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Assessment of soybean productivity factors under
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WTTA 2021
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954 (2022) 012037
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012037
1
Assessment of soybean productivity factors under conditions
of the southern part of the non-black earth zone of Russia
O V Lukyanova
1
, V S Konkina
1
, N V Vavilova
1
and Y M Evsenkina
2
1
Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after P.A. Kostychev, 1,
Kostychev str., Ryazan, 390044, Russia
2
Ryazan State Radio Engineering University named after V.F. Utkin, 59, Gagarin str.,
Ryazan, 390005, Russia
E-mail: konkina_vmail.ru
Abstract. In modern conditions, the demand for soybeans is increasing both in the world and
in the Russian Federation. Analysis of the trends characterizing the production of this crop has
showed the prevalence of extensive factors - the growth of sown areas in all federal districts.
Soybean yield is also growing, but its absolute size is significantly lower than the world
average. In addition, the productivity of soybeans significantly depends on the
hydrometeorological conditions of cultivation. Since most of the territory of the Russian
Federation belongs to the zone of risky farming, plant support means are required. The article
provides an overview of the influence of growth stimulants X-Site, G and Stimulate, G on
soybean yield in Ryazan region. The results have showed that in order to obtain high and stable
yields of this agricultural crop, it is necessary to feed soybeans in budding and flowering
phases with plant growth regulator Stimulate, F with a consumption rate of 0.5 l/ha. This will
increase the yield of the crop by 2.5 dt/ha and increase the protein content to 40.8 %.
1. Introduction
Currently, soybeans remain one of the most sought-after agricultural crops in the world. First of all,
the growing needs of animal husbandry contribute to the growth of soybean production. The annual
global deficit of fodder protein exceeds 30 million tons, while in Russia it is about 2-2.5 million tons.
The consumption of soybean oil is increasing. According to the forecasts of the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the consumption of soybeans in the world will
increase by 58 million tons in the next 10 years, exceeding 406 million tons.
The increase in soybean production in Russia is ensured by an extensive means and, first of all, by
an increase in cultivated areas and an expansion of the geography of its cultivation. In 2010, soybeans
were sown on an area of 1,209 thousand hectares, and in 2019 and 2020, its crops amounted to 3,079
thousand hectares and 2,833 thousand hectares, respectively.
The Far Eastern region remains the main one for soybean cultivation in the country, but in recent
years there has been a noticeable increase in soybean acreage in all federal districts and, first of all, in
the European part of Russia. Over the past 10 years, the soybean sowing area has almost tripled in the
Central Federal District (CFD) (Fig. 1).
WTTA 2021
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954 (2022) 012037
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012037
2
Figure 1. Structure of soybean acreage in Russia by individual federal districts, %.
It should be noted that most of the soybean fields are concentrated in the Far Eastern Federal
District (FEFD), and the largest gross harvest of soybeans was recorded in the Central region (2,130.5
thousand tons or 49.0 % of the gross harvest).
The expansion of the geography of soybean production is associated with several factors. This is
both an increase in productivity (Fig. 2) and coverage of a larger number of regions with different soil
and climatic conditions. All this provided an increase in the scale of production while reducing losses
from adverse weather conditions. At the same time, it should be noted that the yield indicators of
recent years are almost two times behind the same average world indicators.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
10.9
14.8
13.1 13.6 13.6 13.9
15.8 15.1
16.6
15.7 16.5
Figure 2. Soybean yield in Russia for 2010-2020, kg/ha.
WTTA 2021
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954 (2022) 012037
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doi:10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012037
3
Therefore, even the record harvest of 4,343.6 thousand tons (in weight after completion), obtained
in 2019, does not cover the needs of Russia in soybeans. This is due to the logistic features of soybean
production in the Russian Federation and the territorial concentration of processing enterprises. So the
main crop of soybeans in the central part of the country goes mainly for processing, and it goes for
export in the Far East.
Russia plans to increase exports of both soybeans and soybean processed products, since there is an
increased demand for non-GMO meal from European countries. In this regard, further intensification
of soybean production in the country should be aimed not only at increasing the acreage, but also at
increasing the crop yield and the quality of soybeans.
2. Problem statement
Soybeans have a wide adaptability to different cultivation conditions. And the level of its productivity,
like any other crop, depends on the biological potential of the productivity of the cultivated variety and
the methods of cultivation.
The yield of soybeans seriously correlates with agrometeorological conditions during the growing
season and harvesting, therefore, the productivity of the crop is seriously reduced when unfavorable
climatic conditions.
Ryazan region, located in the southern part of the Non-Chernozem Zone of Russia, is characterized
as a zone of unstable and sometimes insufficient moisture with a hydrothermal coefficient of 1.2-1.3.
Meteorological conditions for the growing seasons of 2019 and 2020 in Ryazan region as a whole
were quite satisfactory for the growth and development of soybeans. However, significant fluctuations
in air temperature and uneven precipitation were observed both during individual months and
throughout the entire period, that is clearly seen in Figures 3 and 4.
0
5
10
15
20
25
long-term a verage annua l 2019 2020
Figure 3. Temperature indicators for decades of the growing season, °С.
WTTA 2021
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954 (2022) 012037
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012037
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
long-term a verage
annua l
2019 20 20
April I
April II
April III
Ma y I
Ma y II
Ma y II I
June I
June II
June II I
July I
July II
July III
August I
August II
August II I
September I
September II
September III
Figure 4. The amount of precipitation for decades of the growing season, mm.
Therefore, obtaining stable and high yields of agricultural crops on the territory of Ryazan region,
including soybeans, is possible only thanks to technologies using modern intensification factors,
considering the biological characteristics and needs of the crop, providing for their full satisfaction at
all stages of production and being environmentally oriented.
One of these factors is the use of plant growth regulators, physiologically active compounds,
natural or synthesized by humans, capable of regulating physiological and morphological processes of
plant ontogenesis, when being in small doses.
X-Site, G is a plant growth regulator based on kinetin with an active substance concentration of 0.4
g/l.
Stimulate, G is the plant growth regulator based on kinetin, gibberellic acid and 1Н-indolyl-3-
butanoic acid, with an active ingredient concentration of 0.1 g/l + 0.1 g/l + 0.1 g/l.
Kinetin or 6-furfurylamine-purine belongs to the group of cytokinins regulating cell division,
coordinating the growth and development of plants depending on the availability of mineral and
organic nutrition, inhibiting the growth of lateral roots, slowing down cell aging and increasing their
resistance to adverse environmental factors.
Gibberellins (GA) are a group of phytohormones of diterpene nature. Growth hormones of organic
origin activate the proliferation and growth of plants, affect the formation of a flower, and regulate
flowering. The most biologically active substances are GA1, GA3, GA4 and GA7.
1Н-indolyl-3-butanoic acid (IBA) or indolyl-3-butyric acid (IMA) is a phytohormone from the
auxin class and the strongest stimulator of rhizogenesis (formation of lateral and adventitious roots).
WTTA 2021
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954 (2022) 012037
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012037
5
kinetin gibberellin acid (GA
3
) indolyl-3-butyric acid
Figure 5. Physiologically active substances.
The mechanism of action of growth regulator Stimulate, G is based on its participation in many
physiological processes of plants, including the prolongation of the activity of auxin, which stimulates
rhizogenesis, as a consequence, contributes to an increase in root formation, plant survival and an
improvement in product quality.
In 2019 and 2020 a research was carried out at the experimental agrotechnological station of the
URC "Agrotechnopark", Ryazan State Agrotechnological University to study new plant growth
regulators X-Site, G and Stimulate, G and their use when growing soybeans in the conditions of
Ryazan district of Ryazan region. The aim of the research was to study the biological effectiveness of
foliar feeding of soybean plants with plant growth regulators X-Site, G and Stimulate, G in the
budding and flowering phases in the southern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia.
Research objectives included:
- identifying biometric indicators of soybeans in the flowering phase according to variants of the
experiment;
- determining the influence of growth regulators and their norms on the structure of the crop;
- studying the yield and quality of soybean seeds in the experiment;
- estimating the economic efficiency of soybean cultivation depending on the use of preparations
X-Site, G and Stimulate, G.
3. Materials and methods
The field experiment to study the effectiveness of using plant growth regulators X-Site, G and
Stimulate, G in the cultivation of soybeans took place in 2019 and 2020 on gray forest heavy loamy
soil. Soybean crops were treated with the studied preparations with different consumption rates during
the budding and flowering phases. The experimental design included seven variants in four
replications:
1. Control (without treatment)
2. X-Site, G 0.5 l/ha
3. X-Site, G 0.75 l/ha
4. X-Site, G 1.0 l/ha
5. Stimulate, G 0.25 l/ha
6. Stimulate, G 0.35 l/ha
7. Stimulate, G 0.5 l/ha
Foliar dressing was carried out in the morning or evening in calm weather with a working solution
volume of 300 l/ha.
The dimensions of the experimental and registration plots in the experiment were 50 m
2
and 25 m
2
,
respectively.
The agrotechnics in the experiment corresponded to the requirements of agriculture and was carried
out considering weather conditions. For sowing, seeds of original variety (OV) Svetlaya were used.
WTTA 2021
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954 (2022) 012037
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012037
6
This variety belonged to the category of early maturing ones with a growing season of 76-96 days. It
possessed high field resistance to cotyledonous bacteriosis and septoria. It was distinguished by
valuable nutritional qualities. The content of crude protein in seeds was 37-44 % and that of fat was
16-20 %. The seeding rate in the experiment was 700 thousand pieces/ha. The sowing method was
ordinary with a row spacing of 24 cm. Harvesting was carried out by a continuous method. The quality
of the crop was determined according to GOST 10846-91 “Grain and products of its processing.
Protein determination method”. For statistical processing of the research results, the method of
analysis of variance was used. Thus, all studies were carried out according to generally accepted
methods.
4. Results and discussion
Plant growth and development are closely related to internal physiological and biochemical processes.
Therefore, changes in plant metabolism, which are caused by various factors and growth regulators, in
particular, invariably affect growth processes.
Plant growth regulators X-Site, G and Stimulate, G in different concentrations both in 2019 and in
2020 had a stimulating effect on the growth and development of soybeans (Table 1).
Table 1. Biometric
parameters of soybean plants in the flowering phase
Variant Plant height, cm Plant weight, g Leaf area, cm
2
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
Control (without treatment) 59.70 44.08 49.89 36.37 785.32 669.28
X-Site, G 0.5 l/ha 60.41 46.78 50.02 39.15 776.35 670.47
X-Site, G 0.75 l/ha 62.01 47.28 50.62 54.45 814.29 784.12
X-Site, G 1.0 l/ha 62.53 46.08 51.14 53.18 828.43 778.28
Stimulate, G 0.25 l/ha 62.31 48.67 48.81 40.05 796.25 671.07
Stimulate, G 0.35 l/ha 63.70 50.44 53.62 56.13 823.21 784.24
Stimulate, G 0.5 l/ha 63.63 51.91 55.84 54.06 908.45 798.88
LSD05 3.96 4.86 4.98 6.94 83.05 73.24
Table 1 shows that biometric parameters of soybean plants in the control variant are lower than in
the variants with the use of growth regulators, except for the indicator of leaf area in 2019, where the
minimum value (776.35 cm
2
) was noted in the variant with the use of X-Site, G with a consumption
rate of 0.5 l/ha.
However, a significant effect on the formation of plant biomass was noted in 2019 only on the
variant with the use of growth regulator Stimulate, G with a consumption rate of 0.5 l/ha, and the
indicators on other experimental variants were at the control level.
In 2020, topdressing of soybeans with growth regulators increased the weight of plants in
comparison with the control (without treatment) by 16.81-19.76 grams, when using X-Site, G with a
consumption rate of 0.75 l/ha and 1.0 l/ha and Stimulate, G with a consumption rate of 0.3 l/ha and 0.5
l/ha. Leaf area, being one of the most important features that directly affects the yield of soybeans, was
significantly higher in these variants than the control indicator by 109.00-129.60 cm
2
or 16.3-19.3 %.
Depending on the consumption rate, variants with crop treatment with X-Site, G and Stimulate, G
had strengthening of the growth and development of the vegetative organs of soybeans and
photosynthesis. It led to an increased accumulation of assimilates and their rational redistribution to
the generative organs, and directly affected the formation of elements of the crop structure (Table 2).
Analysis of the data in Table 2 shows that the number of plants per 1 m2 and the mass of 1,000
seeds for the variants of the experiment differed insignificantly and were within the range of random
fluctuations.
The number of beans per plant and the number of seeds in beans are the most variable elements of
yield, which are largely influenced by environmental factors and methods of soybean cultivation. The
number of beans per plant in the control ranged from 21.3 pieces in 2019 to 20.76 pieces in 2020.
WTTA 2021
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954 (2022) 012037
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012037
7
Topdressing of soybeans with plant growth regulator Stimulate, G with a consumption rate of 0.3 l/ha
and 0.5 l/ha contributed to an increase in the number of beans on a plant to 21.40-22.04 pieces and
21.33-21.55 pieces, respectively.
The largest number of grains in beans during the years of research was obtained in the variants with
the use of plant growth regulator Stimulate, G. So, in 2019, this parameter in the control was 2.07
pieces, and in the variants with Stimulate, G it varied from 20.9 pieces up to 21.5 pieces. In 2020, the
differences were significant, exceeding the control by 0.53-0.85 pieces (36.1-57.8 %) depending on
the consumption rate of the growth regulator.
Table 2. Indicators of the structure of the soybean crop in the experiment
Variant
Number of
plants per 1
m
2
, pcs.
The number of
beans per plant,
pcs.
The number of
grains in beans,
pcs.
Weight of 1,000
seeds, g
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
Control (without treatment) 51.3 57.4 21.28 20.76 2.07 1.47 115.7 130.34
X-Site, G 0.5 l/ha 50.5 58.7 22.05 20.50 1.88 1.41 114.8 132.08
X-Site, G 0.75 l/ha 51.6 57.3 20.67 19.14 1.94 2.02 122.5 130.41
X-Site, G 1.0 l/ha 52.0 59.4 21.90 18.86 2.01 1.61 117.2 131.14
Stimulate, G 0.25 l/ha 55.3 57.3 20.43 19.56 2.09 2.00 113.6 131.58
Stimulate, G 0.35 l/ha 54.8 58.2 22.04 21.55 2.15 2.08 110.8 129.91
Stimulate, G 0.5 l/ha 56.1 59.0 21.40 21.33 2.14 2.32 114.5 130.55
LSD05 4.08 3.56 1.04 1.78 0.09 0.31 4.35 5.81
In the variants with X-Site, G these parameters were close in their values to the control ones,
regardless of the year of the study. The exception was the variant with the preparation consumption
rate of 0.75 l/ha, since in 2020 the number of grains in beans in this variant was significantly higher
than in the control.
The main productive feature of the field experiment, which reflects the action of many factors
affecting the plant organism, is yield. Table 3 shows the yield of soybeans in the experiment for 2019
and 2020, as well as on average for 2 years of research, which gives a more objective assessment of
the studied agricultural practice.
Table 3. Soybean yield for 2 years of research
Variant
Yield, dt/ha Protein, %
2019 2020 Average for
2 years
+ to
control 2019 2020
Control (without treatment) 21.8 20.6 21.2 - 39.4 39.7
X-Site, G 0.5 l/ha 20.9 21.3 21.1 -0.1 39.5 38.0
X-Site, G 0.75 l/ha 21.5 22.8 22.2 +1.0 40.1 40.0
X-Site, G 1.0 l/ha 22.4 22.5 22.5 +1.3 37.4 40.8
Stimulate, G 0.25 l/ha 21.9 21.0 21.5 +0.3 40.8 39.6
Stimulate, G 0.35 l/ha 23.5 22.4 23.0 +1.8 39.1 38.9
Stimulate, G 0.5 l/ha 24.5 22.9 23.7 +2.5 39.8 38.0
LSD05 1.90 1.62 1.82 1.38 1.17
In 2019, the control (without treatment) had 21.8 dt/ha of soybeans. The yield was from 20.9 dt/ha
to 24.5 dt/ha in variants with topdressing of soybeans in the budding and flowering phases with plant
growth regulators X-Site, G and Stimulate, G, depending on the consumption rate. Therefore, a
significant increase of 2.7 dt/ha (LSD05 = 1.90 dt/ha) in comparison with the control was provided
only by the variant with Stimulate, G with a consumption rate of 0.5 l/ha.
In 2020, a significant increase in the yield of soybeans was provided by the use of plant growth
WTTA 2021
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954 (2022) 012037
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012037
8
regulators X-Site, G and Stimulate, G with average and maximum consumption rates. As the results of
the soybean yield in the experiment show, on average for 2 years a statistically significant increase in
the yield by 2.5 dt/ha (LSD05 = 1.82 dt/ha) was achieved when using growth regulator Stimulate, G
with a consumption rate of 0.5 l/ha.
When producing soybeans, it is important to obtain not only high and stable yields, but also high-
quality products. The content of crude protein in soybean seeds of Svetlaya variety is 37-44 %. The
data in Table 3 show that the protein content in the experiment over the period of the research ranged
from 37.4 % to 40.8 % and was within the varietal values. The studied preparations did not have any
significant effect on the quality of soybeans, since the differences in parameters of the experimental
and control variants were within the error limits. An exception was the variant with growth regulator
Stimulate, G with a consumption rate of 0.25 l/ha in 2019. In this variant, seeds were obtained with a
protein content of 40.8 %, which was significantly higher than the parameter in the control.
Improving product quality is certainly an important result of using growth regulators. However,
any management decision should lead to progress, that is, an increase in financial results. In this
regard, at the final stage, it is necessary to calculate the economic effect from the use of growth
regulators.
5. Conclusion
Thus, the research results show that a significant effect in comparison with the control was obtained
only on the variant with topdressing of soybeans in the budding and flowering phases with plant
growth regulator Stimulate, G. The consumption rate was 0.5 l/ha, which contributed to an increase in
the assimilation apparatus of plants, the intensity of photosynthesis, the formation of full-fledged
generative organs. It also entailed an increase in agricultural productivity, as well as obtaining the
maximum economic effect. In other variants, ambiguous results were obtained over the years,
therefore, additional research is required.
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