No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Regenerated cellulosic fibers from agricultural waste
Abstract
Cellulose is a common natural organic compound and an important renewable polymer that can be extracted from various products. The conventional sources are wood pulp and cotton. Extracted cellulose is used in several industries such as food, polymer, pharmaceutical, pulp, bio-fuel, pulp, paper and textile. Nowadays, there is a significant interest in the extraction of regenerated cellulose from agricultural by-products and waste with various methods, due to the global change for sustainable, ecological and environment friendly solutions. This paper presents recent studies of cellulose extraction from agricultural products and waste, and methods for producing regenerated cellulose. The main focus is on the extraction methods followed, the technology used for producing regenerated fibres and the properties of the regenerated cellulose fibres. Furthermore, this work shows great interest in regenerated cellulose applications in the textile industry.
... As consumer demand for eco-friendly and socially responsible fashion products grows, leading textile retailers are transforming their supply chains to become more sustainable [143,168]. The transition to sustainability involves using organic raw materials, developing sustainable manufacturing techniques, educating consumers about responsible laundry practices, and employing textile waste treatment, recycling, and remanufacturing techniques [139,170]. The scientific and corporate community sees WF assessment and stewardship in textile supply chains as crucial for achieving environmental and economic sustainability. ...
Textile industry has a significant water footprint (WF), leading to various sustainability challenges. This article discusses key findings on the WF and outlines potential solutions. The industry’s WF includes three types: green, blue, and grey. Textile manufacturing is water-intensive, with stages like pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing. This can contribute to water scarcity in some regions. Water pollution is another critical challenge, as the industry generates considerable wastewater containing diverse pollutants which can harm ecosystems and pose risks to public health. Different treatments to reduce the pollutants in water are studied. We have grouped innovations into five major categories for water conservation efforts in the textile industry: To address these sustainability challenges, several solutions are proposed. Each category offers a pathway to reduce its environmental footprint through water conservation. The adoption of water-efficient technologies, such as low-water dyeing and wastewater recycling, can reduce water consumption. Stricter policies for pollution control, along with incentives for sustainable practices, can encourage industry-wide change. Collaboration among stakeholders, including industry, government, and environmental groups, is also crucial for promoting sustainability and reducing the industry’s environmental impact. These approaches can help the textile industry move toward a more sustainable future. Further research needed is suggested.
... From Fig. 1a, it is concluded that even today, an overwhelming percentage of energy used comes basically from conventional non-renewable energy sources (RES) (coal, oil, gasoline, etc.) at a rate of 84.3% (Ritchie and Rosado 2020). Moreover, the use of RES is increasing, since according to relevant research, non-RES tend to be exhausted (Klepacka 2019;Plakantonaki et al. 2022). ...
It is a fact that worldwide energy reserves are constantly decreasing. Simultaneously, climate change poses a strong threat to our planet’s future. Therefore, it is imperative to turn to sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions, such as renewable energy sources. One of the renewable energy sources is wind energy, which has important characteristics and advantages and presents itself as a prominent solution to the issue that has arisen. The production of energy via wind is done by using wind turbines. However, disposing of wind turbines in landfills or incineration can cause serious health and environmental problems. As a result, recycling of wind turbines is a realistic approach for the renewable energy sector to assure the long-term sustainability. Based on the above, this work investigated recycling methods and relevant operations. In particular, it includes a concise review on the topic and a data analysis of previously unpublished data regarding wind turbines installed in Greece (data obtained from Greek Center for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES)), which were meticulously analyzed, offering the main findings of this scientific venture. The factors that contribute to the sustainability of wind turbines (whether small or large power) were explored. According to the results, the main recyclable materials are concrete (79.86%), steel (19.03%), fiberglass (0.73%), copper (0.24%), and aluminum (0.14%) of the total weight of the wind turbine. In 2024, it is expected that 59,110 t of concrete; 13,445 t of steel; 370 t of fiberglass; 127 t of copper; and 74 t of aluminum will be recycled. Therefore, the economic advantage is enormous, which could lead to new investment opportunities and job growth in the recycling industry. It is critical to make timely decisions on the recycling process. The larger the scale of recycling, the greater the economic and environmental benefits for societies.
... The processing conditions affect the microstructure and composition of dietary fiber which, in turn, could influence its physicochemical and functional properties (Peerajit et al. 2012;Kaur et al. 2021). In comparison to green techniques, the conventional extraction methods such as hot water treatment and chemical treatment (acid-based and alkali-based extraction) involve the use of toxic chemicals, higher temperature, and longer time, which may cause degradation of the extracted dietary fiber (Tejada-Ortigoza et al. 2016;Plakantonaki et al. 2022Plakantonaki et al. , 2023. Utilization of green techniques such as enzymatic, ultrasound, ultrasound-assisted with enzymes (Kaur et al. 2021), microwave extraction, and ultrasound-assisted microwave extraction (Wen et al. 2020) for the extraction of dietary fiber, on the other hand, not only helps to avoid solvent toxicity issues but also facilitates in scaling up process and improves purity of extracts. ...
Mango is considered one of the most important tropical fruits worldwide in terms of its consumption and consumer acceptability. Its processing generates huge quantities of mango byproducts, which is often discarded unscrupulously into the environment and, therefore, needs effective waste management practices. The extraction of mango peels’ dietary fiber using enzymatic method can be a useful valorization strategy for management of mango by-products. In the present investigation, dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble fraction) was extracted by enzymatic hydrolysis using α-amylase, protease, and amyloglucosidase. Highest yield of dietary fiber (67.5%, w/w) was obtained at 60 °C temperature using recommended enzyme concentrations including α-amylase (40 µL), protease (110 µL), and amyloglucosidase (200 µL) after a treatment time of 60 min. SEM analysis indicated the increased porosity of dietary fiber samples caused due to the hydrolytic effect of enzymes on its surface structure, whereas FTIR analysis confirmed the functional groups present in dietary fiber. The coexistence of crystalline and amorphous nature of polymers present in soluble and insoluble fractions of dietary fiber was assessed by XRD analysis. Further, the analysis of functional properties including WHC, OHC, and SC revealed the suitability of using extracted mango peel’s dietary fiber in the food systems.
... In order to create new cellulose fibers with mechanical qualities similar to those of traditional textile fibers, residues such as maize husks, rice, sorghum stalk and leaves, banana leaves, and others have been researched globally [144,145]. Exploiting different processing methods such as viscose, acetate, lyocell, and cupro to produce manmade cellulosic fibres from pulp with high cellulose content can further enhance the use of agro-waste in the textile industry and integrate the circular economy into the sector [146]. ...
The agri-food industry generates significant quantities of plant-based food waste from processing, which offers a valuable research opportunity aimed at minimizing and managing these wastes efficiently in support of zero waste and/or circular economies. In order to achieve food security, all of these wastes can be valorized using downstream processes in an integrated manner, which results in the conversion of waste into secondary raw materials. Specifically, plant-based food wastes and/or byproducts are recognized sources of bioactive chemicals, including dietary fibers that are beneficial as food additives or functional food ingredients that can meet the technological and functional requirements of health-promoting value-added products. Additionally, cellulosic ingredients can be utilized directly within nonfood industries, such as textiles, resulting in a reduction in the environmental impact of secondary raw materials, as well as an increase in market acceptance compared to those currently on the market. On this basis, the present review was designed to provide an overview of introducing novel concepts for effective reuse, recyclability, and maximal utilization of plant-based food wastes and/or byproducts from food-processing industries, which creates a potential opportunity for the extraction of value-added dietary fiber with potential applications in food and non-food industries.
... This high crystallinity of lyocell fiber leads to its better mechanical characteristics both in dry as well wet states compared to the fibers of its type [8,9]. High number of hydrogen bonds and organized amorphous regions in the fiber structure are responsible for its excellent wettability [10]. Besides having highly hydrophilic nature, lyocell fibers offer relatively light weight, soft feel, smooth surface and significant porosity, which make them ideal materials for textiles in general and apparels in specific [11], as strong mechanical characteristics and exceptional wettability are highly anticipated features for designing comfortable textiles for apparels [12]. ...
Successful dyeing of lyocell, a biodegradable regenerated cellulose fiber, in fabric form is a challenging job. This article reports the successful reactive dyeing of lyocell fabrics with assistance of ultrasonic (US) energy via exhaust process, and compares the results with conventional (CN) exhaust dyeing process. Two commercial reactive dyes CI Reactive Red 195 and CI Reactive Blue 250 were used. Factors affecting dyeing such as fixation time, temperature and dyeing auxiliaries were compared for both processes. Under identical dyeing conditions, US dyed samples offered significantly much higher dyeing performance (i.e. color yield (>40%), dye fixation (>17%)) compared to CN process. Additionally, US exhaust process resulted in significant savings in terms of thermal energy (10 °C), capital (20 g/L NaCl and 2 g/L Na2CO3), and offered 33% higher production rate with yet improved dyeing performance (color yield up to ~7%, dye fixation up to ~5%) when compared under recommended conditions for two processes. Moreover, US dyeing poses considerably lower pollution (chemical oxygen demand 15-18% and total dissolved solids 32-36%) to the effluent in comparison to CN exhaust dyeing process. Furthermore, nearly identical colorfastness results and fiber surface morphology endorse use of US energy as a better, cost effective and relatively environment friendly technique for successful reactive dyeing of lyocell.
As the global population grows, the demand for textiles is increasing rapidly. However, this puts immense pressure on manufacturers to produce more fiber. While synthetic fibers can be produced cheaply, they have a negative impact on the environment. On the other hand, fibers from wool, sisal, fique, wood pulp (viscose), and man-made cellulose fibers (MMCFs) from cotton cannot alone meet the growing fiber demand without major stresses on land, water, and existing markets using these materials. With a greater emphasis on transparency and circular economy practices, there is a need to consider natural non-wood alternative sources for MMCFs to supplement other fiber types. However, introducing new feedstocks with different compositions may require different biomass conversion methods. Therefore, based on existing work, this review addresses the technical feasibility of various alternative feedstocks for conversion to textile-grade fibers. First, alternative feedstocks are introduced, and then conventional (dissolving pulp) and emerging (fibrillated cellulose and recycled material) conversion technologies are evaluated to help select the most suitable and promising processes for these emerging alternative sources of cellulose. It is important to note that for alternative feedstocks to be adopted on a meaningful scale, high biomass availability and proximity of conversion facilities are critical factors. In North America, soybean, wheat, rice, sorghum, and sugarcane residues are widely available and most suitable for conventional conversion through various dissolving pulp production methods (pre-hydrolysis kraft, acid sulfite, soda, SO2-ethanol-water, and potassium hydroxide) or by emerging cellulose fibrillation methods. While dissolving pulp conversion is well-established, fibrillated cellulose methods could be beneficial from cost, efficiency, and environmental perspectives. Thus, the authors strongly encourage more work in this growing research area. However, conducting thorough cost and sustainability assessments is important to determine the best feedstock and technology combinations.
Environmental damage and the resulting global warming are two of the most serious threats to living species. These problems are the result of industrialization in all fields. The textile and fashion industries bear a negative impact on the environment and contribute significantly to water, air, and solid waste pollution. Over the last decades, consumer buying habits have shifted, and clothing purchases have increased dramatically. The manufacturing process of these textiles, from pretreatment to dyeing and finishing, involves the use of numerous chemicals that are harmful to both humans and the planet. Textiles have been identified as unsustainable products due to their entire life cycle, from raw material cultivation to manufacturing, and generate a large amount of toxic waste and greenhouse gases. Therefore, embedding sustainability in strategy is essential to meet evolving investor pressure, consumer demand, and regulatory requirements. More alternatives are available, such as ecofriendly textiles. Governments are promoting the idea of ecolabels and sustainability standards that endorse the textile’s “ecofriendliness”. Ecolabeling stimulates consumers and manufacturers to buy and produce ecotextiles, simultaneously allowing consumers to compare the various products. Consumers are gradually requesting more ecofriendly products. To save our environment and future generations, the textile industry must become more sustainable. Major brands should implement sustainable manufacturing practices. This review paper investigates the requirements of ecofriendly textiles, restricted substances, and ecolabeling in the textile industry and highlights the need to enhance the expertise and information existing in the design process with regard to the sustainability of finished products in order to create a more sustainable textile sector. Such a shift is only feasible if the designers are guided by a clear vision of design for sustainability.
Ionic liquids have shown great potential in the last two decades as solvents, catalysts, reaction media, additives, lubricants, and in many applications such as electrochemical systems, hydrometallurgy, chromatography, CO 2 capture, etc. As solvents, the unlimited combinations of cations and anions have given ionic liquids a remarkably wide range of solvation power covering a variety of organic and inorganic materials. Ionic liquids are also considered "green" solvents due to their negligible vapor pressure, which means no emission of volatile organic compounds. Due to these interesting properties, ionic liquids have been explored as promising solvents for the dissolution and fractionation of wood and cellulose for biofuel production, pulping, extraction of nanocellulose, and for processing all-wood and all-cellulose composites. This review describes, at first, the potential of ionic liquids and the impact of the cation/anion combination on their physiochemical properties and on their solvation power and selectivity to wood polymers. It also elaborates on how the dissolution conditions influence these parameters. It then discusses the different approaches, which are followed for the homogeneous and heterogeneous dissolution and fractionation of wood and cellulose using ionic liquids and categorize them based on the target application. It finally highlights the challenges of using ionic liquids for wood and cellulose dissolution and processing, including side reactions, viscosity, recyclability, and price.
This paper provides an overview of the main technologies currently being investigated in the textile industry as alternatives to contemporary fashion fabrics. The present status of the textile industry and its impact on the environment is discussed, and the key drivers for change are highlighted. Historical use of bioinspiration in synthetic textiles is evaluated, with the impact of these developments on the fashion and apparel industries described. The review then discusses the move to nature as a supplier of new fabric sources with several alternatives explored, drawing special attention to the sustainability and performance aspects of these new sources.
It is essential for textile manufacturing industries to invent new resources, composites and industrial technologies, which are environmentally acceptable and can fulfill the consumer necessities. Therefore, in the recent years, large number of research is focused on optimizing and modifying the fibre manufacturing processes. The recent advances in technology have allowed modifying these processes through various techniques and novel raw materials/additives to manufacture the fibres. Among the various fibre regeneration processes, the NMMO based lyocell process has numerous advantages over conventional rayon fibres and it has great potential to fulfil the environmental and customer requirements. The present review delivers a complete account of all the six types of cellulose regeneration processes namely viscose, cellulose acetate, cuprammonium, LiCl/DMAc as well as lyocell processes based on ionic liquid or NMMO. Additionally, the review considers latest developments with process technology, cellulose swelling and dissolution phenomena, factors affecting the lyocell process and future prospects of the lyocell fibres.
Graphical abstract
Open image in new window
The need for biodegradable films for packaging, absorbents, and fibers has encouraged the development of novel biodegradable films made from natural sources, especially agricultural byproducts. The present investigation involved preparation of alpha cellulose and regenerated cellulose film, in view of the use of sugarcane bagasse, the cellulose-rich waste from the sugar industry. In order to prepare a cellulose pulp, the bagasse was exploded separately by saturated steam at temperatures of 195 °C and 205 °C for 5 min, washed, oven-dried, and submitted to an alkali pulping and bleaching process. The chemical compositions consisted of alpha cellulose, holocellulose, lignin, and the extractives of the bagasse and its pulp were analyzed. The results showed that the pulp contained high levels of alpha cellulose and low lignin. The cellulose pulp was being successfully regenerated as cellulosic films in an acid coagulation bath at different coagulation times. The characteristics of the steam exploded bagasse, cellulose pulp, and regenerated cellulose were investigated by SEM, XRD, FITR, TGA, tensile test, contact angle, and water retention measurement. The results of the XRD, FTIR and TGA all indicated that high alpha cellulose with low lignin pulp could successfully be made from steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse. The SEM images, contact angles, and water retention values also revealed that the regenerated films coagulated in an acid bath for 15 min were more hydrophilic than those that had coagulated for 30 min. The tensile test indicated that the regenerated cellulose films coagulated for 30 min were stronger than those coagulated for 15 min.
The agricultural waste fibers are of notable economic and cultural significance all over the world are used for building materials, as a decorative product and as a versatile raw product. Agricultural waste fibers also have significant potential in composite due to its high strength, environmentally friendly nature, low cost, availability and sustainability. The agricultural waste is one of the most important problems that must be resolved for the conservation of global environment. The potential properties of agricultural waste fibers have sparked a lot of research to use these fibers as a material to replace man-made fibers for safe and environmentally friendly product. Agricultural waste is seen as one potential source of renewable energy. Their availability is obtained from oil palm plantations and some other agricultural industry such as rice husk, rice straw, sugarcane, pineapple, banana and coconut. Agricultural waste produces large amounts of biomass that are classified as natural fibers which until now only 10% are used as alternative raw materials for several industry, such as biocomposites, automotive component, biomedical and others.
In this paper, we report the development of a novel regenerated cellulose fibre process of the Lyocell type, denoted Ioncell-F. The process is characterized by the use of a powerful direct cellulose solvent, 1,5-diaza-bicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH][OAc]) a superbase-based ionic liquid. Compared with the commercial NMMO-based Lyocell fibre process, airgap spinning can be conducted at higher cellulose concentration in the dope, while temperature during dissolution and spinning can be maintained at a lower level. Owing to the generally milder process conditions, the cellulose is less degraded which contributes to both higher fibre yield and better strength properties. In this study we demonstrated the effect of different cellulose concentrations and draw ratios on the fibre properties. The highest tenacities, consistently above 50 cN/tex, were achieved by spinning from 15 and 17 wt% cellulose solutions. A very high initial modulus of up to 34 GPa makes the Ioncell-F fibres very interesting for technical applications such as a reinforcing fiber in composites. The chain orientation in the fibre direction, particularly in the amorphous regions, revealed the best correlation with the elastic modulus and the tensile strength of the Ioncell-F fibres, in agreement with other high-tenacity regenerated cellulose fibres as reported in the literature.
The processing of cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids (ILs) enables the development of new materials. Besides the established production of cellulosic fiber products, interesting technical applications are developed like super micro filament fibers, cellulose/chitin blend fibers, precursors for carbon fibers, and all‐cellulose composites. This review provides a detailed summary of these new developments and describes how ILs are selected for the processing of cellulose with a particular emphasis on industrial realization. State‐of‐the‐art spinning processes are reviewed and it is illustrated how uniquely selected ILs can be used not only for established fiber spinning but for the development of new cellulose‐based materials.
In this study, we successfully extracted cellulose from borassus fruit fibers by chemical process. The extracted cellulose was dissolved in an ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl). Using this solution, regenerated cellulose films were prepared with water as the non solvent. The raw fruit fibers and extracted cellulose were characterized by chemical analysis. The results indicated that the content of the components other than cellulose was significantly decreased during the cellulose extraction process. Further, FTIR, ¹³CP-MAS NMR, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to provide structural characterization of raw fibers, extracted cellulose and regenerated cellulose films. The average tensile strength, modulus and elongation at break of the regenerated cellulose films were found to be 111 ± 19 MPa, 6149 ± 603 MPa and 3.1 ± 0.8%, respectively. The notable properties of regenerated cellulose films advocate their effectiveness for various industrial applications.
Natural fibers, with their sophisticated hierarchical organization at various levels, have always served as models for the polymer chemists developing new fibers and for the scientists investigating the secrets of nature. This chapter, dealing with the structure and morphology, chemistry, and end-usage of natural fibers, aims to discuss some of the facets that make them the fibers of the textile industry.
Regenerated cellulose fibers were produced by dry-jet wet spinning from cellulose/1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene-1-ium acetate solutions. Cellulose blends with different molar mass distribution but fixed intrinsic viscosity were employed as starting materials to investigate the influence of the cellulose molecular structure on the spinnability and the mechanical properties of the resulting fibers. The cellulose/ionic liquid solutions were prepared from blends constituted of cotton linters and spruce sulfite pulp representing a polydispersity index from 2.0 to 5.9. Dynamic shear rheology was performed on the solutions to examine the effect of cellulose chain distribution on the visco-elastic behavior and to select the adequate temperature for stable spinning. The mechanical and physical properties of the resulting fibers were determined by tensile tests and birefringence measurements. Cellulose solutes having a share of high molecular weight cellulose (DP > 2000) higher than 20% and a minimum polydispersity index of 3.4 showed enhanced spinnability. Higher draw ratios were accessible, resulting in improved cellulose chain total orientation and high-tenacity fibers.
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) was used as a solvent for cellulose, the rheological behavior of the cellulose/[BMIM]Cl solution was studied, and the fibers were spun with a dry-jet–wet-spinning process. In addition, the structure and properties of the prepared cellulose fibers were investigated and compared with those of lyocell fibers. The results showed that the cellulose/[BMIM]Cl solution was a typical shear-thinning fluid, and the temperature had little influence on the apparent viscosity of the solution when the shear rate was higher than 100 s−1. In addition, the prepared fibers had a cellulose II crystal structure just like that of lyocell fibers, and the orientation and crystallinity of the fibers increased with the draw ratio increasing, so the mechanical properties of the fibers improved. Fibers with a tenacity of 4.28cN/dtex and a modulus of 56.8 cN/dtex were prepared. Moreover, the fibers had a smooth surface as well as a round and compact structure, and the dyeing and antifibrillation properties of the fibers were similar to those of lyocell fibers; however, the color of these dyed fibers was brighter than that of lyocell fibers. Therefore, these fibers could be a new kind of environmentally friendly cellulose fiber following lyocell fibers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Cornhusk cellulose was regenerated using the ionic liquids viz., 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc). The cast cellulose films were characterized by FTIR, WAXD and SEM techniques. Their mechanical properties were also studied. These studies indicated that AmimCl and EmimAc are good solvents for the regeneration of cornhusk cellulose. The regenerated cornhusk cellulose (RCC) was found to be cellulose (II) with dense structure. The films cast from AmimCl exhibited good mechanical properties; the tensile modulus and strength were as high as 6 GPa and 120 MPa respectively, whereas these values for those films cast using EmimAc were found to be 4.1 GPa and 47 MPa respectively. Further, it was observed that after regeneration, the solvents could be effectively recycled. Thus a novel nonpolluting process of forming RCC films from agricultural waste was developed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Lignocellulose materials were pretreated by methods known to improve enzymatic saccharification, and the percentage crystallinity (x-ray diffraction) and degree of polymerization were measured. It was observed that although the percentage crystallinity of cellulose was not altered by alkaline explosion (AE), carbon dioxide explosion (CE), ozone, and sodium chlorite treatment, very great increases were obtained in the extent of enzymatic saccharification. All the pretreatments studied except sodium chlorite caused significant reduction in degree of polymerization. It appears likely that the rate and extent of saccharification is governed by particle size, surface area, and degree of polymerization, since crystallinity effects alone do not explain the observed trends in the hydrolysis data.
We report here initial results that demonstrate that cellulose can be dissolved without activation or pretreatment in, and regenerated from, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and other hydrophilic ionic liquids. This may enable the application of ionic liquids as alternatives to environmentally undesirable solvents currently used for dissolution of this important bioresource.
A semimicro method is described for the determination of cellulose inmicrobial cultures, other biological materials, or pulp and paper products. Lignin, hemicellulose, and xylosans are extracted with acetic acid/nitric acid reagent, and the remaining cellulose is dissolved in 67% H2SO4 and determined by the anthrone reagent. The method gives quantitative recovery of purified cellulose from microbiological culture media, and also appears to be satisfactory for cellulose from paper pulp.
Orange Fiber Srl, Production of textile from citrus fruit
- A M Santanocito
- E Vismara
A.M. Santanocito and Ε. Vismara, "Orange Fiber Srl, Production of textile from citrus fruit", U.S. Patent 9, 771,
435 (2017).
- A A Sundarraj
- T V Ranganathan
A.A. Sundarraj and T.V. Ranganathan, Drug Invent. Today 10(1), pp. 89-94 (2018).
- I O Okonko
- O T Adeola
- F E Aloysius
- A O Damilola
- O Adewale
I.O. Okonko, O.T. Adeola, F.E. Aloysius, A.O. Damilola, O.A Adewale. J Environ Agric Food Chem 8, pp. 263-286 (2007).
- S Aishwariya
- S Science
S. Aishwariya, S, Science & Technology Development Journal, 23(2), pp. 508-516 (2020).
- Y Hu
- O Hamed
- R Salghi
- N Abidi
- S Jodeh
- R Hattb
Y. Hu, O. Hamed, R. Salghi, N. Abidi, S. Jodeh and R. Hattb, R. Cellul. Chem. Technol 51, pp. 263-272 (2017).
- R B Chavan
- A K Patra
R.B. Chavan and A.K. Patra, Indian J Fibre Text Res 29, pp. 483-492 (2004).