BookPDF Available

Open Data as Open Educational Resources: Case studies of emerging practice

November 2015

Authors:

Javiera Atenas

University of Suffolk

Chiara Ciociola

Links Foundation

Show all 14 authorsHide

This collection presents the stories of our contributors’ experiences and insights, in order to demonstrate the enormous potential for openly-licensed and accessible datasets (Open Data) to be used as Open Educational Resources (OER). Open Data is an umbrella term describing openly-licensed, interoperable, and reusable datasets which have been created and made available to the public by national or local governments, academic researchers, or other organisations. These datasets can be accessed, used and shared without restrictions other than attribution of the intellectual property of their creators1.While there are various definitions of OER, these are generally understood as openly-licensed digital resources that can be used in teaching and learning. On the basis of these definitions, it is reasonable to assert that while Open Data is not always OER, it certainly becomes OER when used within pedagogical contexts. Yet while the question may appear already settled at the level of definition, the potential and actual pedagogical uses of Open Data appear to have been under-discussed. As open education researchers who take a wider interest in the various open ‘movements’, we have observed that linkages between them are not always strong, in spite of shared and interconnecting values. So, Open Data tends to be discussed primarily in relation to its production, storage, licensing and accessibility, but less often in relation to its practical subsequent uses. And, in spite of widespread understanding that use of the term ‘OER’ is actually context-dependent, and, therefore, could be almost all-encompassing, the focus of OER practice and research has tended to be on educator-produced learning materials. The search for relevant research literature in the early stages of this project turned up sources which discuss the benefits of opening data, and others advocating improving student engagement with data3, but on the topic of Open Data as an educational resource specifically, there appeared to be something of a gap.

Free books on the Project Gutenberg website: https://www.gutenberg.org/.

…

An example application of the type that students produced for the ereader coursework.

…

Figures - uploaded by Leo Havemann

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Leo Havemann

Content may be subject to copyright.













  !"#$%&

'( ())*++),-+.-/0)1+2 +,31--4,

(!5

6 (758

(

9+99+:+;+:<-,3;+

(!"9$

%+ ())*++),-+.-/0)1+2 +,31--4,+

=
= +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++0
= 2++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++3
=  ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/
6(> 2++++++++++++++++++++++++++,<
?(*@A+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<<
7(?+++++<.
&5'6
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4/
=  77(" 
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++01
= $(B2++++++++++3.
7(!"
$"++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.C
$"++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++C/
'$"++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/,

= 



'         #           $ %       

!"               +  7       6   

9    D          '  7      56   

!"59 "   +  7 

  "$  #          &  

9&!&E 

77+7   9

 * %FG%  "$9  &G77'7#

" @

+

(@+H++$#H@



'= E$$9&9

      #    E$$   "  "$

"  E

#=+# 5<3= 

%:#;7'%: "

    *  ;+        

9$99 # 

$+  G"I9"$

?9"$'= +

5J &$+

(+ H$++$#H 

= 2

5$%

' B :B;+6

 9 "$@!" &

E +5$ " ,3 

@      9    9    9  

9  6'9             +    

!"5$# "$"

" 999

%5+

($H +KH$



' +&&!D"$

    &&!              *+  

        

              6    &&!9    

"$          9            9  

   +      "$  "  &!      

 +

  &*+

("+ H$++$KH"

56

'@#  2=  

:=;+ 7     5  '=   ?    J

?9&L9'96  & 9%9

 2+   "$

 ) "  

&@+9 "$6&:7;"  

 =@+7 

"  G=9&5:%;""  

%$  G%    M  6   :5  N  @    

 ;+ <+-9=9

9 59  9      :;9  B

<+-9  E  9    9  5  9  6  

:6;+

(H+KH

6

'76 '

7 67   &  +      

##    !    "  #      9      

@<-,-9 "  "    +

  @        9      

9   9

+ 

  9

9     9           9  

9@9 

9+

(+6+,H++$KH

# = O

'    @       #         

+7  5J

  7      &  M      "

      5*  6$#'      9  E9         

PP  +'   

= 9

      ?   B    #9   7

&  E#Q9  !"  '    59  $

%9  &      7   "9    &     

' 6=  7 :  ;     2 

9   ) 

@+7  @'GGB&9 '

  '    B    9    "  +  7         

   E  76 9    "  *

 &+

( H+KH"""

=  

6

'6 6 6 "  

6!"6@7?&+# 

     P9 9 "  "  

 2P99 "$+

                :    ;

9    $9       

9      G      9            

9 9   #"   9

 "    "9 

+

(@H+KH@

E

'  56 6 

7?&9"   "

   +7  5=7 &

7    "$        "         

5    G        L+           

 9    9  #2 M

 "'+

(H+KH

 

'  @7 

 69'6 5+7  E

679" G"5&?

57&=+'<-,4  5 

'9M&#@+7<-,,

 GM9"

M+

 ++*H++KH 

= 

= '= = &9&!+

69    "    M        ?"      

7 &G 9&!+ 9 

  $+ $

  7    #  '9            

                 9  

9"  "

+

(+ H++$KH,

*

'    6       &    E 9    7       =9

E 9       9  "     

 == +D R

  @ "$    S9

         $*$ +'9  

           9      '=9  

9   +  #+   & 

     $      R         

* "+'<-,4 

      '    "         #    #

+ "$ 9 "  

  +

(H $+KH"$"

%T

'  L= &

!M9%+ 6 ++7 &

 "$  +6

 9    "            2  &9    

"9 5 &+*

29 9 

  "  +            T

  P9   "  ='  :   ; 

 + "   

@  9        "$    L'9    &      @

#+

(H++#$M+



'     "   ,-     *  

            2    #      +

9 6  7&G"U$

'= G=

 9'+ = #72 

@VV: 6;+'<-,4 

5 +9            M      &#  @+

E"  <--4#<--/9    "$                    

G '= 6:"';9 

5    9   &     W 7MX     

&&+

(+H+KH

!7 

'       '7     &!9   '7D

      9 9    9   "    

"$" $ P+7 5

6 7?&9L9 

 "   +

($  H+KH$ 

6(> 

2

Marieke Guy, William Hammonds, Anne-Christin

Tannhäuser, Maria Perifanou, Ernesto Priego

$%

$&'(&)(**

  '  '  (    +                

,((&(* * 

        (          -      

./0

 1  ' !  (  (&  

(    *      *          

(! '    '&

0  '            *      *    

!''

         (    '    *     

(*(*'&'

'((***

'  (  '*    (          (  .  (    

        ,(*    '        +  

2*'

Marieke Guy
'   * 2            
+
=      $+
                   !"    
$%9 "   '  #9    7<-,4+
=    (9 
$$9 
="+'5   9"   6&
9!34(5
    9           
"$ " :   
" A     $+= 
        V                    "
9       @        
J $ $$ "
 9  V+  =  "  
> P+
=   "$ C 
    $  %   :    ")  ;  "  
+= 
&&!9"   L
@+ PV 
   
 9 $9
9  9 M $V+=
 @    
#$" #+
= DT2+= 
            "  *  T           "9  

* +=   

 +=  " 

             $9       2    

" "+= 

  (*>"9

Y+= T+'

        "$  T

 "* +

William Hammonds

5             "     "$+           '  

  #$

+' " $

               +  =    

 " 9++ 

T+' 

  $                       @     

 $99"+

=     $     *"   

                     

  $+=   $ "  "$"

9 +'  $

9$+?  

  9                     

       

   +

'     $        $               +  5  

 9  9 *

ZJ@

 += *"  @9 

  9          "$             "

*  " " " +E

"$  "   "     $  $    9

 *+

=     2  (     T

 "$ "+=  

T            +  =   @     

*"  

$+'  * $ " 

" "$  "   

" + E       $                      

+

? $$$     

 +=  '$" 

     "$             

$           +   =        

        +  '

  

 2       "    +=  2  

  $    

  +

Anne Christin Tannhäuser

            @     2          

*  "$ @9 

= #  9

  9          *             2

 "*

    ?B&9    ""       

 @+'"*@ 9'"

" +

' *  

   $  P 

$"K"   

 "*"K 

 $""  #$+

  $6

  **9    

 "         

 +'   2 "

T2"$"  +

Maria Perifanou

'J  

     '"$ $

" +

5  "$                9  9    

P+' 9 

"      +  '      "$       9      

        "  9        " 

  

9 9     + ="      

                             

:;" 

     J            "       

[

' $  $  "  

 9 $2T"+

" 9 +7 

  +' $9 *           

9"" 

+

* *     7  

:7; T

'  M+  =       T          

               1--+---    @+  = 

  @     

  #  '         

+ = " *Y  

" YT

+

 *9 

" "   

:6 ;+'   " 

"+= 

  " "    

      P        $    #"    $

#+

                 $            

,---# "$+= 

    :75

9;$ 

   " "

"$+   

>"+

E "      9 '       

                  W&          

7  X  ++              

'P+

'  "$"9$ 

 W=  77X+' 9"

 "   

9"$ 

" +

 "   $"9'"$  

" 

 $"+

Ernesto Priego

= $9

92   

  @        +  =  $    "$  

9    +$

  9                  9      

+  '        T9               

9"  #*

T    $       9         9    

+= $ @9     @ +

 ZJ   9@

   $9      "     9  9    9       

+   T9 9 

$+

 ""$  

         9      +  =   

 >  $T 

+=   >

   "$   "$  "  $   $R++      "$

9$+ 

"$                           

9"  *+

=       "           T   "$    "$ 

+9" "

 9+ 

 "P9" +

 9$@+= *

"T9"   

" T99

+  *         9  >         9  

$+

=  $                9  9  9

 9$  

 "+ 

9$"9$""+= 

             T9  9  *  

  +              "9     9       

T  "$ + 

9 "$+J"$ 

 T$"9"*

+

?(

*@A

Javiera Atenas & Leo Havemann

=      J  *  9

               #    

:;:;+

        #9  9      

"                            

9  9   + =    

9         "                

 ,+  29 

       #               

 <+

  29 " 

" 9      "   "   *+  U

"  P 29 

 #+

       "   $    "           

ZJ9"  $" "9

           +  79           

         9  9      9    

            P  +  9        "

1. See, eg., Open Data Handbook: ‘What is Open Data?’ (Open Knowledge). Available at

opendatahandbook.org/guide/en/what-is-open-data.

2. See, eg., What are Open Educational Resources (OERs)? (UNESCO). Available at

www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/access-to-knowledge/open-educational-resources/what-are-

open-educational-resources-oers.

              ZJ      *#9  9
 9#9  
      # + =      
   @"  
  29 
" 49 29 
 +
                "           
               R  "  $"     
        $          Z 
J  
"$+$ "*
 # $ !"9"  
             
9     + 
      (      
9  :    
   @;+   "               
     7     9      !"#  @   
9 "$" 
    *+  =  7        #
9  $9
      "  + 9     
7  7 9? 69
2+
    $  2
+7" *   
  "             $ +  =        
"  +" $
      $    9 
@9    9        $    +  =       
*   *    "$>" 9 
"              9      +  = 
3. See, eg., Making the most of data: Data skills training in English universities (Universities UK, 2015). Available at 
http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/highereducation/Pages/MakingthemostofdataDataskillstraininginEnglishuniversities.aspx
#.Vi-pf9_tlBd.
23

  9

9M $9 

"$"+

  *  @                     9

$" P   +" P(

"A 

  *  9  "         $+    T  

 "9 ""+  " 

         "  $            

9             *                

"9   9

  9 "ZJ  += 

           $    "           

+

'                  "            "  

@+     9" 69 "     

     2                    

+= "$ Z

(  =" =  7$    %  M J+    "    

 ##9  

        "      J    $    "#2

  9        @#  +     

  9  "            P    "      "

  

   + '  9 "          

 9  "  

+=  "+

929  $" 2

9    "       $        +  =     

 "       9        &!9

    '+  T           9  >

T  $    9    T    9         

M+= ## Z "#

J9" $    

+" *  "$  

  +

E*         

        "  9      

9    +     

    "$"9"

  *

+ 

9"  $"   +

 9 +

17(?



Chiara Ciociola & Luigi Reggi

A Scuola di OpenCoesione, Italy

Keywords: 78777



,+*$

         A          2      A   

@    A       "        @   

A       T   A  =   7      :7;    

 5:5;9'

 # +

'  @+?9  2  "              

  R9" @ " 

      "                9      

 T+

7  "       <-,4      >       ,9     

 '% 6<+= 7

"  T $ $:  

6*9    9    @9     *9

     *     ;            

 "* 5

+

     9      2        

@+  1--9---@  9

        "            #    *

 92 @

+

7 

                           "  

+  =             #      

          W  M X  :7   5+9  ,11/R  ! +9

<--1;+'979 

   +

1. ASOC was launched thanks to a partnership between the Department for Economic Development and Cohesion (now

Agency for Territorial Cohesion and Department for Cohesion Policies at the Italian Presidency of the Council of

Ministers) and the Ministry of Education. The project also involves the European Commission’s network of information

centres, “Europe Direct”. Additional information on the team and the institutions involved can be found on the ASOC

website: http://www.ascuoladiOpenCoesione.it/team/.

2. Cohesion policies aim at improving economic well-being in regional and local contexts, by transforming regional

disparities into opportunities for growth and development. European Cohesion Policy is financed by EU Structural and

Investment Funds in order to promote economic and social development in the regions lagging behind in terms of

growth, most of which are located in Southern and Eastern Europe. In Italy, national policies for cohesion provide

additional financial resources, concentrated in the Italian mezzogiorno (Southern Italy). In Italy, the overall 2007-13

cohesion budget, made up of national and European funds, amounted to approximately 100 billion Euros over a 7-year

period, which on a yearly basis accounted for as much as 1% of GDP. Italy is a net contributor to the EU budget and the

third biggest beneficiary country of EU structural funds (after Poland and Spain). However, Italy is also among the

countries with the lowest absorption rates of the funds, and issues about misuse of the funding have been raised. This

explains why cohesion policy is a particularly hot topic in Italy.

Figure 1: Participant schools

= 7  * 9  2    

        9      9    @  

WMX+= 2 # 

    @   "  "  $           @J

9  "      *      2    "       

#$ 2 +

=   @S

S   @  9    

   += @ 

         @  "                 

9  *9          "        

 * *+

9PP  

" 9            #

* "      @  +  =      9

  # "9"9

 * +7

T                   @  

  @+

?9                       @9

 "  WMX 

  @+=     ' 

W5 X9P 

4+    5 +WM

  X9             @J  9  "   

  2+= 

 9 

 2 @9

 +

=   M       J

@>9 

    5"    "  

T+'# + " 

 59"*+

?  #  97    " 

 +7PT$9

"$          2         

+

7T        9

       9

3. The project uses the Monithon initiative’s tools and methodologies to take action and report malpractice, but also to

play a role in making all these projects work, accelerating their completion and understanding whether they actually

respond to local needs (Buttiglione, P. L.; Reggi, L. 2015). Monithon (literally "monitoring marathon”) and promotes the

citizen monitoring of cohesion policy through the active involvement of communities and a shared methodology. The

Monithon idea, initially conceived by the OpenCoesione team, was presented to the “civic hacking” community and soon

transformed into an independent civil society initiative run by an enthusiastic group of developers, activists and

journalists, based on a web monitoring platform operational since 2013. Within the project, Monithon’s expertise lies in

monitoring not only of public funds in general, but of cohesion funds specifically. Through “monitoring marathons”, groups

of citizens – sometimes under the guidance of local CSOs – embark on investigations within an area in order to gather

information on specific projects of interest. By doing so, participants pool together useful material with a view to

evaluating the effectiveness of public spending, and apply bottom-up methods of exercising control over public policies.

The OpenCoesione-Monithon partnership reached 4th place and received the silver award at the 2014 Open

Government Awards for citizen engagement.

 2*  

2               2    :  9    52

99+;+? 9 J"$

9WX:';9 

 0+

= 7 T       9    

3+

Figure 2: Route map

<+>

'

?"   2   79     *     C 

       <-,4S<-,0      9        "     

+    9                 <-,0S<-,3

 /.+=  "

*+ =              T     

9 9"" 

 +

4. During the last edition 86 schools have participated in the course. 26% of the teams were supported by both an EDIC

center and an association; 33% were supported only by a EDIC; 15% by only one association.

5. Two surveys are conducted among the teachers. The first survey is to assess the characteristics of the selected

schools (e.g. the teachers’ digital skills, the number of team members and their different characteristics, etc.) at the

beginning of the school year. The second survey, conducted upon conclusion of the ASOC project, assesses the results.

    1C 9 03     @+ 43       "   

 9"  2+40 

                               P

+,/  9 "9 += "

    Y    "                 9

"           Y     "     $    "   

S @   +

%"$J @

=    @9" 

 "#2  ".9      7

          C   +  7      

*$9 "$

9"2 $9$"$" 

+

=        9  5

:5      ;9  "   #    9  

*       "    7          @+  E"

9    "$                

 2 @+  =                    

D"$+

= Y         

9            #       

*+ '9      9     9

 "$9  

+=    

  9 " 

 +

6. The students participate in a “Data Expedition”, which is adapted from the original model developed by Open

Knowledge (see http://schoolofdata.org/data-expeditions/). During this exercise, the students divide into groups with

specific roles: project manager; coder; analyst; social media manager; storyteller; blogger; head of research (see

http://www.slideshare.net/ascuoladioc/i-ruoli-di-a-scuola-di-OpenCoesione).

7. 82% of the teacher has expressed favourable judgement about the efficiency of the working groups. 74% has

positively evaluated the attribution of roles and the level of inclusion of the students in the activities. Also, 76% of the

teachers has expressed a very positive opinion about the interaction among the students.

'    * 9    7  "             

 *+

= $  "$

""   += $  9

  "  

@2+

L  "

=  "  $

 J+G

9 

PM99

 :  'G'7;9

#/+

Figure 3: Activity board

8. See the following examples of data analysis that the students have conducted:

•http://www.ascuoladiOpenCoesione.it/i-dati-ancorati-negli-abissi-del-liri/

•http://www.ascuoladiOpenCoesione.it/il-dato-e-tratto/

•http://www.ascuoladiOpenCoesione.it/iii-lezione-analizzare-iiss-giulio-cesare/

•http://www.ascuoladiOpenCoesione.it/tell-me-more-about-open-data/

•http://www.ascuoladiOpenCoesione.it/terza-lezione-analizzare-liceo-scientifico-la-cava/

 "$P9*
 $" 1+
   "  " 9     Y  
$ 9"$W
X,-+=   " *+
'  9"
 ",,+ ?'
P,<+
  
?        9    "              
  @       
+=  " C-\  
  @+
= " M 
  @ P9  
         $    *           
+ " 9"
   9  M    "                
  @
   +'9 
  2# $@+
  WX"  
  +"+= WX @9
9. Content Analysis: Acropolis E-Team Alatri (see, http://prezi.com/ya4ynbelgpmo/?
utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0share).
10. Only 24% of the top 100 Italian municipalities publish local data as open data (Between, 2014).
11. Map of the Castles, https://a.tiles.mapbox.com/v4/soniamurruni.lm6504jg/page.html?
access_token=pk.eyJ1Ijoic29uaWFtdXJydW5pIiwiYSI6ImJvRlF0ZGMifQ.wokEt0Yv5nEvQ3YusUrWKw#10/38.2603/15.9
233
12.  In   2014, the Stanislao Cannizzaro high school in Palermo requested the publication   of   local open data on local
transportation.   The   local   government   responded   and   published   the   dataset   on   its   website   (see
http://www.comune.palermo.it/opendata_dld.php?id=318#.VFyhLvSG-hM). In 2015, the Veronica Gambara high school
in Brescia added new items to a public dataset on local bike lanes. The Lombardy Region then published this improved
version   of   the   dataset  on  its  open  data  portal  (see  https://www.dati.lombardia.it/Turismo/Ciclabili-Progetto-Garda-
Bresciano/e6qe-v3v4).
33

  "          9      "9     

  +=    W=

,-X @: ,-

@  9 0   Y  4 " W$X;+

5" 9           @

   "            + =     P   

@    "               9  9     9

9+

= * P



*  T      "         

D  9                 +  = 

               :  

49 "$;

   :    *     P;,4+ '

0-\9"   

+

"9   @ 

"$ 9 *#  

          +  =   #        "

 >           "      =L  "

9"   7   

JWX  +

= 29"  D"9

"+7 $ 

 :    9     >9   

13. Some examples:

•Liceo Scientifico Peano Pellico, Cuneo: http://liceocuneo.it/oc1e

•Liceo Bertarelli Ferraris, Milano: https://youtu.be/9AR6YmiTTLo

•Liceo V. Gambara, Brescia: http://www.powtoon.com/embed/dPzsSkI3TuJ/

•Istituto E. Medi, Galatone: https://youtu.be/lC29Z66flPg

•Liceo G. Giordani, Monte Sant'Angelo : https://youtu.be/wdk7Ul8372M

•Liceo G. Asproni, Nuoro: https://youtu.be/8Z6SOV1q_BQ

;9                    :  

  P                    

T ;+

=  ""9" 

 "  "    

" J+= """  

 "  $+ =    

  :++      *        52

;+9 "9  "  "

        J "           

+

4+

7$

7J  "$           2  9  "#2    

#$+=  "

 @9     " 

+                

@9     9  $  P      "    "   

 +

: ;K"  



'9" @

 9+E

           @    

               @9      T

  #

+

= $  @

,09T @  

$9* "   +

E"$ 97

"  2+ 

J  9          9   

WX9+

7"  "

= $         @ $ "     "

 "9M+#"  

M +9   

  9      "         9  $  

   *  +

'9   WX 

9"     

"   +

E

          Y        +  '    

 *$ 9 

    9             "$    "  

 :$" "$ZJ9

@;+79   @       

T 9 

+

14. Art. 115 of the EU Regulation no. 1303/2013 forces the all European Managing Authorities of EU Structural and

Investment Funds to publish highly detailed data on the beneficiaries and the projects as open data.



'9

  D@9 2

     +' 

  7 +

99

" +



E":<-,0;+60+,,9<-,3+

())"""+"+))##*+ 

E96++R9+:<-,3;+' 

] +9)6$:6;<=9L+,+

())++# +).<,-,

7 95+:,11/;+!8$$+G"U$(5!

E$+

!9+:<--1;5#+">(9<0+

 ())Y "+))#####

)

$"

=  "$ $99

7 +

=                            

 +

2&5

'6



Tim Coughlan

Institute of Educational Technology,

The Open University, UK

Keywords:79*%(&77(&779

,+*$

= *"  "" " 

  +

=    9

  9 "               "      

P +

$#+

'  "    9          "        "$

             &    G 9  &!+  = 

          "            "    "#$

 " "$929
  #"+
=     "         P2     9
"           K  *9    
 9 $+ 9 
$"9
 "+ *3-  $    
9"*# "# 
+  =       "            *  " 
$9 "$ 9 
P99 
 +
6  "        + '     "    
:++%++<-,0;"
  "$ 9     >*9    "   + ' 
                  2  
"$9 " "+
   "9 "   6 
 "+=  "  "
"    +  '      "$"9"
                        6      
 9#2T+
=  2#$*26@%,9
P  #+' *9  $
9  "    "                       
   < " "  
#"$+
7"P  
 9"  $ *"+
  "+
1. https://www.gutenberg.org/.
2. http://www.opendatanottingham.org.uk/.
39

Figure 4: Free books on the Project Gutenberg website: https://www.gutenberg.org/.

Figure 5: An example application of the type that students produced for

the e-reader coursework.

= # P    $"  

 *"$9 

+7 

 29 * 

+

= P   #9

 " "T$9"9  

M+P   " 

  9  *  + ?

*P$ 

 "$+

Figure 6: Open Data Nottingham: Car park occupancy data. Available from:

http://www.opendatanottingham.org.uk/.

Figure 7: An example solution produced for the Car Parks Monitor coursework.

= 6$5" *@   

+' 9"  "$ 

*  G  

G +

Figure 8: Excerpt of Open Nottingham Car Park Occupancy Data in CSV format. This shows only the

relevant columns for the coursework. Each row represents the current status of an individual car park.

Nottingham City Council, 2015. Licensed under the Open Government Licence.

?3  "       " $  + =    

"  "$9"   " 

2+  7      "$    "    $  P      ZJ9

ZJ9Z7JZ6J 7L29 

* "$+

= P$" 

$9 $+= P    

     9    *      "     "

9           <-N  

$  +      P $            

9"      "+= 

     $   P           7L  2      

:"  P9  "

 2;9# 9 "

                  29           

+

 " +'" 

 "     J $     9  *      

+' " 

 J +?*(W6  

*39 

9  X+' 9 "

  " P 9" 

"2 9  

         *  P          $

+

             9    "    $      

>(="(

       9            T+  =    9   

99"+

<+>

7    "                  

#+"

  +7  "*

   9       "     >            

9   Y+

>  *9"P

( +



=         *2   #

9" 6@%J$  *   

 "+*+ ""9    2 

$       #    9        $    

 +

' 9 "      

 9 "$" 

+                 "     9  

    9  "      "         

+'9 "  "+

%  $6@%9 

2 #"  +

  6@%*9  #$

*9  9

"  $ +

 

  P 9" 

         "    $"    #"  +

     P  *     >    $"  9  #2

9*9 

:9<--.;+=  " 

$"#2

92#*+

 *9P

"(6"P"$" 

 +9"

 9*:++

""9 "";+

L            $    "  J  #  

:  *9  9      9     ;9         "

  9  "          "$    

+'9 " " 

 *(  " 

  $ +

=    += 

    "                  

"    9        + = 

      "            "$

9Y "+" 

   +

?*9      Y           

 >"   " 9 

  $        *           * :++  ,-3  

$" ,--;+9 " M 

,--\  9  "    P  T         +  7

 "     += 

"             "$  9   $      

+

" *"( 9T

    $    9  "      $      ZJ+  =   "  

9     "$9  " 

     "$  9         "           "$

2+'"9"$  +

=   29"  "

         T  +  =   "        (  7$  

 "[

?     D      "9               

"9   $   +   "

    *       $  9    "           9

  +=         

              +  =     "    

*9 9Y"

    +

4+

=  #"9*9

    >"  #  $          2      *$

*+' 9  "     

   += 

"    Y        "         

    +         @ 

  "   9  "

" +

= " "  

 "+  =    $#"9  "    "

 2" 

(

,+ '  #   

    ( ? *         

Z  "J      "$  "  "$9  2    9    

*@ "  9

  +

<+ 5       "           

(=$* +

9        "           

           +  ?  *       9

       9   

P      9  "          "

 +

4+ "  9

       + '      9  9

 "  Y  A  '             

                   A  

2   "                   A  "     

 "   A' 

 A

0+      $  ('  

 9        :++  "  

$;+9  "             9 

PT"$+

3+ 5         (  5  "    

*              9    9

 "        9        

              +  ?9       

                

 99""$+



%96+:<-,0;EH5(6 G" 56'= 

=&+7+&+ ())++))#),C.03-# #

#"# #### #####)*

9  +9  9  +  :+;  :<--.;+            

+'769 96+

G ( ())"""+ ++$)

6@%( ())"""++)

3=  

77(" 



Katie Shamash, Juan Pablo Alperin & Alessandra

Bordini

Publishing Program, Simon Fraser University,

Canada

Keywords:7$7'777

777

,+*$

5   "

+=$   T9 "9 

   9 "$ " 9  9      + =    " 

                =     

?6  :9<-,3;9" "@

 = 6@:9<-,3;7?&J5

6 6+

U9  " +=  

 9   KS"        9   9  

 K   *"

"$" +=    * 

56   9 " 

 "$" P+

= = 6@9"   "9 

+'      $"

        M  #       +  '     <-,0#<-,3

9 2  9"2

$9  : ;    

T9+'

9 P"#9

        @   "  99 

*+

= @"":9<-,3;(

?Data Analysis with Google Rene and APIs:9&$9)

@!(*A9=*,'**B'

"  -                !

0C('&D

'" ":9<-,3;(

4 !

3 !'+

E !'+

F (

""#@9$

P    +       9   @    2  

(+

 J"   @+

'"2T@ 9"     "

$               @        9    

 + $"  "

@ 9"$" +5

  # 9 * 9

9+= "    @9

 ""    +

'9     @9      #

 M 2:  ; @

     *  +  =   "  "        

*"  P"9"  

2+

=           "$  "           "   K

 9 K"$ 

+ 2* 9 "

   @  29 $ 

 +  9  @ "  " 

=+

=  "$"  5:5;

 67:679<-,0;9"   

 67"5 <--1

7 <-,0+  =  9 "9       

 9*  J  @'2 :';+  & 

'9       "           J  9      9     

          9             6'

:9 <-,3;+=           :++9 9

9;:++999;9"  

  "+

= *   ""$"   D 

 P += 

     2#"$K"  *K  

    %J 2+ "    9

  9    9               

+"9   M       

"$"  9   "    *  "  

            +  $  "      

 "    2#          +  = 

"$       9      

29"   2 +

79                    

  + 9"   9*9

  9 "        "      +

  "P 9   

2             =  "

:9E   69<-,3;+=   #9   

 ?7 :E+<-,3;9

"  +

   9   = "

  *9  #

 *    "    +  =     =  "9

"     "  1-- "9    

"  9 "" 67T" *

           +  =   "    *9      

 9"    "   

 "+

Figure 9: Some of the student's findings.

6          *     *  

"  += "

  ""  @9 

9*  ""

   "          "      "    K   

"      #  +  =      $      

9     "     W "         "$  ,     

@X:9<-,3;" ""+

9   M9

"    ""$+

9                     @  "    +  

9  =                 $  P 

9 9      

+59  

9*2#  "" 

    "  +=   * " 

 9" T9 

"  "+

Figure 10: Some of the student's findings

<+>

=   @9 "9"  "

 9"  "  (

,+ = @" +=   

=" "$

"  +  E                   @

 K   9     P  $    9       

 K "2@ "  2 $

+

<+ 7 "   *+ =   "     

$ 9 "+= " 

"  +=  $ "

       +  $    P         2  

  2*  

*+

4+ 7        +           $  =    

" " *  # +  '

"M9" 29

+=  "

     =   "           +  =      

"? " +7  

  "                  "   

9 +

         "            9     "  

$ @9" >* 9

"   *"$9  +E

$ T2

 9""$@

+

59  "  

+  "$"   2

$ @$ 

9""  W#"X  " 

   #  $+ 59           

       9      

9"$+



9+6+:<-,3;+6&E/-<(= ?6 77

<-,3+ ())$+++)/-<)#<-,3)

9 + 6+ :<-,3;+  6&E.-C(  =   6@ 7  7  <-,3+  

())$+++).-C)##<-,3)

9  +  6+9  E9  +9    69  7+  :<-,3;+  679  6        

(   $            +  =   "+    

())+),-+,3<--)"+,0<1C<+<1,1/

E9+9"$96+9697+97  9!+:<-,3;(67 5" '+^2

_+ ())*++),-+.-/0)1+2 +,4.<,3-)

+:<-,3;+7=6'+ ())++)

67:67;+:<-,0;+5+^2

_+ ())##++)##)

4= $(

B2

Alan Dix(1) & Geo3rey Ellis(2)

(1) Talis and University of Birmingham, UK

(2) University of Konstanz, Germany

Keywords:71-7'7"777

7727

,+*$

=  

       "$+  =              

P2  9  9  9           9      

 +' #$ P P

9      9  T     

 "+?9""

  9  +

= "*"( 2" 

                  #

 2 R  D@

:!9<-,3;  +

?   "$  

" P+= "

      *       

          9  P2  9         

+'" >:59<-,3;9"

  "                  ##

+

= #  99

*9$ += " 

           +  =                  "   

      9    "#    

P P + '       * 

"*"   +' "

 (

?0(GH(-D

?)G.H

'D

' @"2   

" "  +=  "2

 "  $9"  9

 J"  @+

= " # <-,49"  2 

"$ 9*,-3-,C--$+

"      9  "  # @  " *

T   D@"   

 +

E PP",+= ""

*:$  9"$;+

= "  2 D$$:%67

$;  :;+

= "     9U= 

:*9<-,0;* :9<-,4R*9<-,4R

5+9<-,0;+

= @"$  (

,+ 9%67R

<+ *  %R

4+  *+

<+>

 *ZJ"$

" 9            "       P+  = 

T"MM $

+= "  "

  +

7" ($9

        P+  "9     $"  

1. Summary of available data:

•Daily blogs: approximately 150,000 words. The blogs are in the process of being semantically tagged, but this

is incomplete, so only the raw text was available to the students.

•Photos: approximately 19,000 photos, on average more than one every 100 metres, all time stamped.

•Audio blogs: short audio notes, approximately 10 per day, again time-stamped.

•GPS: Collected by two different devices (a Garmin dedicated GPS device, and a tracking app on a mobile

phone).

•ECG: Full ECG data (heart trace) for 60 days of the walk (the largest ECG trace in the public domain).Typically

including one overnight for every two days to yield baseline long-term data as well as more dynamic daily data.

•EDA (Electro-Dermal Activity —previously known as GSR, galvanic skin response) as used in lie detectors to

measure emotional reaction.

•Accelerometers: On both wrist and chest.

"  "$9   

   "+

=  " 9

2+

"

5  "9+= 

*#S $

/-\+

I)(((&(

((J(J*

(*'I@B

6"  (

•=  "   K  *  2    7G    7L

P #+

•5K%67"

T+

•7   K  * %67        

 +

•5K*9%67)T

 "2+,9 %

@"+

•5       K    9  "  T

9%+

  " " 9##

 "   D$" D

"##$@"$+

Figure 11: GPS data cleaning (Kolb, 2015): a) raw data from Garmin, b) cleaned merged data.



?9"  9 99

 + =  P" 

9   "9" #

   9         "    P      <+

    *$ 

9  9+9 "  "$ "   

       +  "9      $         2     

 * (*V"  /

<C 9       <--AV+ =    *     " 

D D +

2. Here are two examples the authors’ have encountered in dealing with open government data. While the kinds of

'rawness' seen in the AWW data set, are less evident in most government open data, which is already sanitized, this

does not necessarily mean they are easier to use.

In 2010 one of the major issues in the UK General Election was the national deficit, and in particular the performance of

the last Labour government. The first author tried to find historic data giving actual figures —it was surprisingly hard. He

first looked to the National Statistics Office, the holder of official data for the UK. Undoubtedly the numbers were there,

but spread over so much detailed data with terms that only an expert economist would understand. Happily this data is

now available at the Guardian Data blog, which gives a simple graph and spreadsheet of deficit and national debt by

year (Guardian, 2010).

In another example, the OnSupply project gathered data related to renewable energy usage and related demographics

on Tiree, one of the Scottish islands (Catalyst, 2015; Simm, et al., 2015). Some data was available from government

open data, but listed using region codes. While these would clearly be well understood by those dealing with the data

day to day, it took the team (hardly digital novices) a considerable time to find the tables to decode these and find the

right code corresponding to the area including Tiree.

7M

'9  M "" += 

$"  +"9

         2                    

+  ?  *9     %          .0M9    <35  

     +     :  %      ;  "   

            "     +  '    "           

 " 9    *9  ="  ? 9    G    R  "9  

"  @+

IGHEGKH

'4LLLLI@B

$

=   T             $        :++    

     %9    " 9 %67  9

  $9   9 +;+      29 9   

  "                    

       "$+  =     "           :"   9

%G;+

7 D"$ 9#$

"  R*9 "

   "$         %67      "     $  "

75:<-,3;    +    *     

 %67E:<-,3;6 G:<-,3;+

L

 "   9    9     

*9             $"          "  

2:2+<;+= #$  

  "       +  "9    9     M         "

+

Figure 12: Visualisation of multiple quantitative data streams linked to graphic location (Kolb, 2015).

4+

"" 9  

$#"  +

"

=  "$ 9"  "*

 (

IGH')&*&('(

((I@B

"9        "

(

I)'*(('MI@B

% 9 : ";  

          2  +  '9       "  

  "$       9               "$  "   

: [;+

  9 "  2

 9 "        +      9 

     " T9   "    

"" +

= "#"

> +

7

  @   

 $   +=   %67 9  

99 +

= 2     "  "      9

"$   += "$

 D@:!9<-,3;9"   

 9 +

= "2  "$" "

  @+

?# 

 ">+= "

2  

+"9   P    "  9"  9 "

9" +? 9 >

" * 9$

9 +

= >"   =  6:=9 <-,3;9  

 9   6?"    

            "  +  =      

9*9 "9" 

" +7 >#  

  " :*9<-,3;+

9 "9"

   $              +

% " 9  

 6' 

 +

=$"

•= *  $    $ 

 +

• "  

T+

•"   *  "

$9`

•'$ZJ9+++

• 

@ *+

•   R  :    "   ;  

9$` @[

•"$ 9# 

9 2 

+

•>

+

•          9

   * +

•*9 +



L( ())*+))$)## ##<-,0)

:<-,4S<-,3;+$9 ())"$+"))

:<-,3;+7S6@(M=7= +

 ())"""+@++$)@))#)

*9+:<-,4;+= $(*  +!96'<-,4)

''<-,49E'9<C 7<-,4+

())"""+ $+))$)6'#<-,4)

*9+:<-,0;+$(7 5+L69D 7#

>" 7D9"$ '<-,0=9<47

<-,0+ ())"""+*+))$)## ##<-,0)

*9+:<-,3;+5 ">(*

+6=<-,39%" 9C <-,3+

())"""+ $+)))<-,3## ##")

%:<-,-;29"# "  

,10.A%E,1 +<-,-+

())"""+++$)"))<-,-)),/)2###"#

+

!9+:<-,3;+$(=  +E 6@9&!M9

%+

5:<-,3;+?=(7?+??7

+56+ ())"""++)#)>#

##### #)

59+9*9+96 95+9+:<-,0;+E$ $2

(" A+9

7SG<-,0+<1:.SC;(C3-SC.,+'(,-+,,CC)-<.1-10<,030/411

79+9?95+9?9+9G"96+9? "97+9M95+9*9+:<-,3;+=

6(*"?  %+'D<-,39

797+!9<-,3+5+,1.3#,1C0+'(,-+,,03)<C-<,<4+<C-<</3

=:<-,3;+  S=@ ())+)  

7"

%67E+ ())"""++)

75+ ())"""++)

6 =$7"+ ())"""+ +) )"*+ 

$"

5 $!9 " @ += $

+&: ())"""+++$; 

"$ +

57

(!"

$"

Virginia Power

University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol,

Keywords:77N(7676776'7

7=7

,+*$

'%=" '!"5:'!5;

 & :&;E9&!+= '!5,3

     5   

    "$  "     P2    57+  '

5,57+'= += * 

        "          

 $"*$+= 

 "G 

1. http://courses.uwe.ac.uk/P11012/2015#coursecontent.

9   "              

+= ,<#,/+

=   "$ "D$D9

    "       @  2    9  9  

9" 9$"" $

    $               T  + =       

   T "  

  "    *"     

9

    "        +  ?    "           

  T   K"    "    

$"   A

7      # "  

  +"

"R  

2    " $  2  9

9# +' 

     &G7" < 

    *  "        "           

$"   K   "           P  " 

$ +G"  "  K

*9     '  =  &4       

*PT+

'  R 

 $" 

$" $"+ 

"*Y 

* DJ$" $ 

$"  $"+=   

 

   +  =         "    

9    *  9      $"        

2. http://en.unesco.org/gem-report/sites/gem-report/files/2015_report_dataviz/index.html.

3. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx.

$"+'    "  

        ""     

$"+

 &9           :7; P

      @     7     

  +&"   70

  ?

   :?;3  B  :B;.  

      +  =   B         

"  (

•"   M    * 

" R

•"  "  *

 " R

•= $@9 "#9 " 

R

•  #$R  $    P 

9  "

+:B9<-,09+.;+

=                     !"  7     

!"#E         

$"2

+  7                 $"       

$"#         2           

#:;C* 2

     "   $"    $    9

      " +  '    P       $"

)                 *+  7  

4. http://www1.uwe.ac.uk/aboutus/visionandmission/sustainability/education/ourapproach.aspx.

5. http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/year/2014/201430/.

6. http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/Education-sustainable-development-Guidance-June-14.pdf.

7. http://www.oecd.org/sti/sci-tech/1913021.pdf.

                   !"  9     
 E$!"?"$+/
7"  $" )  
  *  $    2     +   
  %7'1 *         "    
9        %,-      &      
,,+7""
   6  !"     
67   77L&,<+
  "<--- *+
   EE !",4+  
     *9      9       "  $   "$
 $2
  9  
$"+?*9" $$$"
  'A  7"  $9'9  G =$ 
   "  $              2  P
  '=9  9    '    '    
'7S 2E$ZP
          $" J : E$9 <-,4;+ = 
"  "+
<+>
=  "@ 
  R @[
= 29 " 
            !"   "     
"  + "P
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Economic_Index#The_4_pillars_of_the_Knowledge_Economy_framework.
9. http://www.gesci.org/.
10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBC7bA-PeSI.
11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mWYA3Z-YJ0.
12. http://www.cfses.com/documents/knowledgeeconprimer.pdf.
13. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12686570.
70

       9     $"#  9
'9*+
6$ # "
   $9 "'
 " +5 :$" 
  ;$9#'" 
        R  "  E$" 
  9 "  !",0 
 *  +
6 '     
'"2  "R "
" P$"  9
"""  ' +
6    9       '  Y       W       9
$
+  "P
  9        &!  $       
 " X+,3
&&!:&&!; @ <-,3K5$ (
$ ,.    "
           P $      
##+'" 
<-,3   G,C      E            7
7,/     $ +
14. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/.
15. https://www.jisc.ac.uk/news/data-literacy-and-skills-development-vital-to-uk-economic-health-13-jul-2015.
16. http://issuu.com/universitiesuk/docs/makingthemostofdata.
17. http://www.nesta.org.uk/publications/skills-datavores-talent-and-data-revolution.
18. http://www.britac.ac.uk/policy/count_us_in_report.cfm.
71

Figure 13: Literacy rainbow. CC BY-SA 2.0 (Justin Grimes).

=  >9" "'$  

9  "              $    '  "    $  

       $

 +

'   9

                "      

 + G         *      &

          9         +  '

$ 2      $Z 

$"9  $+

 ""$" 

 9  "   "  9 "        " 

 +J:%9++9<-,<;,1= 9&' 

     $

' +

G   ""2" 

P P   $    

19. http://datajournalismhandbook.org/1.0/en/index.html.

+   2  "             
    :    <-     'P      
:';<,*;    
*"  +'
 "  K
   "P *            
       '  =  &<<K9    '  "    
 "   *$
 @+
' " $        $    
    $  R 7<4  *
 * +'7 
 <0 $  * "    
+= &!7<3   
  
+
                        
2" 2    '  
* +'*
9* &!9?
 T:?;<.9    P *
 @K[
20. http://en.unesco.org/gem-report/sites/gem-report/files/2015_report_dataviz/index.html.
21. http://www.education-inequalities.org/.
22. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/default.aspx.
23. http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/education-research/index.html.
24. http://schoolofdata.org/data-expeditions/.
25. http://ukdataservice.ac.uk/media/398744/learningteaching.pdf.
26. https://defradigital.blog.gov.uk/category/open-data/.
73

Figure 14: Open Government Data. CC BY-SA 2.0 (Justin Grimes).

        "             9       

$""  "*

   + "9      '  

$ '  *

    "$  "  T            $"  

9  "              $+  ' "

 

                             

                   

" $" $"+

'  "$  "      ?       =   :  7  

= ;"P $ 

       +      7=

:7   = ; "

 +'" ?? 

"$2  9

  T    "    "           

9      "    +  '  "         

"$[

4+

     '"      " "

 (

• 2 K 

                  "       

$ R

•7             '  "         "  

" "R

• $ R "

A

•6*9#

R

•'*   K "

            9    P   9

"  R

•E "    J "      S

 R

•J $

KJ[

•'   K

  +  =            "           

 ""  " [


E$  9+95#%9+9%+:<-,3;+6&!
+ ())"""+++$))$####
#+
9'+99+9 96+97  97+7 ++:<-,3;+&
&+
 ())"""+$++$)  ))<-,3)5$= 5
=7$' &++
%9+9E9+ 9+:<-,<;+!#'&+
 ())@ $+),+-))*+ +
59+:<-,3;+1&(+
 ())+++$)"#))<-,3)-/)#&#'#?#++
G"9+9G"9+9!"M$96+9G"9+9 9+99+:<-,3;+
++++$+ ())+++$)+
':<-,3;+)+ ()) +)+
7:<-,3;+6(+
 ())"""+++$))")<-,3)#"####
+ +
7 :<-,3;+0+ ()) +)#
*)+
&!7:<-,3;+:+
 ())$++$))41/C00) ++
&G7:++;+,&(+<0<-,39
 ())++)<-,3)##$"#+
E$:<-,4;+!9N(
 ())+"$+)37'?C-+
76


"$RE$*
9   (
%''*:<-,3;+"'))03L4O+
 ())"""+"+)F))))+
'=&:<-,0;+6+<0<-,3+
 ())"""++))'=&#)7)6))+*+
&G7:<-,3;+$"'+<0<-,3+
 ())"""++)"))) )# ##
)))+
&G7:<-,3;+$A8!+<0<-,3+
 ())++)#))# )2)<-,3FFM)*+ +
&G7:<-,3;+5%6)6+<0<-,3+
 ())"""+++)6)+*+
':<-,3;/)1'+<0<-,3+
 ())"""+#P+)+
= E$:<-,3;++<0<-,3+ ())+"$+)+
77

$"

= "$ $ 9 9

+   $   +

 $  5$9959 #  9  

29@   

*+

" $  9  +

6E

!"?9$%

7@$

!"?9$%

58a

&E

5

E'

%%8

E'



&

6

&

5 'M$

779&

E

E$$9&

G6

&=a6@

La

&b

5

&L

IM

'

M  

E$$9&

?M7

'

"5

&$

758

&

 +++

 !?G$% =7'%+

'$"

= $ "  

Penentuan Rute Evakuasi Bencana Kebakaran Menggunakan Metode Dijkstra

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Sep 2019

Abstrak-Shortest pathfinding atau penentuan jalur terdekat merupakan metode dalam bidang ilmu informatika khususnya struktur data yang digunakan untuk pencarian jalur terdekat diantara berbagai pilihan jalur pada suatu perjalanan. Dijkstra merupakan salah satu metode shortest pathfinding. Pada penelitian ini, metode Dijkstra digunakan untuk menentukan rute terdekat perjalanan tim pemadam kebakaran dalam melakukan evakuasi bencana kebakaran yang terjadi di beberapa tempat dalam waktu bersamaan. Data diperoleh dari open data online berupa data terbaru bencana kebakaran yang terjadi pada kota Naperville, negara Amerika Serikat. Data tersebut dikumpulkan dan disimpan pada database. Untuk mempercepat proses perhitungan, metode Dijkstra dikembangkan pada program berbasis web. User atau tim admin dapat menginputkan beberapa lokasi bencana kebakaran dan kemudian akan diproses dan ditentukan rute terbaik yang dapat ditempuh untuk melakukan perjalanan evakuasi ke beberapa lokasi bencana kebakaran. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba pada beberapa data tes, diketahui bahwa metode Dijkstra berhasil menentukan rute terbaik diantara beberapa kemungkinan pilihan rute lainnya. Kata kunci-Dijkstra; website; shortest pathfinding; graph matrix; database; open data; I. PENDAHULUAN Penentuan rute jalur terdekat menjadi hal yang penting untuk dilakukan ketika suatu perjalanan memerlukan penghematan biaya perjalanan atau mengutamakan efisiensi waktu untuk mencapai tempat tujuan. Pada penelitian sebelumnya penulis telah menerapkan beberapa metode pencarian jalur terdekat pada penentuan rute pengiriman produk. Penentuan rute perjalanan dilakukan sebelum proses pengiriman dilakukan, bagian distribusi telah mempunyai road map perjalanan sebelum memulai untuk mengirimkan produk. Dalam jumlah pengiriman yang cukup besar, proses penentuan rute tersebut dapat mempercepat waktu pengiriman dan menghemat biaya pengiriman. Pada penelitian saat ini, penulis akan mencoba untuk menerapkan penggunaan metode pencarian jalur tersebut pada kasus penentuan rute evakuasi bencana kebakaran, penulis berharap metode pencarian jalur tersebut dapat digunakan atau diterapkan pada studi kasus atau kegiatan yang lebih berguna, tidak hanya untuk menghemat biaya, namun juga dapat diterapkan untuk pencarian jalur tercepat evakuasi bencana, sehingga dapat berguna bagi kemanusiaan. Mengenai studi kasus, penulis akan menggunakan open dataset yang di bagikan secara terbuka oleh salah satu website pemerintah amerika pada situs https://data.naperville.il.us [1][2]. Studi kasus akan membahas mengenai penentuan rute perjalanan tim pemadam kebakaran dari departemen pemadam kebakaran menuju beberapa lokasi bencana kebakaran untuk memadamkan kebakaran dan melakukan evakuasi korban kebakaran. Penulis memilih menggunakan open dataset, karena data yang dibagikan resmi, real time, up to date dan memiliki jumlah data yang cukup besar [3][4]. Dengan kelebihan tersebut data yang digunakan akan lebih mudah diproses, karena untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai penggunaan metode akan memerlukan data yang cukup banyak dan data yang lebih variatif. Data terbaru berguna untuk mengetahui bahwa penelitian baru dilakukan. Open dataset telah memiliki aturan yang jelas untuk dibagikan, secara international ataupun nasional [3]. Pada penelitian sebelumnya penulis telah menggunakan beberapa metode, yaitu: Held-Karp, Iterative Deepening Search, Bidirectional Search dan Depth Limited Search [5][6][7]. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan didapatkan bahwa metode Held-Karp mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik dari metode lainnya. Pada penelitian saat ini penulis akan menggunakan metode Dijkstra yang akan diterapkan untuk menentukan jalur terdekat evakuasi bencana kebakaran. dengan penggunaan metode Dijkstra, penulis berharap akan dapat ditentukan atau dihasilkan rute terbaik untuk evakuasi bencana kebakaran. II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA A. Dijkstra Algoritma Dijkstra atau algoritma shortest path first Dijkstra, algoritma SPF adalah algoritma untuk menemukan

Construir Culturas de Datos Justas en la Universidad. Desafíos para el Profesorado

Book

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Juliana Elisa Raffaghelli

"Construir Culturas de Datos Justas: Desafíos para el Profesorado " is proposed as a contribution to the growing body of research that explores the problematics of the impending technological change that has occurred in the last ten years. In this sense, the book makes reference to the governance of our digital interactions through Big Tech platforms, leading to massive data mining and processing for different purposes. Public opinion has been shaken by a series of scandals related to the violation of the privacy of users of this prolific, free, easy, and attractive web. Our attention has now shifted to the evolving use of this data, i.e., the production of artificial intelligence. Investments in technology, platforms, and spaces that tried to avoid closures and limits while creating others during the COVID-19 pandemic have simply empowered and shaped these practises, with contested effects. One question the reader might pose, however, is: how will universities position themselves in this context, and how will they contribute to generating new positive, transformative, emancipatory equilibria rather than sustaining the abusive practises of a dark web in whose threads we find ourselves trapped? This book provides scholars and educators with a series of ideas for situating the problem and supporting the search for answers to the questions above. The book presents the university as an important social institution, not only for its own pedagogical practises and its interdisciplinary richness but also for its capacity for dialogue with society. It is through these spaces that a broader and fairer agenda of datafication and its developments can be shaped.The university is first and foremost a producer of data and has a field of expertise in data science within the emerging political economy of data-driven systems. But it is also a guardian of critical reflection and a source of social justice and activism. However, we will often wonder about the connection between these spaces and, above all, about their true activation in pursuit of a deep dialogue in search of answers. As is well known, the university is questioned for falling behind the public and private sector dynamics and interests; or for being slower in "telling" relevant stories about culture and society than mass media and particularly social media. As a result, policymakers might not prioritise academic knowledge and advice at the time of formulating relevant recommendations. The chapters of this book propose a broad perspective on the problem that aims to support the reader to see a "bigger picture" and hence engage in dialogue with information that is updated on an almost daily basis, particularly in relation to the artificial intelligence's avalanche. Therefore, it provides more a key to an epistemological understanding than a bunch of recommendations or solutions. It invites to ask ourselves why we love datification and the automatisms it entails. And why we cannot fail to read these processes from a complex perspective that takes a critical, though not immobilising, view. Such a pathway of understanding focuses the reactions to the dangers or ethical problems involved in the concentration of power by large technological companies and their handling of data. But it also involves the analysis of practises and approaches of areas that contribute to the development of these post-digital and smart technologies are working. In focusing on these dynamics, the aim is to offer educators and those who train educators heuristic tools to confront, from the classroom and from non-formal and informal learning spaces, this "monster without a face or eyes" (sense cara i ulls, a Catalan saying) that is datafication. To give a face to this phenomenon means to accommodate its facets, to understand the epistemological and historical perspectives in which it is anchored, and above all, to situate it. Datafication does not present itself in a univocal way; the global and local contexts generate tensions and forces that imply different positions and possibilities. It is the author's aim to make this aspect very clear because no one but the actors of a datified system, in recognising its facets and edges, will be able to make the necessary choices to express themselves and live with this technological change. The book highlights this ongoing work, not finished, not based on pre-packaged solutions, but on an effort to understand and dialogue around technological choices and their ethical and social impact. Beyond the icy instrumentalism of "data science" or the structural critique of the systems of power that support certain technological developments, this book wishes to bring a message to every educator to learn to look at their environment (datafied or not) and then to look at their university institution as an entity capable of transforming rather than responding to the context. To look, more than anything else, at their students, seeking to unleash new responses and new challenges that do not repeat the top-base or centre-periphery schemes in institutions and society.The book aims to be, then, an instrument to empower each university's actors in their social and political context, as a subject of the post-digital era and agents of the post-human relations of our present and future.

Open Education. OER, MOOC e pratiche didattiche aperte verso l'inclusione digitale educativa

Book

Full-text available

Feb 2024

Fabio Nascimbeni

Negli ultimi vent’anni il movimento Open Education, spinto da concetti come le Open Educational Resources (OER) e i Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC), ha contagiato, in misura diversa, quasi tutti i sistemi educativi del pianeta. L’idea, semplice e dirompente, è che combinando il potenziale di condivisione della rete con un sistema di licenze aperte, chiunque possa accedere a risorse educative di qualità, e che questo possa portare verso sistemi di istruzione più democratici, inclusivi e innovativi. Eppure, basta entrare in una qualsiasi scuola o università per capire che il closed by default è ancora la norma per quanto riguarda sia le risorse sia le pratiche educative. Questo libro analizza la rivoluzione possibile dell’Open Education, provando a ragionare su quanto gli approcci open stiano effettivamente cambiando le pratiche educative e su come l’open by default potrebbe modificare radicalmente i sistemi educativi. Attraverso un’analisi dei concetti di OER, licenze aperte, Open Educational Practices, MOOC e Open Educator, così come di una rassegna storica degli sviluppi internazionali dell’Open Education, il volume inquadra i successi e le sfide del movimento. Una panoramica delle principali iniziative su OER e MOOC in Italia conclude il lavoro, evidenziandone le criticità e mettendo in luce alcune anomalie positive che fanno sperare in un futuro più inclusivo del nostro sistema educativo.

Introducing the Smart City to Children: Lessons Learned from Hands-On Workshops in Classes

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Smart cities are receiving a lot of attention from researchers and practitioners as they are considered potential solutions to challenges (e.g., traffic congestion and waste management) faced by cities. As a result, the term “smart city” is recurring in political discourses and the news. Moreover, smart cities are transitioning from strong and technological orientations toward inclusive and participative orientations, and citizens are expected to take an active part in their design. However, the smart city concept remains obscure to the majority of the public; although many participation methods exist for adults, few have been implemented for children, who remain on the sidelines. Our objective is to address the lack of research on innovative initiatives to (1) educate children on the smart city concept and (2) include them in citizen participation dynamics. To achieve this, we propose a novel hands-on workshop where children learn about the smart city concept, are challenged with a collective urban planning exercise and develop a digital citizen participation method. This paper describes the workshop conducted and reports on lessons learned from its evaluation; the workshop involved 299 children from the ages of 12 to 14. It showed success in improving the children’s understanding of the smart city concept. We then propose future inclusive smart city research directions grounded in the evaluation results and the feedback received from multiple practitioners.

Inserindo Dados Abertos na Educação Básica: Um Mapeamento Sistemático da Literatura sobre Abordagens e Recursos Educacionais

Conference Paper

Nov 2024

A inserção de dados abertos na educação básica tem o potencial de desenvolver habilidades cruciais em alfabetização em dados e competências digitais, preparando os estudantes para os desafios da sociedade moderna. No entanto, existe uma lacuna significativa na literatura sobre como essas práticas podem ser implementadas de forma eficaz no contexto educacional. Este estudo, conduzido por meio de um mapeamento sistemático da literatura, examina as principais abordagens pedagógicas e recursos educacionais utilizados para inserir dados abertos em atividades de ensino e aprendizagem na educação básica. Os resultados revelam que as abordagens mais comuns são a Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos (PBL) e a Aprendizagem Baseada em Investigação (IBL), que promovem o protagonismo estudantil. As ferramentas mais utilizadas incluem plataformas de visualização de dados e softwares educacionais específicos. No entanto, desafios como a necessidade de infraestrutura tecnológica adequada e a complexidade da adaptação curricular ainda persistem. Este estudo destaca a importância da formação docente e sugere direções para pesquisas futuras, incluindo estudos longitudinais sobre o impacto dessas práticas.

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey as a Tool to Teach Data Analysis to Public Health Students

Article

Mar 2024

Virginia G. Briggs

Graduates of Master of Public Health programs may lack appropriate skills in data analysis, and would benefit from practice with research data. Datasets that contain health information relevant to student interests, and that are appropriate sizes for class use can be difficult to locate. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is a study that collects both survey and health examination information from a national sample every 2 years. I present a sample of this dataset, with examples of how to use it for human health related questions. Instructions for how to access and create additional, customized datasets are also provided. Instructors may consider investigating this rich data source and providing students with subsets of these data for class assignments, projects and master’s theses.

Discovering Datasets on the Web Scale: Challenges and Recommendations for Google Dataset Search

Article

Feb 2024

Conclusion: Building Fair Data Cultures in Higher Education

Chapter

Mar 2023

This chapter presents the conclusions of the book Data Cultures in Higher Education: Current Practices and Emergent Challenges. It is divided in three parts. The first part introduces the contributions of the initial chapters in the book, highlighting the idea of complexity in the current landscape of data practices. It also reviews the cases introduced along the several chapters, placing them in a symbolic space which highlights the tensions between reactive and proactive data epistemologies. The second part characterises “the challenge ahead”, basing the reflections on the conceptual lens of data cultures. In fact, building on cultural-historical activity theory, we purport the need for a dynamic approach to data cultures in higher education. This idea is further explored through examples and a case study. To conclude, the third part of the chapter makes some final remarks for future practice and research, emphasising the relevant role of academics’ professionalism, participation and activism to build fair data cultures in higher education.

Data, Society and the University: Facets of a Complex Problem

Chapter

Mar 2023

This chapter complements the introduction to the book “Data Cultures in Higher Education: Emerging Practices and the challenges ahead”. This chapter explores policy-making areas that impact higher education directly or indirectly. These areas are (a) transformation of higher education (from discourses of modernisation to the problem of managerialism, (b) open science and data connected to research practices and (c) the evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI). In our view, the aforementioned areas support the initial theoretical assumption that data practices are based on several perspectives on how data are produced and used; hence, they encompass complexity. Moreover, this complexity sets the basis for different reactions from Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), which shape their situated institutional data cultures. Through the evidence of concrete evolution of policy-making around data in society and in education, our goal is to provide a frame to understand the relevance of the cases and proposals presented in each of the following chapters.

Data Cultures in Higher Education: Acknowledging Complexity

Chapter

Mar 2023

This chapter introduces the book “Data Cultures in Higher Education: Emerging Practices and the Challenges Ahead”. It is based on four sections that frame several chapters’ work and present it. In the first section, we briefly explain the problem of data and datafication in our contemporary society. To offer conceptual lenses, the idea of complexity is applied to the entropic and chaotic way with which datafication appears in several areas of higher education, triggering fragmented responses, ambiguity, and in the worst cases, harm. Hence, we offer the idea of higher education institutions’ data culture as potential apparatus to explore and understand the above-mentioned complexity. Data cultures characterise an institution and its tradition, people, narratives, and symbols around data and datafication. We purport here that awareness about their existence is crucial to engage in transformation to achieve fairness, equity, and even justice, beyond the subtle manipulation embedded in many of the assumptions behind data-intensive practices. Over these bases, we present the twelve central chapters composing this book, highlighting their perspectives and the way they contribute to study, act, and change data cultures. Finally, space is left to the book’s conclusions and the afterword by invited scholars as a point of arrival for the reader. Several threads conjoin in a web that will hopefully inspire future research and practice.

Tiree Energy Pulse

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Apr 2015

In many parts of the world, the electricity supply industry makes the task of dealing with unpredictable spikes and dips in production and demand invisible to consumers, maintaining a seemingly unlimited supply. A future increase in reliance on time-variable renewable sources of electricity may lead to greater fluctuations in supply. We engaged remote islanders as equal partners in a research project that investigated through technology-mediated enquiry the topic of synchronising energy consumption with supply, and together built a prototype renewable energy forecast display. A number of participants described a change in their practices, saving high energy tasks for times when local renewable energy was expected to be available, despite having no financial incentive to do so. The main contributions of this paper are in: 1) the results of co-development sessions exploring systems supporting synchronising consumption with supply and 2) the findings arising from the deployment of the prototype.

Il monitoraggio civico delle politiche di coesione e lo sviluppo di comunità civiche

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2015

Social capital is one of the main determinants of the institutional capacity of local governments which can positively influence the impact of development policies and, ultimately, regional socio-economic performances. In particular, the economic backwardness and many unresolved issues in Southern Italy are often explained by low levels of social engagement. Open government data on projects funded by public money can enable new forms of engagement, like the citizen based monitoring of public policy. Citizen monitoring of development policies in Southern Italy can strengthen existing civic communities and create new ones. Furthermore, citizen monitoring has the potential to directly influence the quality of policy-making by collecting evidence on how projects are progressing. This evidence can be harnessed by local governments to improve the implementation of current policy and/or to plan new actions. The paper will analyze the case of "Monithon", an independent initiative aimed at monitoring EU and national policies for economic cohesion in Italy. Through this initiative, citizens are able to collect evidence on the progress and results of the projects funded by European and national Cohesion Policy in Italy, based on the official data from OpenCoesione, a governmental open data portal developed by the Department for Cohesion and Economic Development (Ministry of Economic Development).

The Data Journalism Handbook

Book

Full-text available

Aug 2012

Blue sky thinking meets green field usability: Can mobile internet software engineering bridge the rural divide?

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2014

Mobile applications (apps) are becoming more commonplace as mobile phones and tablets begin to replace traditional desktop devices. Software developers are usually located in areas where good connectivity is the norm, but large numbers of users are located in other areas where 3 G connectivity is at best poor or non-existent. This results in app development which is unsuitable for many areas of the world and, as well as being a problem in rural areas of the UK, has ramifications for mobile app use in third world countries where fixed broadband services are largely absent. Drawing on experiences of users on the margins of connectivity, this paper discusses difficulties of mobile internet access in Wales and recommends changes to app development methodology to maximise bandwidth in areas of limited network coverage. © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

The Walk Exploring the Technical and Social Margins

Chapter

Oct 2020

Alan Dix

Walking has long been an instrument of political activism, such as the Jarrow March in Britain and the Salt March in India in the 1930s, and before that of war. It has been a spiritual practice, a source of literary inspiration and in some cases regarded as an art in itself. In the case of psychogeography, the act of walking is an integral part of academic and philosophical practice. However, it is fair to say that walking is not a typical part of HCI research methodology. From mid-April to the end of July 2013, I walked the perimeter of Wales, a distance of 1058 miles (1700 km). This was partly a personal journey encircling the country of my birth, not without overtones of pilgrimage, certainly a symbolic act, and maybe, depending on your definitions, art. It was also a research journey, seeking to understand the social and community issues of the ‘margins’ (literally and metaphorically) of a modern nation, including the impact or otherwise of information technology. This layering of aims and approaches could be regarded as post-modern, but I preferred the words of the Dean of Cardiff School of Art and Design, who described the methodology as mediaeval, and subsequently the blog about the walk was compared with the writing of Gerald of Wales written in 1188. In this chapter, I explore some of the things I have learnt from this perambulatory research; we will consider the design of mobile technology, the meaning of community and the role of the subjective in academic study. However, the ‘results’ of this are as much questions as answers. Remote rural communities in Wales, and across the world, often face a deepening of the existing social and economic divides, often fuelled by the digital revolution. Can appropriate design and policy counter the apparently inevitable technological entrenchment of existing power? Methodologically, is there a role for this level of slow-paced physicality and ethically is there a place for physical pain? Finally, a critical aspect of the walk was its permeability. I laid myself open to others as a living lab, and the data gathered was being made available to the entire research community. It started as my journey, but one of the first tangible outcomes was a digital exhibition by others, inspired by, but not ‘about’, the walk. Just as the act of walking collapses the distinction of places into a threaded narrative of journey, is there also a space for research that defies the discretisation of publications as metricised outputs, and dissolves the cabalistic divisions of disciplines and groups, a space for methods of work that link, join and lay themselves open to use by all?

More than one way to flip a class: learning analytics for mixed models of learning

Article

May 2016

Alan Dix

This case study presents personal experiences in the reuse of materials, originally prepared for a small-scale MOOC, in face-to-face flipped classroom and blended learning teaching. While some of the literature on the flipped classroom suggests a quite uniform pedagogic style for each class, albeit differing between advocates, the experience of the author was far more pedagogically diverse depending on the type of material and workload of the students. Fine-grain learning analytics were also critical; these both allowed targeted feedback (enhancing student learning) and gave a sense of control (enhancing academic motivation and well being).

PLOS, Please publish our articles on Wednesdays: A look at altmetrics by day of publication

Article

Jan 2015

The Good Citizen. A History of American Civic Life

Book

Jan 2002

Michael Schudson

Monitory democracy and media-saturated societies

Jan 2009

J Keane

Keane, J. (2009) Monitory democracy and media-saturated societies. Griffith Review, 24. Retrieved from http://griffithreview.com/articles/monitory-democracy-and-media-saturatedsocieties/

Blog@CACM: Python is Now the Most Popular Introductory Teaching Language at Top U.S. Universities

Jan 2014

P Guo

Guo, P. (2014) Blog@CACM: Python is Now the Most Popular Introductory Teaching Language at Top U.S. Universities. Retrieved from http://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm/176450-pythonis-now-the-most-popular-introductory-teaching-language-at-top-us-universities/fulltext

Open Data as Open Educational Resources: Case studies of emerging practice

Abstract and Figures

Recommended publications

Open Data as Open Educational Resources: Case Studies of Emerging Practice

Using Open Data as a Material for Introductory Programming Assignments

Education in the Open Government Partnership commitments

Open Data Sectors and Communities: Education