Personality profiles of karate masters practising different kumite styles

Abstract

Background and Study Aim: As far as common adaptive effects are concerned, long-term karate training based on kumite technique (socially acceptable form of hand-to-hand-fighting) results in increased resistance to opponent’s strikes and ability to tolerate pain and certain type of body injuries. Therefore, it could be assumed that karate masters possess most of all certain personality traits, but kumite technique (style) is not a factor that significantly modifies
this relationship and the profile of the world champions of the kumite style may differ from this model. The
goal of the study is to verify this hypothesis.
Material and Methods: In total 150 best Polish kumite competitors were included in the study; 30 each from five techniques (styles) of
karate, including: semi contact- World Karate Federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee
(in this paper: WKF) and shōtōkan; full contact - Oyama; mix fighting - shidōkan; knockdown - kyokushin.
The subgroup of kumite karate champions (KKC, n = 23) consisted of winners of the gold medals of the world
championships, whereas the subgroup of karate masters (KM) consisted of other athletes (n=127). Personality
measurements were based on big five NEO-FFI scales (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience,
agreeableness, conscientiousness).
Results: It is true that karate masters have distinctive personality traits (which include: low neuroticism and high conscientiousness), whereas it would be false to assume that kumite technique (style) is not a factor that significantly modifies this relationship. WKF karate athletes exhibits the lowest neuroticism when compares to
other ones (p<0.01); Oyama karatekas exhibits lower extraversion than WKF, shidōkan and kyokushin athletes (p<0.05). It turned out to be true that personality profiles of gold medal winners of the World Karate
Championships of kumite style (KKC) may differ from the model of the remaining KM.
Conclusions: The new empirical argumentation is an important premise for conducting in-depth personality studies on athletes at every stage of a sports career. Such knowledge combined with studies of other predispositions and
adaptive effects (that are in relation to unique events determined by various types of sports) is a prerequisite
for embodying social and health-related mission of sports in an optimal manner.

Full text

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is is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0),
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Personality profiles of karate masters practising
different kumite styles
Paweł Piepiora1ABCDE, Kazimierz Witkowski1BCDE, Zbigniew Piepiora2BCD
1 Combat Sports Team, Chair of Sport Didactics, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Wroclaw University School of Physical
Education, Wroclaw, Poland
2
Department of Spatial Economy, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Wroclaw University of
Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
Received: 21 May 2017; Accepted: 01 February 2018; Published online: 20 August 2018
AoBID: 1214 3
Abstract
Background and Study Aim:
As far as common adapve eects are concerned, long-term karate training based on kumite technique (so-
cially acceptable form of hand-to-hand-ghng) results in increased resistance to opponent’s strikes and abil-
ity to tolerate pain and certain type of body injuries. Therefore, it could be assumed that karate masters pos-
sess most of all certain personality traits, but kumite technique (style) is not a factor that signicantly modies
this relaonship and the prole of the world champions of the kumite style may dier from this model. The
goal of the study is to verify this hypothesis.
Material and Methods:
In total 150 best Polish kumite competors were included in the study; 30 each from ve techniques (styles) of
karate, including: semi contact- World Karate Federaon recognised by the Internaonal Olympic Commiee
(in this paper: WKF) and shōtōkan; full contact - Oyama; mix ghng - shidōkan; knockdown - kyokushin.
The subgroup of kumite karate champions (KKC, n = 23) consisted of winners of the gold medals of the world
championships, whereas the subgroup of karate masters (KM) consisted of other athletes (n=127). Personality
measurements were based on big ve NEO-FFI scales (neurocism, extraversion, openness to experience,
agreeableness, conscienousness).
Results:
It is true that karate masters have disncve personality traits (which include: low neurocism and high con-
scienousness), whereas it would be false to assume that kumite technique (style) is not a factor that sig-
nicantly modies this relaonship. WKF karate athletes exhibits the lowest neurocism when compares to
other ones (p<0.01); Oyama karatekas exhibits lower extraversion than WKF, shidōkan and kyokushin ath-
letes (p<0.05). It turned out to be true that personality proles of gold medal winners of the World Karate
Championships of kumite style (KKC) may dier from the model of the remaining KM.
Conclusions:
The new empirical argumentaon is an important premise for conducng in-depth personality studies on ath-
letes at every stage of a sports career. Such knowledge combined with studies of other predisposions and
adapve eects (that are in relaon to unique events determined by various types of sports) is a prerequisite
for embodying social and health-related mission of sports in an opmal manner.
Key words:
big ve NEO-FFI • kata • poomse • sports psychology • tori • uke
Copyright:
© 2018 the Authors. Published by Archives of Budo
Conflict of interest:
Authors have declared that no compeng interest exists
Ethical approval:
The study was approved by the local Ethics Commiee
Provenance & peer review:
Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed
Source of support:
Departmental sources
Author’s address:
Paweł Piepiora, Wroclaw University School of Physical Educaon, Paderewskiego 35 Str., 51-612 Wroclaw,
Poland; e-mail: pawel.piepiora@awf.wroc.pl
Authors’ Contribution:
A Study Design
B Data Collection
C Statistical Analysis
D Manuscript Preparation
EFunds Collection

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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Original Article
INTRODUCTION
In sports psychology, issues related to personal-
ity are raised especially from the perspecve of
organizers, teachers and educators when various
inter-individual psychophysical properes and
behaviours of people praccing sport or pursu-
ing health goals through the physical acvity are
described and explained [1-3]. Numerous psy-
chological theories can be disnguished. One of
them, trait theory (also referred to as the dispo-
sional theory) is an approach to the study of
human personality [4-9]. This theory is based on
factor analysis and may turn out very useful in
diagnosing the psychological prole of individ-
ual athletes and construcng psychological mod-
els of athletes of a given discipline (or guravely
speaking: of their strengths and weaknesses).
Studies on personality of athletes conducted
so far revealed that compared with those who
do not pracce any sport they exhibit various
levels of conscienousness and extraversion.
Athletes are more social and consistent [10-18].
Substanal dierences were also found between
athletes praccing team sports and individ-
ual sports. However, this issue raises legimate
controversy, as many sciensts consider com-
bat sports athletes persons training individual
sports. This disncon is only parally true (jus-
ed). Let us focus on combat sports that are in
the program of the Olympic Games. In order to
execute their sports mission, a boxer, swordsman,
or wrestler has to ght directly with a compet-
itor (socially acceptable form of hand-to-hand-
ghng). In case of a judo athlete praccing kata
(as well as sports compeon of this style that
is however not included in the programme of
the Olympic Games) requires a partner who has
to respect the role of uke (a person who does
not interfere with the goal of tori; on the con-
trary a partner should help achieving this goal).
Therefore, considering representaves of these
Olympic combat sports as those who pracce
individual sports primarily fails to meet criteria of
logic. On the other hand, karate and taekwondo
athletes (leaving aside the criteria of Olympic
compeon which involve kumite) can train and
compete in line with principles applicable in indi-
vidual sports. This means that an opponent does
not interfere with them directly through physi-
cal contact or, as in the case of sports games,
manipulang an item (a ball, puck, shulecock,
etc.), at the same me staying in close contact
(racket sports, volleyball) or even very oen in
direct physical contact (hockey, football, etc.).
Exercises and compeon using kata (karate) or
poomse (taekwondo) techniques give karate ath-
lete and taekwondo athlete comfort of not being
disturbed directly by an opponent.
The queson of why some karate and taekwondo
athletes but also judo athletes decide on sports
career involving compeon based on kata
(poomse) techniques remains open. This issue is
important because it is jused to claim that the
group of individual sports (disnguished also by
some sciensts for research-related purposes)
does not meet methodological criteria of ade-
quate distribuon. Therefore, it is not surpris-
ing that players of team sports games showed
greater neurocism and extraversion than ath-
letes pracsing individual disciplines [19-24]. The
nature of compeng as a group against a group
is so obvious that especially in-depth interdisci-
plinary studies will probably reveal other common
traits that disnguish team-sport game leaders
from other players and perhaps also from ath-
letes praccing other disciplines.
On the other hand there is some empirical evi-
dence that personality proles of athletes of
individual disciplines who represent a diverse
sports level do not signicantly dier from each
other [25-42]. Thus, the theory of traits may
turn out to be important for studying traits
of athletes also because it sll remains unde-
termined whether there are personality traits
that predispose to success in sport regardless
of the discipline being pracced. Sport success
in team games (at least two players against two
players, as in double games, e.g. racket sports
or volleyball beach) – regardless of leading role
of the leaders – is always a derivave of the
eort put in by all team members. Failure is
oen the result of one (or several) mistake(-s)
made by only one team member. In individual
sports involving high energy expenditure (the
majority of athlecs compeon, weightliing,
cycling etc.) physical predisposions are a suc-
cess-determining factor.
Since mutual interference in such a way that
oensive and defensive acons are directed to
the opponent’s body directly (protectors only
parally protect against negave eects – fatal
cases are also known in fencing) is a common
factor in combat sports (except for expressive
forms of compeon: kata, poomse), mental
toughness and other personality traits acquire
parcular importance. This assumpon is
Kumite – is a karate
compeon, during which
two athletes use various
kicking, punching and blocking
techniques towards each
other with control in order
to gain points and win the
compeon. Permissible
contact depends on maral /
karate style regulaons [71].
Kyokushin – is a style of
stand-up, knockdown karate,
developed by Masutatsu
Oyama which means the
“Ulmate Truth”. It is based
on Sosai’s point and circle
concept by which one draws
a circle around one point and
aaches the lines around the
circle [72].
Oyama karate – full-contact
karate style, created by
Shigeru Ōyama (1983).
Shidōkan – is a style of mix
ghng karate; founded in
1980 [73].
Shotokan – semi contact
style of karate started and
pioneered by Sensei Gichin
Funakoshi. Inially, shotokan
was the name of the rst
karate dojo (the “honbu dojo” –
central dojo), but over me it
became the name of the style
of karate taught / pracsed by
Sensei Funakoshi [74].
Sports psychology – noun
is scienc study of mental
state of athletes, focusing on
issues, such as movaon,
concentraon, stress and self-
condence [75].
Sport psychology – is an
interdisciplinary science that
draws on knowledge from
many related elds, including
biomechanics, physiology,
kinesiology and psychology.
It involves the study of
how psychological factors
aect performance and how
parcipaon in sport and
exercise aect psychological
and physical factors [76].
Kata – predetermined and
choreographed physical
exercises, which together
with free exercises (randori),

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jused as one of long-term karate training
based on kumite technique (which means that
the eect applies to all praconers of this
technique) results in increased to the oppo-
nent’s strikes and ability to tolerate pain and
certain type of body injuries.
If these premises and assumpons are true,
it could be assumed that karate masters pos-
sess most of all certain personality traits, but
kumite technique (style) is not a factor that
signicantly modies this relaonship and the
prole of the world champions of the kumite
style may dier from this model. The goal of
the study is to verify this hypothesis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study design
Personality proles based on the big ve NEO-
FFI scales: neurocism, extraversion, openness
to experience, agreeableness, conscienous-
ness, oen represented by the acronyms
OCEAN or CANOE were applied as an empiri-
cal criterion for verifying the hypothesis [43-
47]. Beneath each global factor, there are
several correlated and more specic primary
factors (for example extraversion is associated
with: gregariousness, asserveness, excitement
seeking, warmth, acvity and posive emo-
ons). Each of ve scales consists of 12 items
(the raw score in each scale ranges from 0 to
48). The higher the numerical score in the scale,
the greater the intensity of given trait (greater
number of diagnosc responses reects higher
intensity of traits of given person).
The following inclusion criteria were applied:
long-term sports experience; licence of kumite
in one of ve predetermined types of karate;
impeccable opinion given by the instructor;
documented sports achievements at vari-
ous compeon levels (naonal, connental,
global). Exclusion criteria: ethical or unsports-
manlike lifestyle; no recommendaon from the
instructor. The design has been approved by
the local ethics commiee.
Participants
In total 150 best Polish kumite competors
were included in the study; 30 each from ve
techniques (styles) of karate, including: semi
contact- World Karate Federaon recognised
by the Internaonal Olympic Commiee (in this
arcle: karate WKF) and shōtōkan; full con-
tact- Oyama karate; mix ghng - shidōkan;
knockdown - kyokushin. Current (and former)
members of the naonal team, medallists of
World European and Polish Championships
were among karate athletes. The average age
of parcipants amounted to 27.7 years (18 to
39 years).
Regardless of the karate technique (style)
trained, a group of 23 “kumite karate cham-
pions” (KKC) was disnguished. It consisted
of those who won at least one golden medal
in kumite karate world championships. The
remaining group (n=127) consisted of silver
and bronze medallists of world championships,
medallists of the European and Polish champi-
onships. This was the reference group (“karate
masters”).
The study was carried out during seminars,
training camps of the naonal team and
naonal compeons in 2012-2016.
Statistical analysis
The stascal analysis of data is performed
using Stasca v.12 soware. It involved indi-
cators of descripve stascs: arithmec mean
value, median, standard deviaon (in tables
referred to as SD or ±), error of the mean, range
(minimum÷maximum results and lower÷upper
quarle), variaon coecient, skewness, stan-
dard error (SE) and condence intervals. We
used analysis of variance (ANOVA). The signif-
icance of dierences between groups was es-
mated by means of Student’s t-test.
RESULTS
Generally personality prole of karate athletes
pracsing various types of kumite is similar (mod-
erate neurocism, openness to experience and
agreeableness as well as high conscienousness
and extraversion), suggesng that this part of ver-
ied hypothesis is true (Tables 1 to 5). On the
other hand, statement that kumite type (style) is
not a factor that signicantly modies this model
is untrue. WKF karate athletes exhibit the low-
est level of neurocism among athletes studied
(Table 6, Figure 1) as well as the lowest intersub-
ject variability in case of this trait (Table 6).The
ANOVA analysis indicates lack of homogeneity
in case of neurocism (p<0.001) and extraver-
sion (p<0.05) (Table 7). Post-hoc test revealed
lectures (kōgi) and discussions
(mondō) form the four crical
pillars of Kōdōkan jūdō
educaon [77].
Kata – prescribed paerns or
sequences of techniques [78]
Kata (form) – is executed as
a specied series of a variety
of moves, with stepping and
turning, while aempng
to maintain perfect form.
Kata reects a transion
and ow from one posture
and movement to another,
teaching the karateka proper
form and posion, and
encouraging them to visualize
dierent scenarios for the use
of each moon and technique
in imaginary bout. There
are various forms of kata
developed through dierent
karate styles.
Poomse (kata in taekwondo)
– it is tradionally understood
as the style of conduct
which expresses directly
or indirectly mental and
physical renements as well
as the principles of oense
and defence resulng from
culvaon of taekwondo spirit
and techniques. Nowadays,
poomse is involved in
compeon in the taekwondo
technique modality.
Tori – the person who applies
a technique in judo training.
The receiver of the technique
is referred to as uke [78].
Racket sport – noun any of
various sports that use a
racket and ball or shulecock,
e.g. tennis, badminton or
squash [75].

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Original Article
that only WKF karate athletes exhibit lower neu-
rocism than each group of other kumite kara-
tekas and greater extraversion (p<0.01) only than
Oyama karate athletes at stascally signicant
levels (at least p <0.01). Oyama karatekas show
lower extraversion than shidōkan and kyokushin
karate athletes as well as lower agreeableness
than shidōkan karatekas (Table 7).
It turned out to be true that personality proles
of Kumite karate world champions (KKC) may dif-
fer from the prole of the remaining KM. KKC
exhibits very low neurocism (p<0.001) and con-
scienousness, extraversion and agreeableness
greater than the ones of KM. On the other hand
both groups of karatekas are similar in terms
of moderate openness to experience (Table 8,
Figure 2). Nevertheless variance analysis conrms
the greatest probability of dierences in terms of
neurocism and conscienousness both by t-test
and variance rao test (F-test) results (Table 8).
DISCUSSION
The results of our studies on personalies of
karate athletes pracsing kumite style, per-
formed with the use of the big ve NEO-FFI
method, conrm that their personalies are gen-
erally consistent with proles of athletes training
other sports disciplines (moderate neurocism,
openness to experience and agreeableness as
well as high conscienousness and extraversion).
Therefore, the most general conclusion is that
test results may be interpreted based on well-
known psychological theories: temperament is
a relavely constant biological property of an
organism that genecs-related; and personality
is a noon structured on temperament that is
shaped by environment [48]; in case of athletes
these include regular training smuli and experi-
ence gained during compeon.
Since personality evolves, changes during a life-
me and temperament is constant and unchange-
able, the fundamental cognive dilemma from the
study-related perspecve raises several impor-
tant methodological issues. First of all, because
we do not possess knowledge about personality
of studied karate athletes from the previous peri-
ods of their sporng career, we cannot infer about
how their long-term training could have aected
possible changes of this important human prop-
erty. Second of all, it is unlikely that with large
motor similarity of karate training and regard-
less of multude of kumite techniques (styles)
(from semi contact to knockdown), formal exer-
cises and parcipaon in combats (during training
and compeon) could have a decisive impact on
shaping personality of praconers, leaving aside
inuence of their instructor and other enes in
the closest social environment of a karate athlete.
Third of all, we lack empirical knowledge about
comprehensive impact of an instructor (his or her
personality) and other social factors on the per-
sonality of a karate athlete. Therefore, compara-
ve results of world champions (KKC) with other
karate masters (KM) pracsing various types of
kumite style have the greatest cognive value at
the current stage of studies on this phenomenon.
It is an open queson to determine whether the
personality prole of world champions has been
shaped only in the course of a long-term sport-
ing career or whether they manifested already at
Table 1. Estimated results of WKF karatekas (n = 30) related to their personality prole according to the big ve NEO-FFI scales.
NEO-FFI
Variable
Mean
SD Median
Range Variation coe-
cient Skewness
results
min÷max
quartile lower÷up-
per
Neuroticism 8.93
±2.60 8.50 12
3÷15
3
7÷10 29.092 0.5203
Extraversion 32.60
±3.84 32 16
26÷42
4
30÷34 11.773 0.6460
Openness to experience 26.60
±6.36 29 23
15÷38
9
22÷31 23.911 −0.2292
Agreeableness 29.30
±5.69 29.50 32
14÷46
4
27÷31 19.414 0.2549
Conscientiousness 37.30
±4.34 37 18
29÷47
6
34÷40 11.64 0.1503

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Table 3. Estimated results of Oyama karatekas (n = 30) related to their personality prole according to the big ve NEO-FFI scales.
NEO-FFI
Variable
Mean
SD Median
Range Variation
coecient Skewness
results
min÷max
quartile
lower÷upper
Neuroticism 15.17
±7.29 16.50 29
00÷29
11
9÷20 48.08 −0.109
Extraversion 28.83
±6.18 29.50 22
19÷41
8
25÷33 21.42 0.234
Openness to experience 27.43
±6.02 27.50 23
17÷40
9
23÷32 21.95 0.662
Agreeableness 28.40
±4.92 28.00 22
17÷39
7
25÷32 17.31 0.107
Conscientiousness 35.03
±7.29 34.50 25
22÷47
13
29÷42 20.81 −0.135
Table 4. Estimated results of shidōkan karatekas (n = 30) related to their personality prole according to the big ve NEO-FFI scales.
NEO-FFI
Variable
Mean
SD Median
Range Variation coef-
cient Skewness
results
min÷max
quartile lower÷up-
per
Neuroticism 13.90
±8.11 13.50 29
00÷29
11
8÷19 58.33 0.402
Extraversion 31.33
±4.46 31 17
23÷40
5
29÷34 14.23 0.041
Openness to experience 27.03
±6.02 27 25
16÷41
7
23÷30 22.27 0.422
Agreeableness 31.23
±5.55 30.50 26
22÷48
6
28÷34 17.77 0.850
Conscientiousness 35.57
±6.39 35.50 24
22÷46
9
32÷41 17.97 −0.282
Table 2. Estimated results of shōtōkan karatekas (n = 30) related to their personality prole according to the big ve NEO-FFI scales.
NEO-FFI
Variable
Mean
SD Median
Range Variation coef-
cient Skewness
results
min÷max
quartile lower÷up-
per
Neuroticism 14.50
±5.62 15 25
00÷25
5
13÷18 38.75 −0.735
Extraversion 31.30
±5.14 51.5 19
23÷42
7
27÷34 16.42 0.144
Openness to experience 26.70
±6.80 28 23
15÷38
12
20÷33 25.46 −0.152
Agreeableness 29.60
±5.59 29 32
14÷46
7
26÷33 18.89 0.307
Conscientiousness 34.97
±6.91 36 27
20÷47
11
29÷40 19.76 −0.433

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Original Article
the beginning of karate pracce: very low neu-
rocism (desired trait), conscienousness, extra-
version and agreeableness greater than other
beginning karatekas and moderate openness to
experience similar to other karatekas (see Table
8 and Figure 2).
In our opinion, the results provide new arguments
about the health aspects of combat sports training
(socially acceptable form of hand-to-hand-ght-
ing), maral arts and self-defence, as the so-called
sports of life [49-54]. When we state that we are
concerned only with the socially acceptable form
of combat (such as kumite style), we leave aside
a pathological phenomenon of neogladiatorship,
which is related to maral arts [55], is promoted
by electronic media and is also present in science.
This complex of phenomena is the subject of in-
depth studies of innovave agonology experts that
have become more popular from 2015 [56-58]. It
is not dicult to prove the instrumental use of sci-
ence. The authors of published studies on contem-
porary gladiators do not cricise the pathological
aspect of this phenomenon even if given publica-
on provides knowledge about death and body
injuries as a result of massacring an opponent who
is oen already lying down [e.g. 59].
On the other hand, there are few empirical
papers addressing the phenomena of mental
Table 5. Estimated results of kyokushin karatekas (n = 30) related to their personality prole according to the big ve NEO-FFI scales.
NEO-FFI
Variable
Mean
SD Median
Range Variation
coecient Skewness
results
min÷max
quartile
lower÷upper
Neuroticism 14.63
±6.81 16.50 25
2÷27
9
9÷18 46.50 0.005
Extraversion 32.33
±4.82 32 18
24÷42
8
28÷36 14.92 0.237
Openness to experience 25.33
±5.74 24 23
15÷38
7
22÷29 22.65 0.478
Agreeableness 28.83
±6.04 29 27
19÷46
9
23÷32 20.95 0.767
Conscientiousness 35.47
±7.75 34.50 30
18÷48
11
30÷41 21.86 −0.075
Table 6. Summarised results of karatekas related to their personality prole according to the big ve NEO-FFI scales.
Group of
karatekas
Extraversion Neuroticism Openness to experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness
mean
SD
SE
condence
−95%;
+95%
mean
SD
SE
condence
−95%; +95%
mean
SD
SE
condence
−95%; +95%
mean
SD
SE
condence
−95%; +95%
mean
SD
SE
condence
−95%;
+95%
all
(n = 150)
31.28
±5.06
0.41
30.46; 32.1
13.43
±6.70
0.55
12.35; 14.51
26.62
±6.16
0.50
25.63; 27.61
29.47
±5.58
0.46
28.57; 30.37
35.67
±6.61
0.54
34.6; 36.73
Individual kumite techniques (styles); each group consisted of 30 people
WKF 32.60
±3.84
0.70
31.17; 34.03
8.93
±2.60
0.47
7.96; 9.9
26.60
±6.36
1.16
24.22; 28.98
29.30
±5.69
1.04
27.18; 31.42
37.30
±4.34
0.79
35.68; 38.92
shōtōkan 31.30
±5.14
0.94 29.38;
33.22
14.50
±5.62 1.03 12.4; 16.6 26.70
±6.80 1.24 24.16; 29.24 29.60
±5.59
1.02 27.51;
31.69
34.97
±6.91
1.26 32.39;
37.55
Oyama karate 28.83
±6.18
1.13
26.53; 31.14
15.17
±7.29
1.33
12.44; 17.89
27.43
±6.02
1.10
25.19; 29.68
28.40
±4.92
0.90
26.56; 30.24
35.03
±7.29
1.33
32.31; 37.76
shidōkan 31.33
±4.46 0.81 29.67; 33.0 13.90
±8.11
1.48 10.87;
16.93
27.03
±6.02 1.10 24.79; 29.28 31.23
±5.55
1.01 29.16;
33.31
35.57
±6.39
1.17 33.18;
37.95
kyokushin 32.33
±4.82
0.88
30.53; 34.13
14.63
±6.81
1.24
12.09; 17.17
25.33
±5.74
1.05
23.19; 27.48
31.23
±5.55
1.10
26.58; 31.09
35.57
±7.75
1.42
32.57; 38.36

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eects of karate training [60, 61] or especially
personality shaping in the broad context of pos-
ive health and survival ability through a rao-
nal, long-term training of combat sports and
maral arts. Although sciensts studying predis-
posions to broadly understood hand-to-hand-
ghng (self-defence and combat sports) focus
on specic tests and motor smulaons [49, 54,
62-65] as well as on fun forms of maral arts [66,
67], they emphasize that these tests and motor
simulaons contain a mental component in their
assumpons and interpretaon of empirical data.
The most recent publicaons disnguish muldi-
mensional tests, some of which idenfy abilies
(talent) of hand-to-hand-ghng [68]. Stanislaw
Dadelo [69] discovered signicant correlaons
between the S-Index (the percentage of scues
won relave to all scues conducted by given
subject during TFVP) and professional acv-
ity, theorecal and praccal preparaon, men-
tal traits (indicators directly informing us about
intellectual potenal) of 118 male guards from
Lithuania.
All indicators of TFVP (“tesng ghts in a ver-
cal posture”), in our opinion, can be correlated
also with psychological personality tests indica-
tors already at the inial stage of each combat
Figure 1. Visualization of personality profiles of karate athletes (each group consisted of 30
people) practicing various kumite techniques (styles).
Table 7. Variance analysis
of the results of the big five NEO-FFI scales (df 148) obtained by
gold medal winners of the World Karate Championships (KKC) and other karate masters in
kumite style (KM).
NEO-FFI
Variable
ANOVA
Probability for post hoc test (value p)
WKF
shōtōkan
Oyama
shidōkan
F
p
shōtōkan
Oyama
shidōkan
kyokushin
Oyama
shidōkan
kyokushin
shidōkan
kyokushin
kyokushin
Neuroticism
4.80
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.003
0.001
0.686
0.716
0.936
0.443
0.7466
0.6569
Extraversion
2.71
0.033
0.311
0.004
0.323
0.835
0.055
0.979
0.420
0.052
0.0069
0.4351
Openness to
experience
0.49
0.745
0.950
0.603
0.787
0.430
0.647
0.835
0.394
0.803
0.1915
0.2899
Agreeableness
1.14
0.341
0.835
0.532
0.181
0.746
0.405
0.258
0.595
0.051
0.7636
0.0973
Conscientiousne
ss
0.61
0.654
0.176
0.189
0.314
0.287
0.969
0.727
0.771
0.756
0.8009
0.9536
It turned out to be true that personality profiles of Kumite karate world champions (KKC) may
differ from the profile of the remaining KM. KKC exhibits very low neuroticism (p<0.001) and
conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness greater than the ones of KM. On the other
hand both groups of karatekas are similar in terms of moderate openness to experience (Table
8, Figure 2). Nevertheless variance analysis
confirms the greatest probability of differences in
terms of neuroticism and conscientiousness both by t-test and variance ratio test (F-test) results
(Table 8).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness to
experience
Agreeableness Conscientiousness
WKF shōtōkan Oyama shidōkan kyokushin
Figure 1. Visualization of personality proles of karate athletes (each group consisted of 30 people) practicing various
kumite techniques (styles).
Table 7. Variance analysis of the results of the big ve NEO-FFI scales (df 148) obtained by gold medal winners of the World Karate Championships
(KKC) and other karate masters in kumite style (KM).
NEO-FFI
Variable
ANOVA
Probability for post hoc test (value p)
WKF shōtōkan Oyama shidōkan
F p
shōtōkan
Oyama shidōkan kyokushin Oyama shidōkan kyokushin shidōkan kyokushin kyokushin
Neuroticism 4.80 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.001 0.686 0.716 0.936 0.443 0.7466 0.6569
Extraversion 2.71 0.033 0.311 0.004 0.323 0.835 0.055 0.979 0.420 0.052 0.0069 0.4351
Openness to
experience 0.49 0.745 0.950 0.603 0.787 0.430 0.647 0.835 0.394 0.803 0.1915 0.2899
Agreeableness 1.14 0.341 0.835 0.532 0.181 0.746 0.405 0.258 0.595 0.051 0.7636 0.0973
Conscientiousness 0.61 0.654 0.176 0.189 0.314 0.287 0.969 0.727 0.771 0.756 0.8009 0.9536

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Original Article
sports training. There is sucient empirical evi-
dence that S-Index and F-Index (i.a. the percent-
age of ghts won relave to all ghts conducted
by given subject) correlate lowly with results of
recommended motor tests [49, 62-65, 68, 69].
At the inial stage of training (before trainees
learn ghng techniques typical of given com-
bat sport or intervenon techniques in the case
of self-defence training TFVPs are mostly won
by persons demonstrang talent for this acvity
(hand-to-hand-ghng). It is obvious that some
gied persons exhibit also very high tness level
and this has nothing to do with their movaon
to undertake training of combat sports. Unique
studies of Niedomagała [65] provided evidence
that young judo athletes (a total of girls and boys),
who won all TFVPs (F-Index 100%) in 5-person,
4-person, 3-person tesng groups, proved their
high eecveness more frequently during tour-
naments ghng in a three-year stage of pre-
liminary judo training. Unfortunately, there is
no empirical knowledge about the S-Index and
F-Index relaonship with scores achieved in psy-
chological personality tests. This results in limited
possibilies of broader interpretaon not only of
the results of our studies from the interdisciplin-
ary perspecve.
Furthermore, we distance ourselves from the par-
adigm of associang all study results concerning
Table 8. Variance analysis of results of the big ve NEO-FFI scales obtained by karate athletes practising kumite style (each group consisted of 30 people).
NEO-FFI
Variable
Mean SD Variance analysis
KKC
(n = 23)
KM
(n =127) t-test p variance ratio test
(F-test) p
Neuroticism 4.39 ±2.190 15.06 ±5.883 −8.572 0.0000 7.220 0.0000
Extraversion 34.22
±3.753 30.75 ±5.096 3.112 0.0022 1.843 0.0977
Openness to experience 28.30
±6.413 26.31 ±6.084 1.431 0.1545 1.111 0.6876
Agreeableness 33.22
±5.776 28.79 ±5.289 3.638 0.0004 1.192 0.5325
Conscientiousness 41.26 ±4.505 34.65 ±6.432 4.715 0.0000 2.039 0.0551
Table 8. Variance analysis of results of the big five NEO-FFI scales obtained by karate
athletes practising kumite style (each group consisted of 30 people).
NEO-FFI
Variable
Mean SD
Variance analysis
KKC
(n = 23)
KM
(n =127)
t-test
p
variance
ratio test
(F-test)
p
Neuroticism
4.39
±2.190
15.06
±5.883
−8.572
0.0000
7.220
0.0000
Extraversion
34.22
±3.753
30.75
±5.096
3.112
0.0022
1.843
0.0977
Openness to
experience
28.30
±6.413
26.31
±6.084
1.431
0.1545
1.111
0.6876
Agreeableness
33.22
±5.776
28.79
±5.289
3.638
0.0004
1.192
0.5325
Conscientiousness
41.26
±4.505
34.65
±6.432
4.715
0.0000
2.039
0.0551
Figure 2. Personality profiles of gold medal winners of the World Karate Championships of
kumite style (KKC) and other karate masters in kumite style (KM).
DISCUSSION
The results of our studies on personalities of karate athletes practising kumite style, performed
with the use of the big five NEO-FFI method, confirm that their personalities are generally
consistent with profiles of athletes training other sports disciplines (moderate neuroticism,
openness to experience and agreeableness as well as high conscientiousness and extraversion).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness to
experience
Agreeableness Conscientiousness
KKC (n = 23) KM (n = 127)
**
** **
**
Figure 2. Personality proles of gold medal winners of the World Karate Championships of kumite style (KKC) and
other karate masters in kumite style (KM).

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adapve eects of long-term training of karate
and other combat sports primarily with the possi-
bility of achieving successes at the highest levels
of compeon for the longest possible period of
professional sports career. There is a close asso-
ciaon between health-related mission of com-
bat sports and maral arts and not only as one
of the most aracve “sports of life” with uli-
tarian values) and awareness of many patholo-
gies that are also present in this type of physical
acvity. The need to overcome numerous barri-
ers in promong health-related values primarily
of combat sports [70] is only apparently obvious
but at the same me very dicult achieve in the
world dominated by electronic media. Direct ght
is such an aracve product that lm careers of
masters in karate and other combat sports are
not surprising. However, we are concerned about
the fact that combat sports athletes undertake a
role of neogladiators and that is why we acvely
parcipate in the World Congress of Health and
Maral Arts in Interdisciplinary Approach (so far
organised twice: in 2015 and 2018).
CONCLUSIONS
The new empirical argumentaon is an important
premise for conducng in-depth personality stud-
ies on athletes at every stage of a sports career.
Such knowledge combined with studies of other
predisposions and adapve eects (that are in
relaon to unique events determined by various
types of sports) is a prerequisite for embody-
ing social and health-related mission of sports in
an opmal manner. Thus, the basic criterion for
vericaon of theorecal foundaons and acvi-
es related to training is both innovaveness of
formulated rules for creang high quality of life
(which cannot omit sports acvity, including ele-
ments of combat sports) and the degree of com-
pliance of these rules with applicaons.
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