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Hidden inequalities: the gendered labour of women on micro-tasking platforms

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Around the world, myriad workers perform micro-tasks on online platforms to train and calibrate artificial intelligence solutions. Despite its apparent openness to anyone with basic skills, this form of crowd-work fails to fill gender gaps, and may even exacerbate them. We demonstrate this result in three steps. First, inequalities in both the professional and domestic spheres turn micro-tasking into a ‘third shift’ that adds to already heavy schedules. Second, the human and social capital of male and female workers differ—leaving women with fewer career prospects within a tech-driven workforce. Third, female micro-work reproduces relegation of women to lower-level computing work observed in the history of science and technology.
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Submitted on 1 Feb 2022
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Hidden inequalities: the gendered labour of women on
micro-tasking platforms
Paola Tubaro, Marion Coville, Clément Le Ludec, Antonio Casilli
To cite this version:
Paola Tubaro, Marion Coville, Clément Le Ludec, Antonio Casilli. Hidden inequalities: the
gendered labour of women on micro-tasking platforms. Internet Policy Review, Alexander von
Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, 2022, The gender of the platform economy, 11 (1),
�10.14763/2022.1.1623�. �hal-03551747�
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            -'  789:.          
-"*;;7878.
9
)
<  =  
 
 > 1
   ?
  &-0
789:@*A0789:@*7878.
     $&     0   
                &
-.3)
 ,+2
-789B.+-7878.C-7878.
 +
 2 -789B.  + -7878.   &    
    (                          
/                        
 #     *       
       (  
#
* # D 
" #

-788E."  $ %&) 
=-4A
<  9:F:. G      #  -,H9.   D                
     %I    
     I !           
I
<
4-789:.1
          C "
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KLM6
 &'
    1        &               
*#-,H7.N
0I4
I*1#
             
      6 $&  &  
ON-?789J.$&
                            
#-29:FJ@C7889.'
-?N9:BE.=-?789J.
7
2  #    
*
&1     2 
D>
->0789:. 
7P
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            
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1
-?A'789:.
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 4                
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-<*0<0O.
  -J8P.          -"      789B.  0        
6CG
-2789F.
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6%N+
       =   
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9.= "JF7P9QJRBQFP
         789F -6 7878.  *  (
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(-*9./
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    *    #
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      -97     .  1 
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JF-*9.
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Q
      = !          
 *
$%&-4A<9:F:.D
 
"=
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     )     N   )
)   %    !
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-.%

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*,H7  #
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4#
C%#
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# -'789:.
< -789:.       = * 
 ##
-. 
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6-*7.2-789F.
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"(-0
789:.41=-RJPE8P
. -BPERP.*(
&=
-<789J.=
        -,    789:. %  
$1& -C A ? 789J. 6     
B
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 O &6
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 %$&$&
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-09:FF.V
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* RF
1!(
      D      9B7 
7JQ-*7.
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D>6 8EE9-.
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88FE-*7.2
      
-"9.
/-*7.&
->6 8JB. & ->6
8RB.+( -79P.6
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-=#[789:.*("D
& 6
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-\789Q.C
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98
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`="1=;">?FB98B
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;;#6/'>>.
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1++!J6>-R.EJRQG6D9899RQVE8B98FFE8B98:7
  " > A 6 + -789F.     < * 
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0<9EQ9REG6D9899RQVE9Q:JQ7E9Q:JJ9
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>  0  -789:. "4!  HC?A K,M +  G5      >3  NDVV
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97
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+  NDVVVVVI
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"C-789F.,1I*F"6HC-F.7JBE7J:8G6D
9899BBV9RJ9RRRF9BB7:EJJ
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?<CA''-789:.L/-.8*"#"G+M!I*LE
4<Z4
?-788R./+#/8++3+
4W<W''020A2\+-789F.
&  1 < * !  HC?A 8  8+
4+#!"+0<RR:G6D9899RQVE9BEQBRE9BR87E
4<-789B.!++:8*M/+,!2!
+#!<6*+
4A<-9:F:.,""N./-!8+
2
43-789:.*D4
97E-9.G6D9899BBV89R9BBF:9:FB:B7Q
6CG-7879.,!#3+ +!* *- K,M6
C  G5  NDVVVVVVV7879V!0<']BB9BR:VV
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6-7878.,= +O:#P:A.4++++K,M6
#;;#-6.
6+?-7898.+!#,-:K!+M/Y30>>,9889
6  C  -789Q.  *         I*    F  "6  ?@-Q.  B78BE:  G6D
9899BBV9RJ9RRRF9EQ99:7J
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WA',-9:FF.61D 
"!J6Q?-7.97E9R8G6D987E8BV7BFJFEQ
CA?2-789J.* 
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CYAU+789Q*D
6YC->.,8-1##"#-9JJ9FJ.
>>
9E
C\'-9:::.!,!R8-E.RQQRFE
C/-9:F7.'6+<A/C->. ""
I*-1-9E9)9RQ.'
C/-7889."#.1,""1:03+
C/A<-9:FJ." I*- AEJQFQ G6D
98989JV8EBFFBEE-FJ.:888E9
CC,\,d,10! \A2C<-7878.*
#D *          2" 5I6 ?Q-7.D877:EFEG6D
989EB9V=877:EFE
<-789:.!D0 &&
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\<A4>\-789Q.*D!
I+++,!1-'<0U
98.>7:Q7G6D98998FV'78Q878J8789Q8888898887
  C -788B. 4  T1 UC@. !> 
-*!#0<-788B.QJ
!  \  A  0  Y  >  -789Q.  <       "  G6D
9898F8V8:Q87EFJ789Q989B9E:
!\?<A<-789:.<I,
6CA,*->.,!,+2.1+6
L!+/-BRB:.,
9Q
1
2%-'
<D
/^:8F-Q8:E::.
f  +& # 6D     
-88Q.
 
g<4! #
-$&.W!#-
./-06D
-88Q.
(
'D8$hhh&8889$hh&889$h&88Q$&89$&9
i01
'D&
9J
3%
<D
/^:8F-Q8:E::.
+&#6D
-88Q.
 
'D8$hhh&8889$hh&889$h&88Q$&89$&9
f^Q8E-.E:F-.
g^Q8J-.E:R-.
i*9RC-9^R^.0&^8FE
'D&
9B
3%/
<D(
/^:8F-Q8:E::.
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... Esto confirma los hallazgos de investigaciones globales que señalan que el microtrabajo digital, aunque ofrece flexibilidad y oportunidades de ingresos, exacerba las desigualdades de género existentes. Se configura como una "tercera jornada" para las mujeres y perpetua la desvalorización del trabajo femenino (Tubaro et al., 2022). Esta dinámica se ve reforzada por la precariedad del hogar, que afecta especialmente a las mujeres con responsabilidades domésticas (Gerber, 2022). ...
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La digitalización y el desmantelamiento de los sistemas de protección vinculados al trabajo han creado un terreno fértil para la proliferación de plataformas de microtrabajo. Debido al desconocimiento de sus mecanismos de control y a la falta de regulación, estas plataformas representan un reto para investigadores y agentes estatales. Entre otras actividades, estas empresas encargan proyectos para entrenar modelos de inteligencia artificial y mejorar la pertinencia de sus productos. Este artículo se centra en estos trabajadores. En la primera parte, se desarrolla el estado del arte sobre las plataformas de microtareas en Brasil; en la segunda se presenta una breve panorámica de las plataformas en el país; y en la tercera, se analizan datos empíricos sobre perfil socioeconómico, condiciones de trabajo, jornada laboral y remuneración. Al introducir este trabajo en el debate, el texto ofrece un análisis crítico de la dinámica regional específica del caso brasileño, con el potencial de arrojar luz sobre procesos similares en países del Sur Global.
... Regarding the context of work, the relationship between social inequality and digitalisation has been discussed at various levels. In examining inequalities on a macro level, especially the increase in platform economy (Gerber, 2020;Keller and Seifert, 2020), low-paid micro-work (Tubaro et al., 2022), and the technical and algorithmic substitution of entire work areas (Arntz et al., 2020;Bührer and Hagist, 2017) are considered, which are not just relevant for national, but especially for questions of global inequality in the context of the distribution of precarious forms of labour (Howson et al., 2023;Anwar, 2022;Ahmed et al., 2021). Examinations on the micro and meso level are more focused on the conditions within the digitalised areas of work themselves. ...
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The impact of digitalisation at work on existing inequalities is a growing concern. Social inequality is not solely determined by material circumstances, but also by the new social practises that arise in the workplace. However, the discourse about the digitalisation of work lacks specific organisational references. From an organisational theory perspective, it is important to note that digitality always takes place in an organisation-specific manner. Therefore, digitality and organisation are in a reciprocal relationship, resulting in the development of new organisational practises that impact organisational actors as structural conditions of organisational digitality. How the changes at the organisational level affect the mechanisms of production of social inequality in the course of digitalisation has not yet been taken into account, which means that previous research on inequality in digitalised work only allows an organisation-unspecific view of the subject. In contrast, this article places the organisation at the centre of the debate and presents a methodical approach for researching social inequality in the digitalisation of work from the perspective of organisational theory.
... Los estudios realizados en Europa y Estados Unidos señalan que este porcentaje varía entre el 40 y el 57% (Tubaro et al., 2022). En cambio, en los países del sur global, aumenta la presencia de varones: según los datos de la OIT apenas uno de cada cinco trabajadores es una mujer (Berg et al., 2019) y en Brasil la participación femenina en microtareas es del 64% (Viana Braz et al., 2023). ...
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En los últimos años, las plataformas de trabajo han cobrado gran visibilidad y protagonismo en los estudios laborales y en el debate público. Si bien ha habido una prolífica producción académica que aborda diferentes tipos de plataformas en el contexto local, las plataformas de microtareas han sido poco estudiadas. Estas plataformas permiten fragmentar grandes proyectos en pequeñas tareas y asignarlas a trabajadores anónimos, cada uno de los cuales ejecuta de forma remota una parte ínfima del proyecto y recibe una compensación por ello. En este artículo analizamos las particularidades del trabajo microtarea en la Argentina. A partir de una encuesta realizada a 2118 trabajadores de habla hispana que utilizan dos plataformas de microtareas diferentes –Microworkers (entre diciembre de 2020 y febrero de 2021) y Clickworker (entre marzo y junio de 2022)–, este trabajo analiza los resultados obtenidos para 220 trabajadores radicados en Argentina. Esta encuesta forma parte del proyecto científico TRIA (el Trabajo de la Inteligencia Artificial) y recogió datos relacionados con las características sociodemográficas y la formación profesional y educativa de las personas encuestadas, el tipo de actividades laborales realizadas a través de Internet y las estrategias de uso de las plataformas de microtareas. Los resultados de la encuesta se complementan con entrevistas semiestructuradas a un grupo seleccionado de participantes. En esta primera aproximación al análisis de los trabajadores microtarea en la Argentina, buscamos responder a tres preguntas: ¿quiénes son estos trabajadores? ¿Qué uso hacen de estas plataformas? ¿Por qué trabajan en ellas?
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A IA gera tanto entusiasmo quanto desilusão, com promessas que muitas vezes não são cumpridas. Por isso, não é de surpreender que o trabalho humano, que constitui seu componente fundamental, também esteja sujeito a essas mesmas decepções. Na prática, para os trabalhadores, as promessas de desenvolvimento econômico e social, engendradas na origem da proposição do conceito de microtrabalho, não se materializaram. Não só as remunerações são baixas e assimétricas, mas, acima de tudo, as condições de trabalho são duras e penosas. A disponibilidade substancialmente variável de tarefas faz com que os trabalhadores migrem a todo tempo de uma plataforma para outra, o que resulta em mais tempo de trabalho não remunerado (dispendido na busca por novas tarefas, projetos e na realização de provas de admissão). Diferenças de fuso-horário com os clientes estrangeiros, majoritariamente localizados no Norte Global, forçam parte significativa dos trabalhadores a ficarem na frente de seus computadores durante a noite ou na madrugada. Trabalham em suas casas, sem encontrar clientes ou colegas. Ficam dispersos e desorganizados (com exceção de uma minoria de trabalhadores que integragem em grupos online), as plataformas os isolam e se desresponsabilizam por quaisquer danos físicos ou psicológicos provenientes de suas atividades. Como vimos, sobretudo quando se trata de moderação de conteúdos violentos, ofensivos e pornográficos, a situação se agrava ainda mais. Todavia, é notadamente porque outras pessoas não aceitam trabalhar nessas condições que as microtarefas são deixadas para grupos relativamente desfavorecidos: mães, desempregados, trabalhadores jovens com contratos precários ou que trabalham nas franjas da informalidade. Carentes de proteções sociais e trabalhistas sólidas, encontram nas plataformas uma oportunidade residual de renda. Ao mesmo tempo que fazem um trabalho central à cadeia produtiva da IA, esses trabalhadores são colocados na invisibilidade pelas plataformas.
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