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1. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the main pillar of developing countries
and provides food for a healthy life. The current population
of the world is 7.6 billion, with 11.2 billion anticipated by
21001. As land scarcity, water scarcity, and dependence on
traditional crops are important challenges in the current
agricultural landscape, only technology interventions can
meet the need for quality and quantity food for the targeted
population. Although, in the 1960s “Green revolution” and in
2,3,69 enhanced the overall
crop production, but simultaneously these chemical and gene
editing-based practices caused damages to the environment
and created an imbalance in the ecosystem. To counteract
food, as well as food safety concerns, triggered the start of the
growth hormones, and antibiotics”4. Northbourne coined the
word “organic” in his book “Look to the Land,” published
in 1940. According to Northbourne, ‘There should be a
biological unit in the farm; it must be alive, and must possess a
balanced organic life.’ He also termed organic farming as ‘An
ecological production management system that advances and
properties’5.
In The World’s Organic Agricultural Land, India holds
8th position whereas it secures 1st position in terms of a total
number of producers with 4339184.93 ha area under the
of ratifying organic products. Oil Seeds, Millets, Fiber, Sugar
made the incredible achievement of converting its whole
in 2016 (FIBL & IFOAM Year Book, 2020). Nanomaterials
have transformed modern agriculture methods, assisting in
the solutions of conventional farming challenges while also
enhancing organic farming applications. Nanomaterial’s large
area-to-volume ratio and new physicochemical features have
received much interest and have been implemented into a wide
range of sectors, including chemistry, pharmaceutical research,
diagnosis, therapeutics, and agriculture6-7. Nanotechnology
Received : 01 February 2021, Revised : 29 October 2021
Outlooks of Nanotechnology in Organic Farming Management
Shalini Tailor# #, Avinash Marwal#,*, Mukesh Meena$^!
#Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur - 313 001, India
$Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India
^Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
!Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur - 273 009, India
*E-mail: marwal_avinash@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Technological advances are getting monitored with time, and science suggests nanotechnology as the emerging
solution for the rising population and is even supported by major countries instead of using chemical fertilisers and
pesticides. Nanotechnology provides a platform where nanoparticles help in better management for organic farming
by using it as nano fertilisers, nanocides, nano biosensors, nano growth promoters, etc. These nanomaterials can be
and physical mode of synthesis does not follow the criteria of organic farming and have their drawbacks. Hence, the
nanoparticles under green synthesis mode. The vision behind the green synthesis of nanoparticles was to curb the
organic farming namely; nano fertilisers, nano-pesticides, and nano growth promoters, their modes of transportation,
their advantages, and disadvantages in organic farming are discussed.
Keywords: Nano-fertilisers; Nanocides; Nano-plant growth promoters; Organic farming
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TAILOR, et al. dlsj.7.16763
Figure 1. Synthesis of nanoparticles.
Figure 2. Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their application in organic farming.
refers to a group of technologies that deal with manipulating
independent atoms or molecules and the correlating bulk
material, causing drastic changes in the substance’s physical
and chemical properties. Nanomaterials can be created in three
ways: physically, chemically, and biologically8. An important
goal of this review is to focus on the green synthesis of
nanoparticles and applications in crop security for the long-
term sustainability of agriculture and the environment.
2. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
chemically and physically9, but the formation of nanoparticles
by the chemical method leads to the formation of toxic
physical methods are too expensive to opt for10. These demerits
lead to the development of nanoparticles by using green and
environment-friendly modes. The Green approach for the
synthesis and characterisation of nanoparticles has emerged
as an outstanding division of nanotechnology, especially for
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TAILOR, et al. dlsj.7.16763
Table 1. Application of nanoparticles in organic farming synthesised through green synthesis.
Nano-fertilizers Size Source Eective on References
Zn < 100 nm 12
< 100 nm 12
Fe 1.45-2.20 nm Zeolite - 13
Fe < 20 nm Leonardite potassium humate Soyabean 14
< 25 nm Bacteria supernatant containing auxin
complex (indole-3-acetic, IAA) - 15
44 nm Leaf extract of Adalodakam - 16
MgO 38 to 57 nm. Enterobacter sp. RTN2 Oryza sativa L. 17
Garden soil 18
Biomimicking of bone composition Wheat 19
Nano-pesticides
Ag < 100 nm Passiora foetida -20
Ag 70-140 nm Leaf aqueous extract of Manilkara zapota M. domestica 21
Ag - Ficus religiosa (FR) and
banyan tree, Ficus benghalensis Helicoverpa armigera 22
15.67–62.56 nm Aqueous extract of Metarhizium robertsii
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes
aegypti, Culex
quinquefasciatus, Tenebrio molitor
23
Au < 100 nm Simarouba glauca Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria 24
Zn 76.2 to 183.8 nm Aspergillus niger biomass Holotrichia sp. 25
Zn 21.3 nm Pongamia pinnata leaf extract Callosobruchus maculatus 26
27
Zn 21-35 nm Bacillus cereus RNT6 B. glumae and B. gladioli
of rice plant) 28
Nano-plant growth promoters
Zn(II) complex <20nm Trichderma longibrachiatum Vicia feba 29
Ag complex 3.63–8.68 Triticum vulgare and Phaseolus
vulgaris 30
Ag complex 25 to 50 nm Bacillus siamensis Rice seedlings 31
FeO 20–80 nm Cassia occidentalis 32
Nanohydroxyapatite 30 ± 5 nm Bacillus licheniformis Soil application 33
Nano-TiO220-30 nm Oryza sativa L 34
is most widely developed and used in the green synthesis
method.
Synthesis of nanoparticles can be done by using two
to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.
Green synthesis methodology follows the bottom-up approach
The fundamental idea of nanoparticles synthesis by green
et al. (2003)11
glucose was used as a reducing agent and starch as a capping
agent for the preparation of silver nanoparticles. Green
synthesis can be done by using various plants of medicinal or
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TAILOR, et al. dlsj.7.16763
ornamental importance, microbes including bacteria, fungus,
nanotechnology can be helpful by providing smart delivery
systems for sustainable development70. Here, we outlined
the current status of research on the green synthesis of metal
and metal oxide nanoparticles used as nano-biofertilisers;
nano-biopesticides, and nano-bio-plant growth promoters.
(Table 1).
3. NANO-BIOFERTILISERS
With the breakthrough of the Green Revolution, the use
of chemical fertilisers was adopted. Since then, the use of
chemical-based fertilisers has been practiced to increase the
quality, quantity of crops along with soil fertility, which led
to the incorporation and persistence of chemicals in the soil as
35-36.
Though these chemical fertilisers enhanced and enriched
the soil fertility and crop production but also caused problems
resistant species and superweeds, invasion of alien species, and
loss of biota of soil and traditional crop plants, leaching and
the soil and water pollution37-38. All these problems drew huge
chemical fertilisers and were replaced by biofertilisers39-40.
In general, for the synthesis of nano-fertilisers, selected
physical conditions. Once, a microorganism is achieved in an
exponential phase in the growth cycle, biomass is collected
nanoparticles. In the case of the synthesis of nanoparticles
plant extract, in which secondary metabolites secreted from
plant parts are present. These secondary metabolites reduced
the salts and enhanced the formation of nanoparticles. Hence,
nano- biofertilisers can be produced by exploiting biological
materials like microbes or plant extracts41.
to 20 nm, so it restricts the entry of those agents which have
diameters more than the mentioned range, even if nanoparticles
having a larger diameter than pore diameter could not easily
pass through and reach the plasma membrane42. Several
factors are responsible for the penetration, migration, and
cumulation of nanoparticles such as the species of plants,
duration, environment for survival, and the physicochemical
properties, functionalisation, solidity, and the mode of delivery
of nanoparticles.
Many authors have reported the uptake of nanoparticles
into plant cells through aquaporins, ion channels, or endocytosis,
by forming complexes with membrane transporters or root
exudates43
et al.,44 reported that higher uptake of magnetite nanoparticles
was observed in Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) when the plant
is grown in a hydroponic medium, whereas no uptake was
achieved in plants grown in soil. Simultaneously, the absence
of the same nanoparticles was recorded in treated lima beans.
Later, a study by Wang et al.45 reported that because of the large
restricted the entry of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can be
coated with the nutrients by any of the following modes.
Absorption on nanoparticles
Attachment on nanoparticles mediated by ligands
Encapsulation in a nanoparticulate polymeric shell
Entrapment of polymeric nanoparticles
Synthesis of nanoparticles composed of the nutrient
itself.
Nano-biofertilisers could be applied to plants in the
bio-fertilisers with the seed while they are in dry condition
(2) In slurry form, while seeds are in wet condition or may
be suspended in water (3) Seeds can be encapsulated with
the coating of nanoparticles or nano-biofertiliser (4) foliar
application (5) applied through seed soaking (6) Mixed in the
soil, (7) Through aeroponics, and (8) Through hydroponics46-
47
the Nano fertilisers, like (1) There might be a possibility of
development of plant toxicity by the formation of Reactive
deterioration of proteins and lipids. (2) It might cause damage
to the whole plant or its parts. (3) The crop quality may be
compromised. (4) Impaired growth of seeds and rooting or
shooting (5) There might be a reduction in biomass. Yet these
48-51.
4. NANO PESTICIDES
various biotic stresses resulting in numerous diseases ranging
from bacterial, fungal, and viral52. Several management
practices have been given, such as the in-silico approach,
RNAi-mediated resistance, but nanotechnology also plays
a wide role in disease management53. The development of
nano pesticides by exploiting nanotechnology showed greater
and newer characteristics like tremendous strength, higher
electrical conductivity, and chemical reactivity.
The general mechanism of synthesis of Nano-pesticides
through the green synthesis method is similar as described in the
synthesis of nano-fertilisers earlier; while for their controlled
such as; nano polymers, nanospheres, nanogels, nano capsules,
and micelles. However, the encapsulation of the pesticide is
Through this process development of pesticides-loaded
nanoparticles; insecticides-loaded nanoparticles; herbicides-
loaded nanoparticles; fungicide-loaded nanoparticles
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TAILOR, et al. dlsj.7.16763
have been reported by several authors. In 2012, Adak et
al.53 demonstrated that in aqueous media, nano-micellar
aggregates could be assembled by using certain amphiphilic
various aliphatic diacids which were used to generate the
technique.
54
where he mentioned that it can be achieved by two methods,
formation of covalent bonds between the bioactive compounds
and the coating agent. There can be intermolecular interactions
the mixture of bioactive compound and coating polymer is
used either in form of a chain or in form of a globule. The
and application to plants because the components used here
possess the ability to regulate and protect the slow and steady
54.
Few examples of nanoparticles used in varied forms can
controlling the pest attack were done by preparing a nanogel
from Methyl Eugenol (ME), a pheromone that was easy to
handle and can be transported without refrigeration against
Bactoceradrosalis55
surface while the components of the nanotubes stuck to the
physiology56.
nano pesticides they exhibit distinct physical, chemical, and
biological properties57 along with many advantages over
commercial pesticides like (1) Hydrophobic pesticides in form
of microencapsulation can be applied to target pathogens which
there is no need of applying the nano pesticides multiple times
more rapidly as they get to interact with the target insects in
requirement of bioactive compounds per unit area so cost also
gets reduced (5) Since the nano-pesticides are applied directly
to the soil instead of spraying, so there are lesser chances of
getting any irritation or infections to the humans (6) It also
on the environment as well as to the non-target plants and
organisms58-59.
Instead of providing huge advantages, nano-pesticides
can pose a threat to plants or microbes or animals and humans
in some or another way. The exposure of skin may show a
localised infection to the site of contact or it may mix with
the bloodstream and can cause many diseases. Hence, it can
be concluded that the use and launch of the nano-pesticides
in the form of nanotubes, nanogels, nano capsules, should be
done before their proper testing as they can be harmful to the
organisms as well as to the environment.
5. NANO-PLANT GROWTH PROMOTERS
Sustainable agriculture requires the use of the minimal
agrochemicals feasible to secure the environment and save many
species from extinction. Nanomaterials, for example, improve
crop yield by strengthening the regulation of agricultural
processes, allowing for the intended and managed distribution
of nutrients with the least use of agronomics. Nanoscience is a
for a variety of low-cost nanotechnological approaches for
improved seed sprout, growth and development of the plant,
a critical stage in a plant’s alternation of generations, as it aids
seedling development, survival, and population dynamics.
Seed germination, on the other hand, is strongly
genomic traits, water content, soil quality, and richness60.
In this concern, many studies have demonstrated the use of
nanomaterials, improving germination as well as plant growth,
as plant growth promoters are depicted in Table 1.
nanomaterials enhance germination are still unknown.
Nanomaterials have been shown in a few studies to penetrate
seed coats, promoting water absorption and consumption,
development and seedling growth61. The mechanism for
transportation of nanomaterials in seed cells is not known yet
but few authors partially explain that nanomaterials have the
potential to absorb nutrients and water that help to increase
62.
Moreover, the research on the slow and controlled release or
controlled loss of plant growth promoters performed in water
and water during the full period of cultivation, which promotes
63.
6. SETBACKS FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY
biological agents serve several advantages over the chemical
64, highly stable with long
persistence in the soil, easy product recovery, environmentally
coated or encapsulated with reducing agents which limit their
rate of solubilisation, the potency of slow and steady release
in soil and supplied gradually to plants. Nanotechnological
developments though helpful in many ways, but posed many
threats to the environment as well as to plants, soil, and
ultimately to humans and animals65. So, there are various
demerits of using nanoparticles for sustainable agriculture.
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TAILOR, et al. dlsj.7.16763
for agriculture can enter into the food chain and ultimately
to the gut of animals or humans (2) The bioengineered or
and eutrophication are certain phenomena which may occur
while practicing the use of nanoparticles in soil (4) It causes
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are responsible for the
cellular and molecular level damage (6) These are responsible
for decreasing the biomass of plants by reducing the growth of
leaves (7) Reduction in seed germination and growth of roots
their ability of atmospheric N2
which in turn declines fertility of the soil (10) Through soil,
the cell also64,66-68.
7. CONCLUSION
Nanotechnology with much advancement served as a
tremendous tool to synthesise the nanoparticles either by the
chemical, physical or biological method. In the course of
further studies, scientists concluded that chemical methods
are highly toxic for nanoparticle formation; as they liberate
many harmful chemicals while their formation. Also, physical
biological methods are frequently used nowadays to tackle
provided a huge room for the development of components
highly useful for the revolution in the organic farming sector
by the innovation of biologically based fertilisers of nanoscale
and implementing them for the advancement in the quality and
quantity of crops and that of soil as well. The growing need
for more food and sustainable organic farming leads to the
development of things like nano fertilisers, nanocides, nano
biosensors, nano-plant growth promoters, and many more. So,
to implement the use of such nanoparticles to meet the higher
crop yield and soil fertility without much harm to soil microbes
and herbivores, and other animals, it is necessary to check their
for organic farming.
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CONTRIBUTORS
Mrs Shalini Tailor
of Rajasthan. Her area of research is Nanotechnology.
She has contributed in literature survey, collection of the data
and prepared the first draft of the manuscript and grammatical
corrections.
Mrs Khushboo Jain has completed her M.tech in Biotechnology
of research is microbiology and agricultural biotechnology.
She has collected data and prepared the images and the first
draft of the manuscript.
Dr Avinash Marwal
and characterisation viruses infecting ornamental plants, crops
and weeds. He has expertise in Molecular Virology, Host Virus
Interactions, Bioinformatics, and Nano-Biotechnology.
He contributed in plagiarism checking, content editing, suggesting
the concept, and reviewing of the manuscript and prepared
the final draft.
Dr Mukesh Meena
plant-microbial interactions, fungal biology, toxic metabolites,
plant-pathogen interaction, fungal bio-molecules, plant-growth
stress management in plants, food and nutrition science and
technology, ecological aspects and virology.
He helped in manuscript reviewing and made intellectual
contributions in manuscript preparation.
Dr K Anabrasu
Tir uchirap pa lli, Tami ln adu. His area of rese ar ch is in t he
field of Microbial Biotechnology especially in the field of
purification, and characterisation.
He helped in the preparation of final draft of the manuscript
and critically reviewed the article.
Prof (Dr) R.K. Gaur
streak mosaic and yellow luteovirus.
He conceptualised the present work and critically reviewed
the manuscript.
