and provide a systematic account of the breaches of international and European human rights law involved in academic bullying and harassment. By adopting a socio-legal lens, we shed light onto such practices and tactics, the breaches of specific human rights and norms and the reluctance of states and regulators to intervene in what is perceived to be universities’ ‘sovereign’ sphere of jurisdiction in order to prevent human rights’ violations and to protect the victims of human rights abuse. We call for a multi-faceted and multi-agency approach to tackle academic bullying and harassment, and make a number of institutional and policy recommendations to ensure universities’ compliance with human rights standards and the effective protection of academics under attack.
... In addition, the lower reported scores for women and URM individuals may be connected to greater levels of mistrust in their institutions, for example if they have previously experienced or witnessed a negative outcome as a result of the reporting process 57 . These gender and race patterns can be viewed within the broader literature that connects sexual or genderbased harassment to larger and intersectional issues of power, wherein identity-based harassment is used as an expression of dominance and a tool to enforce or protect an individual's privileged sex-, race-or other identitybased social status within socially stratified and inequal systems 6,50,[58][59][60] . These results point to a broader framing of harassment training efforts not only as a method to prevent incidents, but also as one tool in a more expansive effort to dismantle systemic power imbalances and pursue equity and justice in science and academia. ...
Fieldwork is a critical tool for scientific research, particularly in applied disciplines. Yet fieldwork is often unsafe, especially for members of historically marginalized groups and people whose presence in scientific spaces threatens traditional hierarchies of power, authority, and legitimacy. Research is needed to identify interventions that prevent sexual harassment and assault from occurring in the first place. We conducted a quasi-experiment assessing the impacts of a 90-min interactive training on field-based staff in a United States state government agency. We hypothesized that the knowledge-based interventions, social modeling, and mastery experiences included in the training would increase participants’ sexual harassment and assault prevention knowledge, self-efficacy, behavioural intention, and behaviour after the training compared to a control group of their peers. Treatment–control and pre-post training survey data indicate that the training increased participants’ sexual harassment and assault prevention knowledge and prevention self-efficacy, and, to a lesser extent, behavioural intention. These increases persisted several months after the training for knowledge and self-efficacy. While we did not detect differences in the effect of the training for different groups, interestingly, post-hoc tests indicated that women and members of underrepresented racial groups generally scored lower compared to male and white respondents, suggesting that these groups self-assess their own capabilities differently. Finally, participants’ likelihood to report incidents increased after the training but institutional reports remained low, emphasizing the importance of efforts to transform reporting systems and develop better methods to measure bystander actions. These results support the utility of a peer-led interactive intervention for improving workplace culture and safety in scientific fieldwork settings.
Protocol registration
"The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on August 24, 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21770165.
... Values that drive academic research are not always aligned with the values one aspires to espouse in human capacity development and equity. 34 We also learnt that implementing capacity strengthening in practice was shaped by our individual and shared value systems driven by building careers and profile of all team members (figure 1). The need for identifying common value systems across partnerships is rarely considered as part of the initial project planning. ...
Mentorship in global health remains an overlooked dimension of research partnerships. Commitment to effective mentorship models requires value-driven approaches. This includes having an understanding of (1) what mentorship means across different cultural and hierarchical boundaries in the health research environment, and (2) addressing entrenched power asymmetries across different aspects including funding, leadership, data and outputs, and capacity strengthening. Existing guidance towards equity and sustainability fails to inform how to navigate complex relationships which hinder effective mentorship models. We focus this perspective piece on human capacity strengthening in research partnerships through mentorship. Using a case study of a research partnership, we describe the lessons learnt and the challenges faced in the mentor mentee relationship while maintaining an effective and sustainable partnership. Human capacity strengthening must research projects and collaborations, and recognise local leadership and ownership. To be transformative and effective, practices need to be driven by common values across research teams.
... Low agreeableness is associated with less commitment to the organization's goals; only personal goals are less altruistic, uncourteous, and uncivil (Leephaijaroen, 2016). In addition, low agreeableness is associated with the inhibition trait (Weinschenk & Dawes, 2018), has little regard for others to achieve their goals, and is associated with perpetrating counterproductive workplace behaviors such as bullying (Täuber & Mahmoudi, 2022). ...
... It also motivates restructuring and redundancies which shows that permanent positions are not really permanent. Furthermore, this kind of competition can lead to negative behaviour such as bullying (Täuber and Mahmoudi, 2022) or wage theft (Cahill, 2021). In the following we look at ways to improve the situation for science and scientists in Aotearoa. ...
The New Zealand public research system is undergoing a once in a generation review and renewal. This piece reflects on past working conditions, describes the current situation, and provides some possibilities for improvement.
... Studies sternly warn that bullying and manipulation, including abuse of power to mock and devalue the achievements of others, and sabotaging the careers of their targets to effectively get rid of any perceived competition from the academic environment, are often employed as tactics by which SOTL in the South 7(2): August 2023 Mutongoza mediocre researchers rise to the top and consolidate their stay there (Stein & Appel, 2021;Täuber & Mahmoudi, 2022). Therefore, it appears that the current workplace culture, which is characterized by hyper-competition, precarious employment, and steep hierarchy, encourages bullies by creating the conditions necessary for their success (Yang, 2016;Martinez, O'Brien & Hebl, 2017;Smith & Fredricks-Lowman, 2020). ...
A growing body of work suggests that junior researchers in universities are often confronted by pressure to conduct research and get published in order to move up the academic ladder. These pressures are often loaded with little to no regard for the welfare of the junior academics and no concern for the career paths they wish to take. Against this background, this study explored the negative consequences associated with the pressure to publish from the unique perspective of junior academics at a rural university in South Africa. The study was underpinned by a qualitative research approach which enabled the utilisation of qualitative interviews with twelve junior academics from four faculties at the university. The findings demonstrated the often-salient bullying and abuse of junior academics that happens under the guise of mentorship from their senior colleagues. The study also revealed the cost at which the pressure to perform comes, namely the cost to mental well-being, the temptation to publish in predatory journals, the rise of unethical publishing, and the sacrifice of quality research. Based on these findings, the study recommended that more considered efforts be made to secure the welfare of emerging academics and that more concerted efforts be instituted in universities to guard against the rise of academic bullying at the hands of senior academics.
... Dat komt overeen met wetenschappelijk onderzoek hiernaar. Middelenschaarste dwingt wetenschappers in onderlinge competitie te gaan, waarbij pestende collega's de eigen carrièrekansen vergroten (Täuber & Mahmoudi, 2022). De sterke machtsen afhankelijkheidsrelaties evenals de competitieve cultuur, zorgen ervoor dat machtsmisbruik en grensoverschrijdend gedrag veel voorkomen, maar moeilijk bespreekbaar zijn (Breetvelt, 2022). ...
Ook op universiteiten komt ongewenst gedrag voor. Welke vormen zijn dat en waarom is het zo moeilijk om dit bespreekbaar te maken of te melden? Wat zijn de belangrijkste randvoorwaarden om het melden eenvoudiger en veiliger te maken? Susanne Täuber en Kim Loyens lichten het toe en geven concrete aanbevelingen voor de werkvloer en adviezen over hoe de voedingsbodem van sociale onveiligheid kan worden aangepakt.
Het thema sociale veiligheid is niet meer weg te denken in onze samenleving. De afgelopen jaren stonden de media vol met berichten over ongewenst gedrag in verschillende sectoren, waaronder de media en de sport, maar ook in de academische wereld. Voor slachtoffers is het heel moeilijk om dit bespreekbaar te maken. En als zij dit melden, krijgen ze vaak te maken met negatieve reacties, uitsluiting, pestgedrag of intimidatie. Wat kunnen universiteiten doen om klagen en melden over sociale onveiligheid toegankelijker te maken? Hoe kunnen zij voorkomen dat melders de volle laag krijgen als zij ongewenst gedrag aankaarten?
... Furthermore, institutional policies disproportionately protect BHD perpetrators rather than the victims/reporters [10]. Protected harassers can then suppress dissenting voices to further advance their politics and careers [13]. As such, it is essential to decrease or eliminate BHD in academia and provide safeguards against future violations. ...
Purpose
Bullying, harassment, and discrimination (BHD) are prevalent in academic, scientific, and clinical departments, particularly orthopedic surgery, and can have lasting effects on victims. As it is unclear how BHD affects musculoskeletal (MSK) researchers, the following study assessed BHD in the MSK research community and whether the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused hardships in other industries, had an impact.
Methods
A web-based anonymous survey was developed in English by ORS Spine Section members to assess the impact of COVID-19 on MSK researchers in North America, Europe, and Asia, which included questions to evaluate the personal experience of researchers regarding BHD.
Results
116 MSK researchers completed the survey. Of respondents, 34.5% (n = 40) focused on spine, 30.2% (n = 35) had multiple areas of interest, and 35.3% (n = 41) represented other areas of MSK research. BHD was observed by 26.7% (n = 31) of respondents and personally experienced by 11.2% (n = 13), with mid-career faculty both observing and experiencing the most BHD. Most who experienced BHD (53.8%, n = 7) experienced multiple forms. 32.8% (n = 38) of respondents were not able to speak out about BHD without fear of repercussions, with 13.8% (n = 16) being unsure about this. Of those who observed BHD, 54.8% (n = 17) noted that the COVID-19 pandemic had no impact on their observations.
Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first study to address the prevalence and determinants of BHD among MSK researchers. MSK researchers experienced and observed BHD, while many were not comfortable reporting and discussing violations to their institution. The COVID-19 pandemic had mixed-effects on BHD. Awareness and proactive policy changes may be warranted to reduce/eliminate the occurrence of BHD in this community.
... In the area of academic bullying, we are now focused on i) how targets can protect themselves [10], ii) better understand the reasons that enables bullies to thrive in academia [11] and iii) strategies that can bring other stakeholders to the discussion to seek solutions [12]. For example, we continue to discuss the issue with various funding agencies. ...
M Mahmoudi is an assistant professor in the Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program at Michigan State University (MI, USA). His research group has three broad lines of enquiry: nanomedicine, regenerative medicine and academic bullying and harassment. In the field of nanomedicine, the lab focuses on understanding the protein corona - the mix of biomolecules that binds to the surface of a nanoparticle when it interacts with biological fluids - and the complications this brings to reproducibility and data interpretation in the field of nanomedicine. In regenerative medicine, his lab works on cardiac regeneration and wound healing. His lab is also very active in the social sciences, specifically in the fields of gender disparity in the sciences and academic harassment. In addition to his academic postings, M Mahmoudi is a cofounder and director of the Academic Parity Movement (a nonprofit organization); a cofounder of NanoServ, Targets' Tip and Partners in Global Wound Care; and a member of the Nanomedicine editorial board.
... In the case of myself and my dear friend, we were the first members in our respective families to study and earn degrees at universities, and we both have experienced the toll of trying to live academia kindly rather than competitively in terms of career progress. It is difficult to prioritize collectivist and compassionate values and simultaneously thrive in an academia that is still largely built on exploitation, bullying, and the weaponization of fear, guilt, and shame for control over others to come out on top (Täuber & Mahmoudi 2022, Thompson 2022, Ball 2021. Those who try to resist engaging with and actively reproducing an abusive culture often either simply suffer, assimilate to some extent, in the end conform out of desperation, or are eventually pushed out if they choose to set boundaries to preserve dignity and self-respect. ...
This 7th issue of our open access Queer STS Forum is dedicated to reflecting and advancing queer-feminist working cultures in academia. We particularly interrogate the concept of academic kindness, which is an emerging theme and practice across disciplines yet not
often systematically discussed and defined clearly. While the esteemed contributors of this issue might not intend to provide a theory of academic kindness, they offer a framework of theoretical perspectives, empirical examples, and practical illustrations of this very concept. This Forum, including this editorial, might remind queer-feminist readers of Haraway’s “string figures”, actually “string figuring”, which she defines as “passing on and receiving, making and unmaking, picking up threads and dropping them” (Haraway, 2016, p. 3).
We start string figuring with Claudia Gertraud Schwarz-Plaschg and her anonymous colleague sharing about their negative experiences in STS, then Andrea Ploder offers a manifest for academic kindness as a precondition and fertile environment for empirically robust research. Clara Rosa Schwarz “goes visiting” with her research participants
as she reflects on how an ethic of friendship and kindness played a role for her and her research participants when examining queer friendships during pandemic times. Lisa Scheer reflects on her process with academic kindness by drawing cartoons for this issue. Finally Kris de Welde contributes provocative and critical thoughts to this issue and explains why it is essential to implement an academic kindness that is informed by and guided by academic justice.
... women ECRs may struggle to get jobs, secure tenure, win research funding, and receive scientific recognition). Women ECRs lack power, therefore, they often have to find other paths, which can effectively remove competition from the academic environment (Ahmadia et al., 2021;Täuber and Mahmoudi, 2022). ...
Diverse and inclusive marine research is paramount to addressing ocean sustainability challenges in the 21st century, as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Despite increasing efforts to diversify ocean science, women continue to face barriers at various stages of their career, which inhibits their progression to leadership within academic institutions. In this perspective, we draw on the collective experiences of thirty-four global women leaders, bolstered by a narrative review, to identify practical strategies and actions that will help empower early career women researchers to become the leaders of tomorrow. We propose five strategies: (i) create a more inclusive culture, (ii) ensure early and equitable career development opportunities for women ECRs, (iii) ensure equitable access to funding for women ECRs, (iv) offer mentoring opportunities and, (v) create flexible, family-friendly environments. Transformational, meaningful, and lasting change will only be achieved through commitment and collaborative action across various scales and by multiple stakeholders.
Purpose: This paper critiques practices related to governance, ethics, and intellectual boundary enforcement in critically oriented academic journals in the aftermath of mass resignations from the leading feminist journal, Gender, Work & Organization. In doing so, the paper highlights problematic issues that undermine inclusive academic publishing in regard to non-White, non-Western and/or early-career academics. It calls upon scholars to address the lack of inclusion and transparency in these journals and offers suggestions to be undertaken by all academic editors to remedy the situation.
Approach: Based on the author’s experiences as joint editor-in-chief at Gender, Work & Organization, the paper offers a viewpoint of exclusion issues and problematic behaviors within academic publishing through a first-hand perspective and critical analysis of practices.
Findings: Three issues are found to impact inclusion in academic publishing. First, there is a lack of transparency in how editorships and board seats are allocated in many critically oriented academic journals. Alongside these governance issues, potential conflicts of interest related to prolific ‘cartel’ or networked publishing among scholars create ethical challenges. Finally, boundary enforcement of intellectual contributions results in narrowly defined academic communities that replicate racialized exclusionary practices.
Originality/value: This paper is a reflexive praxis that calls out the need for academics to engage in good governance practices in journal management and foster ethical approaches in the publishing process. It also calls upon scholars and editors to reflect upon their practices in enforcing intellectual boundaries for the purpose of keeping particular ideas and people out of networks and consequently, out of academic communities.
La pandémie de Covid-19 a été un choc planétaire. Dans le domaine de la santé mondiale, notamment au Sahel en Afrique, les équipes de recherche se sont rapidement mobilisées pour participer à l’effort collectif d’une meilleure compréhension de la situation afin de renforcer les réponses à la pandémie. Dans un contexte de dépendance envers l’aide internationale, la recherche en santé mondiale dans cette région se réalise à travers des partenariats internationaux souvent empreints d’enjeux de pouvoirs et de stratégies néfastes à une conduite responsable. À partir d’exemples empiriques au Sahel, cet article montre la permanence de ces pratiques que la pandémie n’a pas changées. Si la pandémie a été une opportunité pour certaines équipes (plus agiles et résilientes) de créer de nouvelles collaborations scientifiques, l’absence de changement de paradigme, malgré la puissance du choc, montre qu’il reste encore beaucoup à faire pour la décolonisation de la santé mondiale.
This white paper is based on a two-day symposium held in 2023. Several experts volunteered their time for a focus group-style event in which we discussed critical issues that manifest through workplace bullying. The report includes a cost analysis of the PASSHE system and the emergent themes from the (IRB approved) focus group. The white paper concludes with solutions and policies that are publicly available
This article uses auto-ethnography to analyse the trajectory of an anthropologist and feminist from South Asia to Europe. Through analysing this journey it aims to turn anthropology's gaze from the margin to the centre. Tracing the trajectory, the article contrasts the dominant disciplinary frameworks for generating knowledge in the Global North and the Global South. This comparison suggests the need to focus on decolonial and feminist politics in anthropology in the Global North. To elaborate on the argument, this article historicises and problematises anthropology's discomfort with feminism, which contributes to a distance from political positioning and the obstacles to creating a solid foundation for feminist anthropology in the Global North. The article also analyses the forms of marginalisation practised in neo-colonial anthropology within the neo-liberal knowledge industry in the disciplinary sphere of the Global North, and the ways in which they could be challenged and reversed. It discusses the complex dynamics of gender, race, and colonial legacies, advocating for a reorientation within anthropology that acknowledges and searches for ways to resist the enduring influence of colonial power structures. In short, the article engages with anthropology's systemic, epistemological and methodological decolonisation as a discipline and practice.
Background
The under-representation of women and other minority group members in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) academia is a problem internationally and is attributed in part to hostile workplace cultures. We draw on the social identity perspective to examine the dynamic inter and intragroup processes entailed in these experiences. In this paper, we report a reflexive thematic analysis of 219 responses to a free-text question on bullying and harassment embedded in a national survey of 40 STEM departments from across the United Kingdom. Most were women (53%) at an early, pre-lectureship career stage.
Main findings
Our analysis shows who is the perpetrator and who is the victim is not arbitrary, and neither is the form that it takes; majority group members draw on discourses that warrant the exclusion of minority group members (e.g., women are not smart; incompatibility with religious identity). In this ‘othering’, minority group members learn that one is not regarded as a bona fide STEM academic ingroup member and accordingly are constrained in being able to claim and act on that identity. Thus, it is not just the acts themselves that are problematic, but the ways in which being denied a shared STEM academic identity is consequential for a range of putative benefits and leads to a range of strategies that all confer costs.
Conclusions/potential implications
The solution must rest with senior STEM academics and with institutions. First, we need to challenge discourses and practices that narrowly define the boundaries and content of STEM academic identity. Second, all members of a community need to perceive an alignment between the purported values of an organisation for diversity, inclusion, and respect and how that organisation responds when those principles are violated. Formal processes of remedy need to recognise the dynamics entailed in status differences and remove the onus of complaint from isolated, low status individuals. In addition, there is a need to recognise the ways in which perpetrators are embedded in networks of support both within and without the university; and the importance, therefore, of widening the scope of evidence gathering and intervention.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the creation of safe academic (education and research) environments that offer proper protections to adult academics and staff, so that academia and society at large may benefit from the fruits of safe workplaces. Not all academic environments are entirely safe, and there are recorded cases of victims of harassment and sexual abuse.
Design/methodology/approach
Given that co-workers in a laboratory, or research subjects in a research project, may be victims of harassment or sexual abuse, and that the same individuals may then become co-authors or anonymized research subjects, respectively, in academic papers, there is a need to appreciate what structural protection exists for such victims at the post-publication level. What should academia do with the literature of legally recognized sex offenders who have published in peer-reviewed and indexed academic journals?
Findings
Currently, there is no specific guidance by ethics organizations (e.g., Committee on Publication Ethics and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) to deal with this issue, so protective mechanisms for adult victims, as well as punitive measures against perpetrators at the post-publication stage, are needed.
Originality/value
There may be career-altering repercussions – personal, professional and reputational – for co-authors of legally recognized sex offenders in papers published in peer-reviewed and indexed journals. There may also be life-altering outcomes to victims of sexual abuse who are the study subjects of such papers. Thus, a robust form of post-publication protection (and justice) based on unbiased and independent ethical and legal investigations, coordinated by editors, publishers and research institutes, needs to be established.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
In an era of intensified information warfare, ranging from global disinformation campaigns to individual attention hacks, what are the compelling terms for political judgment? How are we to build the knowledge needed to recognize and address important forms of harm when critical information is either not to be trusted or kept hidden? Rather than approach conspiratorial narrative as an irrational response to an obviously decipherable reality, Conspiracy/Theory identifies important affinities between conspiracy theory and critical theory. It recognizes the motivation people have—in their capacities as experts, theorists, and ordinary citizens—to search for patterns in events, to uncover what is covert and attend to dimensions of life that might be hiding in plain sight. If it seems strange that so many find themselves living in incommensurable, disorienting realities, the multidisciplinary contributors to Conspiracy/Theory explore how and why that came to be. Across history and geography, contributors inquire into the affects and imaginaries of political mobilization, tracking counterrevolutionary projects while acknowledging collective futures that demand conspiratorial engagement.
The current science system is unjust — from the systems that determine its membership to its outputs and outcomes. We advocate for contextually responsive, collective action to build a more just science system that demonstrates a relational duty of care to all its participants. To achieve this, we urge the science community to harness the powerful processes of complexity with deliberate intent.
Academia can offer a wonderful career path, but the power differentials at play in university life can turn promising careers into nightmares. Academic bullying is an age-old serious issue that affects people in a variety of positions across all branches of science. This Comment discusses how bullying slows the progress of science.
Addressing the climate crisis requires radical and urgent action at all levels of society. Universities are ideally positioned to lead such action but are largely failing to do so. At the same time, many academic scientists find their work impeded by bureaucracy, excessive competitiveness, and a loss of academic freedom. Here, drawing on the framework of "Doughnut Economics," developed by Kate Raworth, we suggest seven new principles for rethinking the norms of scientific practice. Based on these, we propose a call to action, and encourage academics to take concrete steps towards the creation of a flourishing scientific enterprise that is fit for the challenges of the 21st century.
Numerous studies across several disciplines have described the genetic and environmental factors that can lead to the emergence of individual psychopathic personality traits and the psychological characteristics and behaviors of criminal psychopaths. Over the past three decades, an extensive body of research has also documented the effects of “functional” psychopaths in business and public‐sector organizations. Apart from some research on bullying and sexual harassment in colleges and universities, however, there are no published studies on the prevalence or effects of psychopathic behavior in the higher education sector. An examination of the causes of psychopathy and an evaluation of its manifestation in institutions of higher learning highlights the main consequences of this behavior and lead to practical suggestions for addressing and preventing it.
Working conditions in academic labs encourage abusive supervision. It is time to improve monitoring of and penalties for abuse, says Sherry Moss. Working conditions in academic labs encourage abusive supervision. It is time to improve monitoring of and penalties for abuse, says Sherry Moss.
Background:
Personality influences decision making and ethical considerations. Its influence on the occurrence of research misbehavior has never been studied. This study aims to determine the association between personality traits and self-reported questionable research practices and research misconduct. We hypothesized that narcissistic, Machiavellianistic and psychopathic traits as well as self-esteem are associated with research misbehavior.
Methods:
Included in this cross-sectional study design were 535 Dutch biomedical scientists (response rate 65%) from all hierarchical layers of 4 university medical centers in the Netherlands. We used validated personality questionnaires such as the Dark Triad (narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, the Publication Pressure Questionnaire (PPQ), and also demographic and job-specific characteristics to investigate the association of personality traits with a composite research misbehavior severity score.
Findings:
Machiavellianism was positively associated (beta 1.28, CI 1.06-1.53) with self-reported research misbehavior, while narcissism, psychopathy and self-esteem were not. Exploratory analysis revealed that narcissism and research misconduct were more severe among persons in higher academic ranks (i.e., professors) (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively), and self-esteem scores and publication pressure were lower (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) as compared to postgraduate PhD fellows.
Conclusions:
Machiavellianism may be a risk factor for research misbehaviour. Narcissism and research misbehaviour were more prevalent among biomedical scientists in higher academic positions. These results suggest that personality has an impact on research behavior and should be taken into account in fostering responsible conduct of research.
Gender inequality and sexist behaviour is prevalent in almost all workplaces and rampant in online environments. Although there is much research dedicated to understanding sexist behaviour, we have almost no insight into what triggers this behaviour and the individuals that initiate it. Although social constructionist theory argues that sexism is a response towards women entering a male dominated arena, this perspective doesn’t explain why only a subset of males behave in this way. We argue that a clearer understanding of sexist behaviour can be gained through an evolutionary perspective that considers evolved differ- ences in intra-sexual competition. We hypothesised that female-initiated disruption of a male hierarchy incites hostile behaviour from poor performing males who stand to lose the most status. To test this hypothesis, we used an online first-person shooter video game that removes signals of dominance but provides information on gender, individual performance, and skill. We show that lower-skilled players were more hostile towards a female-voiced teammate, especially when performing poorly. In contrast, lower-skilled players behaved submissively towards a male-voiced player in the identical scenario. This difference in gen- der-directed behaviour became more extreme with poorer focal-player performance. We suggest that low-status males increase female-directed hostility to minimize the loss of sta- tus as a consequence of hierarchical reconfiguration resulting from the entrance of a woman into the competitive arena. Higher-skilled players, in contrast, were more positive towards a female relative to a male teammate. As higher-skilled players have less to fear from hierarchical reorganization, we argue that these males behave more positively in an attempt to support and garner a female player’s attention. Our results provide the clearest picture of inter-sexual competition to date, highlighting the importance of considering an evolutionary perspective when exploring the factors that affect male hostility towards women.
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