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Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.30(Suppl.) 2021 Rheological investigation of lipid polymer hybrid nano-carriers
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31351/vol30issSuppl.pp9-15
9
Rheological Investigation of Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanocarriers for Oral
Delivery of Felodipine (Conference Paper )#
Hayder Kadhim Drais*,1 and Ahmed Abbas Hussein**
# 9th scientific conference conference sponsored by College of Pharmacy , University of Baghdad 25-26 August 2021
*Ministry of Health and Environment, Babil Health Directorate, Babil, Iraq.
**Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
Abstract
The rheological behavior among the factors that are present in Stokes law can be used to control the
stability of the colloidal dispersion system. Lipid/polymer hybrid nanocarriers (LPHNs) is an interesting colloidal
dispersion system that is used for rheological characteristic analysis. The LPHNs are composed of polymeric
components and lipids. This research aims to prepare oral felodipine LPHNs to investigate the effect of
independent variables which are lipid content, surfactant mixture and distilled water, on the rheological behavior
of the nanosystem. A microwave-based technique was successfully used to prepare felodipine LPHNs (H1-H9).
The formulations were characterized for particle size and PDI to confirm the colloidal properties of the prepared
nanosystem. Therefore, rheological evaluation study of described nanosystems was performed using the coaxial
rotational digital rheometer. The outcomes showed that all felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9) had a
nanosize and homogenous structure which verified the colloidal features of the nanodispersion systems. The
rheogram chart indicated that all felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9) show pseudoplastic flow (non-
Newtonian flow), suggesting a shear-thinning property. The microwave-based method successfully produced
felodipine LPHNs with excellent physical texture that proves its ability as a nanoparticles preparation technique.
The pseudoplastic flow behavior of felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9) suggests that the described
nanosystems in this study are physically stable
Keywords: Rheology, Felodipine, Lipid-polymer hybrid nanocarriers, Microwave-based method.
LPHNsLPHNs
LPHNs
LPHNs H1-H9
PDI
LPHNs H1-H9
LPHNs H1-H9)
LPHNs H1-H9)
LPHNs H1-H9
.
Introduction
Rheology is an important physical
characteristic in pharmaceutical design and
manufacture. Creaming, flocculation, and
coalescence are responsible for the instability of the
colloidal dispersion system. The rheological
behavior among factors that are present in Stokes
law can be used to control the stability of the
colloidal dispersion system(1). Therefore, the
viscosity of colloidal systems is of great importance
in scientific pharmaceutical research (1). The coaxial
rotational rheometer, also known as Couette or
concentric cylinder viscometers, is the most
common machine used for measuring viscosity. A
circular bob inserted concentrically inside a cup
contains the tested colloidal dispersion. The process
of measurement occurs when fluid will drag on the
bob as a result of bob or cup rotation, and a sensor
in the machine will record the viscosity at a specific
shear rate and shear stress.
1Corresponding author E-mail: deera2020@gmail.com
Received: 22/8/2021
Accepted: 6/10 /2021
Published Online First: 2022-1-11 Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Science
Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.30(Suppl.) 2021 Rheological investigation of lipid polymer hybrid nano-carriers
10
Several readings can be obtained by changing
revolutions per minute (RPM). These data can be
analyzed to determine the rheological properties of
pharmaceutical liquids(2-4).The felodipine
lipid/polymer hybrid nanocarriers (LPHNs) is an
interesting colloidal dispersion system that is used
as an oral drug delivery system for rheological
characteristic analysis(5-7). The LPHNs compose of
polymeric components and lipid matrices that
constitute monolithic type colloidal nanocarriers.
The felodipine LPHNs have properties of both
polymer nanocarriers and lipid-based nanocarriers
constructed from it(8). The polymer content makes
felodipine LPHNs provide more control on
felodipine release. Whereas, the lipid content
enhances felodipine solubility, the biological tissue
penetration, and improve absorption in addition to
felodipine entrapment efficiency will increase in
comparison to lipid based nanoparticles and
polymeric nanoparticles alone(9). The process of
hybridization between polymer and lipid gives
nanoparticles that show: nanoscale particle size,
higher drug payload, furiousness, provide sustained
drug delivery and more stability in blood circulation
and on long term storage of the formulation(10).
However, the methods to prepare the
LPHNs in these studies were associated with several
limitations such as cost, lower stability and time
consuming. Recently, a microwave-based method
has been used to prepare the LPHNs(11,12). These
reports indicated that the microwave-based method
have many merits such as rapid processing, can
achieve in both small and large scale, inexpensive,
more stable, economical, and absence of
impurities(11,12). This research aims to prepare oral
felodipine LPHNs to investigate the effect of
independent variables which are lipid content,
distilled water content, and surface-active agents:co-
surfactant blend on the rheological behavior of the
nanosystem.
Materials and Methods
Materials
The lauric acid, felodipine,
polysorbate 80, propylene glycol were purchased
from Nanjing Duly Biotech Co., Ltd .
China. The PEG laurate was purchased from Beijing
Yibai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. China. The
cardamom oil was purchased from Hemani
international KEPZ, Karachi, Pakistan.
Methods
Preparation of felodipine LPHNs
Nine felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-
H9) were prepared using the microwave-based
method that was previously described by Drais H K
and Hussein A A(11,12). The hydrophobic mixture
was prepared by dissolving chitosan
polymer, felodipine, and lauric acid in a blend of
cardamom oil and PEG-laurate using a magnetic
stirrer device at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes. The
hydrophilic mixture that contains distilled water,
propylene glycol, and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan
monooleate was prepared under a magnetic stirrer at
1000 rpm for 5 minutes. The final mixture that
contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases
according to the concentrations of each ingredient as
shown in Table 1, was placed in microwave
instrument for less than 15 seconds, then a mixture
was subjected to magnetic stirring of 1000 rpm to
form solution of the colloidal structure of felodipine
LPHNs. The felodipine LPHNs formulations were
stored in a tightly closed container at 25 OC
temperature until the time of the rheological
evaluation (11,12). A coaxial rotational digital
rheometer (Biobase Meihua Trading Co., Ltd,
China) was used to measure the viscosity of the
prepared nanodispersions. The spindle number (1)
was used at 25°C. The felodipine LPHNs
formulations were exposed to various rotational
velocities (0.1, 0.3, 0.6,1.5, 3, 6, 12, 30, and 60 rpm).
The experimental data were collected to analyze the
rheological properties of the prepared
nanosystems(2,11,12).
Table 1. The quantitative components of felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9) for characterization and
optimization
Formulation
code
Felodipine
% (w/w)
Cardamon
oil
% (w/w)
Lauric
acid
%
(w/w)
Chitosan
% (w/w)
PEG-(400) laurate
:Polysorbate
80: Propylene glycol
% (w/w)
Distilled
water
% (w/w)
up to
H1
1
4
1
0.1
15:7.5:7.5
100
H2
1
4
1
0.1
17.5:8.75:8.75
100
H3
1
8
2
0.2
17.5:8.75:8.75
100
H4
1
4
1
0.2
20:10:10
100
H5
1
8
2
0.25
20:10:10
100
H6
1
12
3
0.35
20:10:10
100
H7
1
4
1
0.2
22.5:11.25:11.25
100
H8
1
8
2
0.35
22.5:11.25:11.25
100
H9
1
12
3
0.4
22.5:11.25:11.25
100
Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.30(Suppl.) 2021 Rheological investigation of lipid polymer hybrid nano-carriers
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Characterization of the felodipine LPHNs
1. Measurement of particle size
The particle size was determined by the nanoparticle
analyzer model SZ-100 - nanopartica series
instruments (Horiba scientific company, Japan).
Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) is a
technique that has been used to determine the
globular size of the nanosystem. The experiments
were performed in triplicate (13,14).
2. Measurement of polydispersity index
(PDI)
PDI is the uniformity parameter. PDI of the prepared
nanosystems was measured by the DLS (dynamic
light scattering) technique. PCS is a technique that
has been used to determine PDI. The higher the PDI
value indicates the lower particle size uniformity.
The measurement was performed in three trials(13-15).
3. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
The morphological attributes of felodipine LPHNs
formulation can explain by AFM angstrom
advanced inc. AA3000 USA. The AFM
measurement was performed by using 1-3 drops of
the felodipine LPHNs formulation onto a glass
slide(13).
Statistical analysis
The investigation data was presented as the
average of three trials and ± SD (n=3). The
Microsoft Office Excel program was used to analyze
the data. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
used where the level at (P<0.05) was kept as
significant while the level (P0.05) was kept as not
significant(16).
Results and Discussion
Particle size and PDI of felodipine LPHNs
The felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-
H9) were successfully prepared by the microwave-
based technique according to specified component
concentrations as shown in Table 1. All
formulations were visually clear indicating colloidal
properties of the hybrid dispersion system. The
results of DLS revealed that the mean particle sizes
of the felodipine LPHNs formulations were H1 (87
nm), H2 (70nm), H3 (146 nm), H4 (33 nm), H5 (94
nm), H6 (978 nm), H7 (49 nm), H8 (75 nm) and H9
(809nm).The outcomes show that all felodipine
LPHNs formulations (H1-H9) had nanosize and
ascertain colloidal features of the nanodispersion
system(17). According to the results, the analysis of
variance show null hypothesis refusion that state the
correlation between variables of investigation is no
significant and accept the alternative hypothesis that
state there is a significant correlation between
variables of investigation (17). Therefore, there is a
significant relationship between surface-active
agents: co-surfactant mixture, fat content, and
distilled water as independent variables and particle
size at level (p<0.05)(17). The outcomes of the
characterization process for PDI as shown in Table
2, were from 0.314 to 0.729. The PDI outcome
indicated that felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-
H9) are the homogenous structure that ascertains the
stability of felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9)
against physical instability processes of the
dispersion system(17). The ANOVA shows a
significant correlation between independent
variables and PDI at level (p<0.05) (17).
Table 2. The particle size and PDI results of felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9)
Code
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
Globule size (nm)*
87.6±
2.26
70.1±
3.38
146.2±
10.095
33.3±
1.216
94.21±
1.587
978.4±
3.004
49.6±
0.953
75±
2.816
809±
2.26
PDI*
0.538±
0.003
0.401±
0.001
0.547±
0.050
0.314±
0.002
0.54±
0.078
0.729±
0.011
0.374±
0.003
0.335±
0.005
0.798±
0.002
*Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n=3).
Rheological study
The rheological experiment was performed
successfully at different rotational velocities and
rheological data were collected which are viscosity,
rate of shear, and shear stress. The rheogram chart is
obtained by the plot of the rate of shear against shear
stress as shown in Figure 1. The rheogram chart
indicates that all of the felodipine LPHNs
formulations (H1-H9) show pseudoplastic flow
(non-Newtonian flow) that have shear-thinning
property. The pseudoplastic rheological flow
improves the stability of felodipine LPHNs
formulations against creaming, flocculation, and
coalescence which are responsible for the instability
of hybrid dispersion system. Pseudoplastic flow
behavior reduces the aggregation and settling rates
of nanoparticles during a long period of
pharmaceutical formulation storage also provide
dose uniformity(1). The felodipine LPHNs
formulation (H4) was the selected formula due to
has lower particle size and PDI in addition to
pseudoplastic flow, in comparison with other
present formulations. The AFM provides
information for the size and shape of nanocarriers
and apply for the felodipine LPHNs formulation
(H4). The outcomes show that the morphology of
Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.30(Suppl.) 2021 Rheological investigation of lipid polymer hybrid nano-carriers
12
felodipine LPHNs (H4) was approached to spherical
appearance with a smooth surface as shown in
Figure 2, this ascertain the colloidal attributes of
optimized felodipine LPHNs formulation (H4) .
Figure 1. Shear stress against the shear rate of
felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9).
Figure 2. The AFM 3D image of felodipine
LPHNs (H4) where the scanning area is 78 nm *
78 nm
Table 3. The shear stress results at different shear rates of felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9)
Shear
stress*
Shear
rate
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
0.0529
506±
0.177
601±
0.645
659±
0.473
521±
0.408
544±
0.296
576±
0.433
506±
0.257
514±
0.295
574±
0.492
0.158
755±
0.961
780±
1.214
810±
0.9
702±
0.816
854±
0.79
877±
1.77
755±
1.237
737±
0.711
789±
0.869
0.317
882±
1.565
933±
1.865
987±
4.972
989±
3.232
1121±
1.731
1178±
3.612
814±
2.215
930±
5.058
987±
1.771
0.793
995±
3.636
1002±
2.776
1046±
8.305
1240±
4.36
1377±
4.43
1386±
5.96
1057±
13.32
1289±
4.017
1320±
5.426
1.587
1205±
8.859
1257±
6.82
1302±
18.39
1499±
8.035
1569±
12.791
1601±
10.865
1347±
13.051
1632±
12.155
1703±
16.322
3.174
1511±
8.22
1634±
25.887
1704±
14.6
1703±
17.986
1820±
18.144
1873±
31.697
1770±
21.542
1877±
22.405
1966±
13.117
6.348
1804±
37.725
2166±
71.064
2369±
37.521
2030±
33.856
2120±
33.737
2389±
34.94
2303±
39.973
2602±
32.793
2698±
35.241
15.871
2703±
102.66
2789±
45.1
2810±
97.328
2987±
118.47
2870±
225.14
2850±
148.59
2945±
77.03
2866±
217.86
2975±
99.141
31.742
3001±
117.80
3020±
124.694
3040±
158.99
3095±
69.18
3012±
82.2
3044±
153.50
3058±
120.10
3055±
107.05
3081±
80.744
*Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n=3).
Table 4. The viscosity results at different shear rates of felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9)
Viscosity*
Shear
rate
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
0.0529
8733.45
±3.347
11361.05
±12.202
12457.46
±8.947
9678.63
±7.722
10283.55
±5.595
10888.46
±8.203
9565.21
±4.863
9716.44
±5.587
10850.6
6±9.303
0.158
4500
±6.082
4936.7
±7.692
5126.58
±5.699
4443.03
±5.17
5405.06
±5
5550.63
±11.212
4778.48
±7.831
4664.55
±4.5
4993.67
±5.505
0.317
2782.33
±4.936
2943.21
±5.883
3113.56
±15.6851
3119.87
±10.195
3536.27
±5.462
3716.08
±11.397
2567.82
±6.989
2933.75
±15.958
3113.56
±5.587
*Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n=3).
Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.30(Suppl.) 2021 Rheological investigation of lipid polymer hybrid nano-carriers
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Continued table 4.
Viscosity*
Shear
rate
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
0.793
1254.72
±4.586
1263.55
±3.501
1319.04
±10.473
1563.68±
5.497
1736.44
±5.587
1747.79
±7.516
1332.91±
16.797
1625.47
±5.065
1664.56
±6.842
1.587
759.29
±5.582
792.06
±4.297
820.41
±11.588
944.54
±5.063
988.65
±8.06
1008.82
±6.846
848.77
±8.224
1028.35
±7.659
1073.09
±10.285
3.174
476.05±
2.589
514.8±8
.155
536.86±
4.599
536.54±5
.666
573.4±5.
716
590.1±9
.986
557.65±6
.787
591.36±
7.058
619.4±4
.132
6.348
284.18±
5.942
341.2±1
1.194
373.18±
5.91
319.78±5
.333
333.96±5
.314
376.33±
5.504
362.79±6
.297
409.89±
5.165
425.01±
5.551
15.871
170.31±
6.469
175.72±
2.841
177.05±
6.132
188.2±7.
464
180.83±1
4.186
179.57±
9.362
185.55±4
.853
180.58±
13.726
187.44±
6.246
31.742
94.54±3
.711
95.14±2
.408
95.77±
5.008
97.5±
2.179
94.89±
2.589
95.89±
4.835
96.33±
3.783
96.244±
3.372
97.06±
2.543
*Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n=3).
1. Effect of lipid content on the viscosity of
felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9)
It was found that the viscosity will
increase as the concentration of lipid content
(cardamom oil: lauric acid) increases at a constant
concentration of PEG laurate: polysorbate 80:
propylene glycol. The viscosity values have the
following ascending order for H7 < H8 < H9 at
5%(w/w) of lipid content; up to 50%(w/w) of
distilled water for H7, 10%(w/w) of lipid content, up
to 45%(w/w) of distilled water for H8 and
15%(w/w) of lipid content, up to 40%(w/w) of
distilled water for H9, at constant concentration of
surface-active agents:co-surfactant blend which is
22.5%(w/w) of PEG-laurate and
11.25%(w/w) polysorbate 80 and 11.25%(w/w) of
propylene glycol. The viscosity values have the
following ascending order for H4 < H5 < H6 at
5%(w/w) of lipid content, up to 55%(w/w) of
distilled water for H4, 10%(w/w) of lipid content, up
to 50%(w/w) of distilled water for H5 and
15%(w/w) of lipid content, up to 45%(w/w) of
distilled water for H6 , at constant concentration of
surface-active agents:co-surfactant blend which is
20% (w/w) of PEG-laurate and
10%(w/w) polysorbate 80 and 10%(w/w) of
propylene glycol. The viscosity values have the
following ascending order for H2 < H3 at 5%(w/w)
of lipid content, up to 60%(w/w) of distilled water
for H2 and 10%(w/w) of lipid content; up to
55%(w/w) of distilled water for H3, at a constant
concentration of surface-active agents:co-surfactant
blend which is 17.5%(w/w) of PEG-laurate and
8.75%(w/w) polysorbate 80 and 8.75%(w/w) of
propylene glycol. The H1 shows lower viscosity in
comparison to other formulations due to low volume
concentration of lipid content 5%(w/w) and higher
concentration of continuous phase 65%(w/w) at
lower concentration of surface-active agents:co-
surfactant blend which is 15%(w/w) of PEG-laurate
and 7.5%(w/w) polysorbate 80 and 7.5%(w/w) of
propylene glycol. The increment in lipid content
concentration which is cardamom oil: lauric acid
(4:1) increases the viscosity of felodipine LPHNs
formulations at a constant concentration of surface-
active agents:co-surfactant blend is due to increase
in volume concentration of nanocarriers that make
colloidal dispersion system more resistant to flow
and give pseudoplastic system(1,18).The analysis of
variance indicates a significant correlation between
the lipid content and viscosity at level p (0.05).
2. Effect of distilled water content on the viscosity
of felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9)
The distilled water constitutes the
continuous or external phase of the colloidal
dispersion systems (H1-H9). It was found that the
viscosity will decrease as the distilled water
increases at a constant concentration of PEG laurate:
polysorbate 80: propylene glycol. The viscosity
values have the following descending order for H9
H8 H7 at 15%(w/w) of lipid content, up to
40%(w/w) of distilled water for H9, 10%(w/w) of
lipid content, up to 45%(w/w) of distilled water for
H8 and 5%(w/w) of lipid content, up to 50%(w/w)
of distilled water for H7 , at constant concentration
of surface-active agents:co-surfactant blend which is
22.5%(w/w) of PEG-laurate and
11.25%(w/w) polysorbate 80 and 11.25%(w/w) of
propylene glycol.
Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.30(Suppl.) 2021 Rheological investigation of lipid polymer hybrid nano-carriers
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The viscosity values have the following
descending order for H6 H5 H4 at15%(w/w) of
lipid content; upto 45%(w/w) of distilled water for
H6, 10%(w/w) of lipid content; upto 50%(w/w) of
distilled water for H5 and 5%(w/w) of lipid content;
upto 55%(w/w) of distilled water for H4 , at constant
concentration of surface-active agents:co-surfactant
blend which is 20% (w/w) of PEG-laurate and
10%(w/w) polysorbate 80 and 10%(w/w) of
propylene glycol. The viscosity values have the
following descending order for H3 H2
at 10%(w/w) of lipid content; upto 55%(w/w) of
distilled water for H3 and 5%(w/w) of lipid content;
upto 60%(w/w) of distilled water for H2, at a
constant concentration of surface-active agents:co-
surfactant blend which is 17.5%(w/w) of PEG-
laurate and 8.75%(w/w) polysorbate 80 and
8.75%(w/w) of propylene glycol.
The H1 shows lower viscosity in
comparison with other formulations due to low
volume concentration of lipid content 5%(w/w) and
higher concentration of continuous phase 65%(w/w)
at lower concentration of surface-active agents:co-
surfactant blend which is 15%(w/w) of PEG-laurate
and 7.5%(w/w) polysorbate 80 and 7.5%(w/w) of
propylene glycol. The reason for increment in
viscosity as distilled water decrease is due to
reducing the continuous phase volume that makes
felodipine LPHNs closer to each other that are
stabilized by steric forces due to the presence of the
outer coat of PEG(1,18). The analysis of variance
indicates a significant correlation between the
continuous phase and viscosity at level p (0.05).
3. Effect of surface-active agents:co-surfactant
blend on the viscosity of felodipine LPHNs
formulations (H1-H9)
The surface-active agents:co-surfactant
blend represent by PEG-laurate, polysorbate 80 and
propylene glycol. It was found that the viscosity will
increase as the concentration of surface-active
agents:co-surfactant blend increases at a constant
concentration of lipid content. The viscosity values
have the following ascending order for H1 < H2 <
H4< H7 at 15%(w/w):7.5%(w/w): 7.5%(w/w) of
PEG-laurate:polysorbate 80 : propylene glycol
respectively, upto 65%(w/w) of distilled water for
H1. 17.5%(w/w):8.75%(w/w): 8.75%%(w/w) of
PEG-laurate:polysorbate 80 : propylene glycol
respectively, upto 60%(w/w) of distilled water for
H2, 20%(w/w):10%(w/w): 10%(w/w) of PEG-
laurate:polysorbate 80 : propylene glycol
respectively, upto 55%(w/w) of distilled water for
H4. 22.5%(w/w):11.25%(w/w): 11.25%(w/w) of
PEG-laurate:polysorbate 80 : propylene glycol
respectively, upto 50%(w/w) of distilled water for
H4, at a constant concentration of lipid content
which is 5%(w/w). The viscosity values have the
following ascending order for H3 < H5 <
H8 at 17.5%(w/w):8.75%(w/w): 8.75%%(w/w) of
PEG-laurate:polysorbate 80 : propylene glycol
respectively, upto 55%(w/w) of distilled water for
H3, 20%(w/w):10%(w/w): 10%(w/w) of PEG-
laurate:polysorbate 80 : propylene glycol
respectively, upto 50%(w/w) of distilled water for
H5. 22.5%(w/w):11.25%(w/w): 11.25%(w/w) of
PEG-laurate:polysorbate 80 : propylene glycol
respectively, upto 45%(w/w) of distilled water for
H8, at a constant concentration of lipid content
which is 10%(w/w). The viscosity values have the
following ascending order for H6 < H9
at 20%(w/w):10%(w/w): 10%(w/w) of PEG-
laurate:polysorbate 80 : propylene glycol
respectively , upto 45%(w/w) of distilled water for
H6, 22.5%(w/w):11.25%(w/w): 11.25%(w/w) of
PEG-laurate:polysorbate 80 : propylene glycol
respectively, upto 40%(w/w) of distilled water for
H8, at a constant concentration of lipid content
which is 15%(w/w). The increment in surface-active
agents:co-surfactant blend concentration increases
the viscosity of felodipine LPHNs formulations(H1-
H9) at a constant lipid concentration is due to
increase in volume concentration of nanoparticles
that create dispersion medium more resistant to flow
and improve medium viscosity(1,18). The analysis of
variance indicates a significant correlation between
the continuous phase and viscosity at level p
(0.05).
Conclusion
The microwave-based method was
successful in producing the felodipine LPHNs (H1-
H9) that show an excellent physical texture to
reflect colloidal features of the hybrid nanosystem
that make it the most advanced method for the
preparation of nanoparticles. Rheological attributes
are the main physical characteristics in the
pharmaceutical liquid dosage form. From precise
viscosity analysis, the type of flow can be
determined. The rheogram chart indicates that all of
the felodipine LPHNs formulations (H1-H9) show
pseudoplastic flow. The pseudoplastic rheological
flow enhances the felodipine LPHNs formulation's
stability against physical instability and provides
felodipine dose uniformity.
Ethical Approval
The present work does not include the use of human
or animal subjects.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of
interest.
Funding
None.
Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.30(Suppl.) 2021 Rheological investigation of lipid polymer hybrid nano-carriers
15
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