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Conservation and restoration of Zhongar Dzong
Abstract
The paper comprises of the research on conservation of Zhongar Dzong in Bhutan which is under complete ruins right now. The paper also presents the restoration of the dzong with detailed final form production and technique analysis.
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The article is devoted to the relevance of preserving monuments of the world architectural heritage. The question of the importance of architecture for the future generations is raised. The new possibilities of restoration and reconstruction of the architectural monuments, their historical development and prospects are considered. It is shown that the importance of the world architecture monuments preservation problem cannot be underestimated.
In this work, a multi-disciplinary approach regarding diagnostic study processes is presented, using as an example the Catholicon of Kaisariani Monastery in Attica, Greece. Kaisariani Monastery is considered one of the most important Byzantine architectural complexes in Greece. The Catholicon of Kaisariani Monastery was built during the middle Byzantine period, and has undergone many reconstructions during the centuries. It is a semi-complex, four-columned, cross-in-square church, with a cloisonné masonry. The suggested diagnostic processes included the creation of multidisciplinary thematic maps in Computer Aided Design (CAD) environment, which incorporated: (a) data of historical and architectural documentation; (b) data of geometric documentation; and (c) data of building materials characterization and decay diagnosis. The historical and general architectural data were acquired by thorough bibliographical/archival research. Geometric documentation data were acquired by three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner for the creation of the Catholicon section drawings, whereas image based photogrammetric techniques were utilized for the creation of a 3D textured model, from which orthoimages and architectural drawings of the Catholicon façades were developed. In parallel, characterization of building materials and identification of decay patterns took place after the onsite application of the nondestructive techniques of digital microscopy, infrared thermography and ground penetrating radar. These vast array kinds of data were elaborated and integrated into the architectural drawings, developing thematic maps that record and represent the current preservation state of the monument, a concerning major construction phases, the most important conservation intervention projects, building materials and decay. Furthermore, data quantification regarding the extent of building materials and decay at each monument’s façade took place. Therefore, correlation and better understanding of the environmental impact on building materials according to façade orientation and historical data, e.g., construction phases, was accomplished. In conclusion, the presented processes are multidisciplinary tasks that require collaboration among architects, surveyor engineers and materials scientists/engineers. They are also prerequisites for the planning and application of compatible and efficient conservation/restoration interventions, for the ultimate goal of the sustainable protection of a monument.
The heritage and historical buildings are not local treasures but they are a human heritage and international property. Their preservation and conservation is the duty of all generations. It is really difficult to form a particular vision for the restoration i.e. consolidation of architectural monuments without considering the necessary possibilities to their rehabilitation. This goal could be achieved by depending on a prepared design of a new function or one that is similar to the old function as far as possible. We usually have Conservative Restoration and Redevelopment Restoration. The main aim of this research is to verify the significance of conservation and restoration of architectural heritage in successful experiences of some important historic buildings. To achieve its aim, this research chose khan Murjan in Baghdad built in (1358 A.D.), Khan Assad Basha in Damascus, and some other models. Research methodology: The information presented in this research paper was collected by the researcher herself; repeated field trips to the historical sites were implemented, interviews with concerned people were conducted and relevant literature was reviewed. The research methodology is an analytical descriptive one. Heritage preservation and restoration of historic buildings Through Heritage, we can achieve the intellectual wealth of human beings. UNESCO provides countries with financial and scientific aids in order to save heritage. [1, p.25]
The conservation of historical buildings in developed countries has been very common, well carried out, and accumulated a wealth of experience. Conversely, the developing countries do not have this experience, qualified experts or professionals to handle the restoration process of historical buildings independently. So, unless the developing countries received comprehensive support from the related cultural societies and institutions in developed countries for the conservation of its historical heritage, many problems will arise and excessive sums of money will be incurred. The Omani–French museum is a case in point. Through discussing the renovation process of the aforesaid building- as a case study- this paper will highlight some critical issues such as the importance of involving an integrated team of highly qualified professionals. The precautions to maintain the well-being of the building against any further problems arising or required modifications must also be included in the mission of the said team. Authentic treatment of historical buildings must be highly considered, taking in consideration the new standards of rehabilitating process. Any modern techniques or plants needed must be added with great care to blend with the essence of the original environment.
The results of lateral resistance tests of masonry walls and shaking table tests of a number of models of masonry buildings of various structural configurations, built with various materials in different construction systems, have been analyzed to find a correlation between the occurrence of different grades of damage to structural elements, characteristic limit states, and lateral displacement capacity. On the basis of correlation between acceptable level of damage and displacement capacity, it has been shown that the range of elastic force reduction factor values used to determine the design seismic loads for different masonry construction systems proposed by the recently adopted European standard Euro-code 8 EN-1998-1 for earthquake resistant design are adequate. By using the recommended design values, satisfactory performance of the masonry buildings that have been analyzed may be expected when subjected to design intensity earthquakes with respect to both the no-collapse and damage-limitation requirements.
This paper deals with strengthening and consolidation of masonry columns, a long developed issue that also in the past interested restorers and designers in their works. A typical past solution for solving this kind of problem involves the use of a jacketing of the column by metal profiles. Nowadays strips of composite materials have been substituting these last ones but, when it is wanted to maintain the original aspect of the brickwork, this technique cannot be applied, so an experimental campaign about consolidation of masonry columns using a flexible element located in mortar joints has been developed. The results show the effective of this innovative technique in enhancing compressive strength of masonry columns without compromising their aesthetical appearance.
The discourse on ruins, like ruins themselves, is fragmented and dispersed. Representing both decay and what remains, the ruins’ relationship to temporality is complicated—they can be construed as means for both looking back, as well as looking towards the future. The recent resurgence of literature and theory on the subject matter is consolidating existing work and defining new lines of inquiry. This article investigates the current discourse on ruins through three recent texts. Significant to them all is the dialectical nature of the ruin as both the absence of, and endurance of, material form. All three texts consider ruins through the lens of the built environment and problematize classic conceptions of ruination in consideration of the contemporary moment. Looking at ruination through architecture theory provides a contrast to the romantic accounts of ruins that originally defined the discourse. Through these texts we can see certain limitations of the discourse of ruins, but also visible are nuanced approaches that redefine the ruin as more than just a site or object, but also a set of processes that reflect our relationships to material culture and the built environment. To this I assert a necessity to reconfigure the way we de ne ruins in light of the contemporary moment. The discourse of ruins, while still speaking through earlier tropes of a fragmented ruin studies, is no longer just a survey of the subject of the ruin—it is becoming a mode through which we evaluate the changing nature of our relationship to material culture. KEYWORDS: Ruins, Ruination, Architecture, Super-materiality, Waste
Purpose
Cultural heritage is about people, their history and their identity. Protecting cultural heritage from natural hazards by connecting it with disaster risk management (DRM) directly benefits local communities. Cultural heritage also has a global dimension, and collaboration and support from the international community to protect it is vital. Culture and heritage differ among countries, as do natural hazards, but practitioners face some common challenges, such as the need to create awareness. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper presents: a brief overview of the current connection between DRM and cultural heritage in the global context; an analysis of how international knowledge-exchange initiatives can help countries improve the resilience of their heritage sites, using Bhutan as an example; and a proposal to keep this topic moving forward in both the international and national agendas for sustainable development and resilience.
Findings
International knowledge exchanges may help to find solutions, and Bhutan is a good example. This small, hazard-prone country in the Himalayas, has strong traditions and heritage, and is aware of its vulnerabilities and risks. Learning from Japan’s extensive experience, Bhutan has been working with international experts to improve the resilience of its cultural heritage sites.
Originality/value
The ultimate aim is that this paper serves as an inspiration for other countries, as well as international organizations such as the World Bank, to keep strengthening ties between DRM and cultural heritage.
Heritage structures perform vital role in nation’s history, culture and signify the richness of it. To augment life and enhance strength, their restoration is very important for the future generations to have knowledge about how mankind lived in past ages. Restoration involves investigating, diagnosing and correcting deficiencies and deterioration of any structure. Identification of common defects and problems faced in old structures and devising a systematic approach towards handling these issues is civil engineer’s obligation. A case study throws light on the various problems encountered and the methods employed to tackle them. This paper focuses on such problems and methodology to handle these problems while respecting structure’s cultural integrity with the help of a case study. It also seeks to highlight the need for a greater awareness and the need to take precautionary measures of the immediate effects, and of the long-term management issues of heritage structures.
The survey of numerous monuments and historic structures in Greece - a country situated in the most earthquake-prone area of the eastern Mediterranean - has revealed a systematic and continuous through- centuries use of timber elements within masonry. The extent of the use of timber in the structures, the contribution of the timber to the overall structural system, the specific measures taken to protect timber from decay and, hence, the efficiency of the developed structural systems present a vast variety, associated with social and economical factors. This extensive use of timber makes it legitimate to assume that our predecessors were aware of the effect of timber-reinforcing systems on the seismic behaviour of structures. This paper provides information on the use of timber in structures in Greece ranging from the Minoan Crete 2500 years BC to Akrotiri, Thera sixteenth century BC, to Byzantine churches and monasteries, and finally to more than 70 urban nuclei within the country that were developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
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