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Assessment of the energy potential of agricultural crop residues in rural areas of Côte d’Ivoire

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Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
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Blaise Koua at Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny
Blaise Koua
Bi Tra Désiré Zinla at Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny
Bi Tra Désiré Zinla
Paul Magloire Ekoun Koffi
Paul Magloire Ekoun Koffi
Paul Magloire Ekoun Koffi
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Prosper Gbaha at Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny
Prosper Gbaha
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Abstract and Figures

There is significant interest in using biomass for power generation as coal continues to raise environmental concerns. Agricultural biomass residue-based energy generation has become one of the major focus areas of renewable energy in different countries around the world. This study quantifies the agricultural crop residues available like rice, coffee and cocoa in the rural areas in Côte d’Ivoire for energy generation purposes. Thereby, an assessment of the energy potential of these agricultural crop residues has been carried out. The results of this analysis reveal that the theoretical average potential and the average available biomass energy potential of these residues are 54.03 PJ and 35.63 PJ per year, respectively. Also, this abundant energy resource usually left to rot can allow the production of about 6.77 to 9.26 PJ of electricity per year distributed among the residues as follows: cocoa pod husk (54%), rice straw (34%), rice husk (11%) and coffee husk (1%). This study shows that there is important biomass energy potential for energy sustainability in Côte d’Ivoire.
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02161-x
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Assessment oftheenergy potential ofagricultural crop residues
inrural areas ofCôte d’Ivoire
BlaiseKamenanKoua1 · DésiréBiTraZinla2· PaulMagloireEkounKo2· ProsperGbaha2
Received: 2 June 2021 / Revised: 27 November 2021 / Accepted: 30 November 2021
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021
Abstract
There is significant interest in using biomass for power generation as coal continues to raise environmental concerns. Agri-
cultural biomass residue-based energy generation has become one of the major focus areas of renewable energy in different
countries around the world. This study quantifies the agricultural crop residues available like rice, coffee and cocoa in the rural
areas in Côte d’Ivoire for energy generation purposes. Thereby, an assessment of the energy potential of these agricultural
crop residues has been carried out. The results of this analysis reveal that the theoretical average potential and the average
available biomass energy potential of these residues are 54.03 PJ and 35.63 PJ per year, respectively. Also, this abundant
energy resource usually left to rot can allow the production of about 6.77 to 9.26 PJ of electricity per year distributed among
the residues as follows: cocoa pod husk (54%), rice straw (34%), rice husk (11%) and coffee husk (1%). This study shows
that there is important biomass energy potential for energy sustainability in Côte d’Ivoire.
Keywords Bioenergy· Crop residues· Biomass· Energy potential, Côte d’Ivoire
1 Introduction
Energy is central to sustainable development and poverty
reduction efforts. It affects all aspects of development—
social, economic and environmental—including livelihoods,
access to water, agricultural productivity, health, popula-
tion levels, education and gender-related issues. None of
the Millennium Development Goals can be met without
major improvement in the quality and quantity of energy
services in developing countries [1]. So, the dominance of
fossil fuels on the structure of electricity production still
persists to this day. However, the overwhelming scientific
evidence is that the unfettered use of fossil fuels is causing
the world’s climate to change, with potential catastrophic
effect [2]. Indeed, the combustion of fossil fuels is the most
important source of production of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, O3) which contribute to cli-
mate change through global warming [3, 4, 5].
To reduce these greenhouse gases and the dependency
on fossil fuels, it is necessary to begin expanding renew-
able energy sources to meet energy mix policy goals. One
of these renewable energy sources is biomass. Biomass is
any organic matter, i.e. biological material, available on a
renewable basis. It includes feedstock derived from animals
or plants, such as wood and agricultural crops, and organic
waste from municipal and industrial sources. Thus, the bio-
mass is considered one of the promising alternative energy
sources [6], because of its renewable, abundant and environ-
ment friendly nature.
1.1 Literature review
Developing countries, in particular, appear to be the worst
hit by the energy crisis. Economies of developing coun-
tries are volatile to energy markets due to their heavy
reliance on non-renewable energy sources and their low
capability to maintain a stable energy stock and expensive
energy mix [7]. However, developing countries, includ-
ing Côte d’Ivoire, very often, have an abundant stock of
* Blaise Kamenan Koua
kamenan.koua36@ufhb.edu.ci
1 Laboratoire Des Sciences de La Matière, de
L’Environnement Et de L’Energie Solaire, UFR SSMT,
Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, 22 B.P. 582,
Abidjan22, Côted’Ivoire
2 Laboratoire Des Procédés Industriels, de Synthèse, de
l’Environnement Et Des Energies Nouvelles, Institut
National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny, B.P. 581,
Yamoussoukro,, Côted’Ivoire
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery (2023) 13:10215–10228
/ Published online: 10 January 2022
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
... The Biomass residual distribution is majorly accumulated in the southern parts of Cote d'Ivoire, at the same time northern parts have the lowest residuals almost zero which indicates how the forests and agricultural lands are distributed in the country as can be seen in Figure 2. Sud-Comoe has the highest share of Biomass residuals around 118 thousand tones as an average from different crops. According to [11] the cocoa pod husk generates more than 2 million tones of residuals each year by taking the Lower calorific value of the cocoa pod husk into consideration 11.7 MJ/kg (see Table 3) there will be around 30 PJ of energy source dissipated each year, note that this is just from one residual crop. Table 2 and Table 3 are adopted to present the importance of the biomass residuals in Ivory Coast and facilitate the forecast of the valorization process of the materials and energy content of the biomass. ...
... Crop and residue types included in the natural resource assessment for Ivory Coast[11] [12].Table 3. Energy content and elementary analysis of selected crops in Ivory Coast[11] Figure 2. Distribution of the orchard by age class ...
... Crop and residue types included in the natural resource assessment for Ivory Coast[11] [12].Table 3. Energy content and elementary analysis of selected crops in Ivory Coast[11] Figure 2. Distribution of the orchard by age class ...
ASPECTS AND FACTS OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN IVORY COAST
Conference Paper
  • Dec 2024
With GDP growth estimated at 7.4 percent in 2018 (4.8 percent in per capita terms) and estimated at 7 percent in 2019, Côte d'Ivoire continues to be one of the fastest-growing economies in sub-Saharan Africa (which is growing at 2.3 percent in 2018). The services and industry sectors supported the country's strong economic performance. The services sector recorded a strong performance due to the growth of telecommunication, trade and transport services. Public investments (Fourth Bridge and Metro in Abidjan) and private investments (in the housing sector) supported the construction sector while agro-processing boosted manufacturing activities. In the primary sector, strong cocoa, coffee and cotton crops offset the lower production registered in the cashew sector. Accordingly, biomass is a very essential resource in Cote d'Ivoire and needs to be valorized and managed precisely to be converted into a valuable energy source. The waste management system is inferior in terms of treatment processes, collection and transportation, and management. Enhancing this sector can have a solid share in the renaissance of the whole country. This paper gives detailed information about the current situation of the waste management sector in Cote d'Ivoire and also shines the light on the importance of biomass resources over there.
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... Côte d'Ivoire possesses an abundance of natural renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydro, biogas, and biomass, which can significantly contribute to the country's economic growth and sustainability. There are several studies on renewable energy potential [22][23][24][25], but few of these studies have focused on wind energy potential. In 2000, Touré and Loualy presented a theoretical analysis of the wind potential of three cities in Côte d'Ivoire: Abidjan, Bouaké, and Korhogo. ...
Harnessing the wind energy potential in Yamoussoukro, the Economic Capital of Côte d'Ivoire
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
Understanding and harnessing renewable energy potential is imperative for developing nations in the context of climate change. However, the wind potential of Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire, remains inadequately explored. This study employs a Longitudinal Observational Study design, acquiring data at 1-min intervals to capture the dynamic wind characteristics. The research focuses on refining ground data and estimating wind potential using a DAVIS Pro weather station with a cup anemometer for speed and a wind vane for direction. Wind speed and direction are measured in meters per second and degrees. Two distinct approaches are employed for data analysis: arithmetic and cubic averages provide representative values, and the Two-Parameter Weibull Probability Distribution Functions, determined through the method of moments, offer insights into the wind distribution pattern. The study's findings indicate an 8-h time slot during which the wind potential permits obtaining an annual energy production of 53,38 kW/h/m2, a valuable window of opportunity. The rainy season, particularly May, has the highest average monthly wind speed, while the dry season in December has the lowest. Furthermore, the wind rose analysis reveals that the prevailing winds blow from south to north, further highlighting the region's wind potential. The results affirm that Yamoussoukro harbors a moderate wind potential, aptly harnessed through Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT). This discovery holds significant implications for sustainable development, highlighting the city's potential to transition towards a greener, more energy-efficient economy. Yamoussoukro is poised to contribute substantially to renewable energy and climate change mitigation efforts by unlocking the untapped wind energy potential.
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... Similar to fruits' life cycles, the supply for certain biomass resources is seasonal and storage is the recommended solution for the supply throughout the year. For instance, Côte d'Ivoire experiences significant temperature variation between the north and the south depending on the season, ranging from 22 °C to a maximum average of 32 °C ( Koua, 2022 ). As a result, following the increasing demand for the application of unique biomass materials, bulk storage has been found beneficial. ...
Latest Advances and Challenges in Carbon Capture Using Bio-based Sorbents: A State-of-the-Art Review
Article
  • Nov 2022
Effective decarbonisation is key to ensuring the temperature rise does not exceed the 2 °C set by the Paris accords. Adsorption is identified as a key technology for post-combustion carbon capture. This rise in prominence of such processes is owed to the fact that application of solid sorbents does not lead to the generation of secondary waste streams. In fact, sorbents can be produced from waste material (e.g. bio-based sorbents). Bio-based sorbents have become an increasingly attractive option; food waste, agricultural and municipal sources can be employed as precursors. These sorbents can be physically and chemically activated and then further modified to produce sorbents that can capture CO2 effectively. The employment of these types of sorbents, however, often entails geological and operational challenges. Understanding how these sorbents can be deployed at scale and the geological challenges associated with bio-based sorbents are key research areas that must be further investigated. Process modelling and machine learning can provide insights into these challenges especially within optimisation of adsorption processes and sorbent development. This paper aims to provide a state-of-the-art review of the synthesis of bio-based sorbents and their application within post-combustion carbon capture processes as well as the recent trends of utilising machine learning for the development of these sorbents, and the design of the corresponding adsorption processes alike.
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... Zhao [59] also found that China could produce 18,833 PJ and 24,901 PJ in 2030 and 2050, respectively, from biomass resources within certain restrictions on land availability. Furthermore, Koua et al. [36] assessed the bioenergy potential of rice, coffee, and cocoa in rural Côte d'Ivoire. These residues' average theoretical and available biomass energy potential is 54.03 PJ and 35.63 PJ per year, respectively. ...
Assessment of crop residues for off-grid rural electrification options in Ghana
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2022
Presently, about 28% of the populace living in rural communities lack access to electricity to meet their basic needs in Ghana. Biomass is gaining importance globally as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels due to rising energy demand, the high cost of fossil fuels, depleting fossil fuel reserves, and the greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion. This study examined the technical bioenergy potential available from crop residues. The economic feasibility of electricity generation via biomass combustion and gasification technologies is also investigated. The Bioenergy Food Security Rapid Appraisal (BEFS RA) Excel-based tool was used to perform a techno-economic analysis of crop residues compatible with combustion and gasification pathways. Based on the selected crops and assumptions used in this study, it was estimated that about 35 million tonnes of gross residue potential were assessable for energy generation in Ghana. Nonetheless, about 29 million tonnes of surplus residue potential are accessible for bioenergy production. The total bioenergy potential from surplus crop residues is approximately 401 PJ/yr. Also, the cost of energy (COE) generation from the gasification and combustion plants is between US0.29/kWhandUS0.29/kWh and US0.34/kWh, which is expensive compared to the tariffs paid by residential consumers in Ghana. Notwithstanding, utilising crop residues for electricity generation might be a feasible option for rural electrification in Ghana with appropriate financial support.
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Development of sustainable biofuels from agricultural residue blends available in rural areas for electricity generation in Côte d'Ivoire
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2024
As part of the global energy transition towards more sustainable solutions, it is crucial to reduce dependence on fossil fuels by exploring renewable alternatives. This study focuses on the optimization of agricultural residues to develop biofuels for thermal power plants in Côte d'Ivoire. The raw materials studied come from rice, coffee and cocoa crops, which are abundant in rural areas of the country. The aim is to assess the feasibility of creating energy-efficient biofuels that are compatible with power plant boilers, while meeting environmental sustainability criteria. To achieve this, a linear programming model was used to determine the optimum proportions of the various agricultural residues to produce usable blends. The model considers higher heating value, the reduction of pollutant emissions and the preservation of combustion equipment. The energy performance of the fuels is then analyzed using a biomass power plant model. The results led to the development of two types of sustainable biofuel: the first, made up of 68% rice husk and 32% coffee husk, has a higher heating value of 13.79 MJ/kg; the second, made up of 60% rice husk and 40% cocoa pod husk, has a higher heating value of 13.49 MJ/kg. These biofuels stand out for their ability to reduce pollutant emissions and preserve combustion equipment. Rice straw is added to these two fuels to form the matrix of sustainable biofuels to produce electricity from a biomass power plant in Côte d'Ivoire. This study shows that it is possible to make effective use of agricultural residues to create sustainable biofuels, thereby contributing to a transition towards a more sustainable energy mix.
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Exploitation of lignocellulosic-based biomass biorefinery: A critical review of renewable bioresource, sustainability and economic views
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Urbanization has driven the demand for fossil fuels, however, the overly exploited resource has caused severe damage on environmental pollution. Biorefining using abundant lignocellulosic biomass is an emerging strategy to replace traditional fossil fuels. Value-added lignin biomass reduces the waste pollution in the environment and provides a green path of conversion to obtain renewable resources. The technology is designed to produce biofuels, biomaterials and value-added products from lignocellulosic biomass. In the biorefinery process, the pretreatment step is required to reduce the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulose biomass and improve the enzymatic digestion. There is still a gap in the full and deep understanding of the biorefinery process including the pretreatment process, thus it is necessary to provide optimized and adapted biorefinery solutions to cope with the conversion process in different biorefineries to further provide efficiency in industrial applications. Current research progress on value-added applications of lignocellulosic biomass still stagnates at the biofuel phase, and there is a lack of comprehensive discussion of emerging potential applications. This review article explores the advantages, disadvantages and properties of pretreatment methods including physical, chemical, physico-chemical and biological pretreatment methods. Value-added bioproducts produced from lignocellulosic biomass were comprehensively evaluated in terms of encompassing biochemical products , cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, potent functional materials from cellulose and lignin, waste management alternatives, multifunctional carbon materials and eco-friendly products. This review article critically identifies research-related to sustainability of lignocellulosic biomass to promote the development of green chemistry and to facilitate the refinement of high-value, environmentally-friendly materials. In addition, to align commercialized practice of lignocellulosic biomass application towards the 21st century, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of lignocellulosic biomass biorefining and the utilization of biorefinery green technologies is further analyzed as being considered sustainable, including having potential benefits in terms of environmental, economic and social impacts. This facilitates sustainability options for biorefinery processes by providing policy makers with intuitive evaluation and guidance.
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Biomass Sources and Energy Potential for Energy Sector in Myanmar: An Outlook
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Nowadays, renewable energy utilization plays a key role in developing countries to fulfill the additional energy requirements of a country and reduce dependency on fossil fuels and traditional biomass consumption. As Myanmar has an agriculture-based economy and 48% of forest-cover (32.2 million hectares); biomass is one of the major renewable energy sources, contributing around 50% of total energy consumption. Therefore, the study aimed to highlight the available biomass sources and energy potential for the energy sector in Myanmar. In order to achieve the aim, the study collated the types, quantity and qualities of biomass resources, and energy utilization around Myanmar. Besides, the study synthesized and evaluated the energy potential of the major biomass resources coming from the agriculture sector, forest sector, livestock and poultry sector, and municipal sector. It was estimated that the total energy potential of the major biomass sources amounted to approximately 15.19 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2005 and 17.29 Mtoe in 2017, respectively. The unexploited biomass energy potential around the country was estimated to be nearly 50% higher than that of the projected biomass energy utilization during 2015–2019. Finally, the study concluded with recommendations to provide the future sustainable development of biomass energy in Myanmar.
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DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SOLAR WATER STILL
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The availability of potable water is a necessity for human existence. A simple laboratory scale solar water still capable of holding 75 litres of water has been developed and evaluated. The highest temperature in the solar still occurred at the vapour region and reached up to 66°C. The productivity of the solar still varies with the depth of water in the still. The results of the productivity were 67.4 ml/m 2 h, 54.2 ml/m 2 h and 43.4 ml/m 2 h for depths of 20 mm, 40 mm and 60 mm respectively. The efficiency of the solar still was found to vary with the depth of water in the basin. The highest efficiency obtained for the solar still was 29.1% at a depth of 20 mm. Characterization of water quality before and after distillation in the solar still showed a reduction in chemical and microbiological constituents after distillation which was comparable to standard drinking water. The solar still could be developed at a small-scale workshop at reasonably cheap costs. Further work to improve the productivity of the solar water still is proposed. INTRODUCTION Supply of potable water is a major problem particularly in developing countries. The problem often faced is that protected or improved sources, such as boreholes and treated urban supplies, can still be contaminated such that microbiologically unsafe water is delivered [1]. Of major concern is the populace dwelling in rural regions of developing countries who do not have access to these improved sources and are at higher health risks as they depend on the natural sources like rivers, streams and springs which are often contaminated. The ability to be able to treat water on a domestic scale will therefore be of immense benefit. Nigeria lies within a high sunshine belt and solar radiation is fairly well distributed within the country. The annual average total solar radiation varies from 12.6 MJ/m 2-day in the coastal latitudes to 25.2MJ/m 2-day in the far north [2]. This vast amount of solar energy could be utilized in purifying water domestically. Solar distillation has been largely used in desalination. It involves utilizing solar energy for heating of water to cause evaporation. The vapour produced, then, condenses to produce distilled water. Gomkali and Datta [3] designed a simple solar still with a double-sloped glass cover plate which had an annual average productivity of 2.5 l/m 2-day and at an efficiency of 28%. Naim [4] also devised a single-stage solar desalination spirally-wound module which had maximum distillation efficiency of 34% and with a productivity of 575 ml/m 2-h. Medugu and Malgwi [5] designed and tested a solar still and claimed that the instantaneous efficiency increases with the increase of solar radiation and with increase of feed water temperature. Tarawneh [6] studied the effect of water depth on the performance evaluation of a solar still and stated that decreased water depth has a significant effect on increased water productivity, noting that the productivity of
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Characterization of rice, coffee and cocoa crops residues as fuel of thermal power plant in Côte d’Ivoire
Article
  • Jan 2021
  • FUEL
This study presents the thermochemical characterization of rice straw, rice husk, coffee husk and cocoa pod husk. The main objective of this characterization is to determine the thermochemical properties of these crops residues to be used as fuel for a biomass thermal power plant for electricity production in rural areas of Côte d'Ivoire. For this purpose, samples of rice straw, rice husk, coffee husk and cocoa pod husk from Kodaya were analysed. These analyses consisted of the determination of the proximate and ultimate composition, heating value and ash composition of different residues samples. The results revealed that residues from rice, coffee and cocoa crops had moisture contents of 7.82–12.33%, volatile matter contents of 64.02–72.94%, ash contents of 8–23.7% and higher heating values ranging from 12.24 to 15.02 MJ/kg. The ashes from rice straw and rice husk are rich in silicon (64.45–74.78%) while those from the cocoa pod husk and coffee husk are rich in potassium (72.05–77.53%). Crops residues were also found to contain significant proportions of chlorine (0.02–0.3%), sulphur (0.21–0.32%) and nitrogen (0.5–3.01%). In order to protect the environment against greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fossil fuels; and to preserve natural resources for future generations, these thermochemical properties make rice, coffee and cocoa crops residues from the rural areas of Côte d'Ivoire a clean biofuel resource that can be exploited for the production of electricity from biomass thermal power plants.
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Rice processing is an energy intensive area as it consumes huge amount of thermal energy for parboiling and drying, moreover, such industries are facing serious problems like poor system efficiency and environmental impacts due to the direct combustion of biomass. Improving energy and exergy efficiencies of the system can reduce such problems, however, it is essential to pin point the area at which the losses occur. This paper presents energy and exergy analysis of gasifier operated and producer gas fired boiler system with rice husk as energy source for parboiling and drying of paddy. The maximum gasifier efficiency and Calorific Value (CV) of the producer gas were 78% and 4.96 MJ Nm−3 respectively at the Equivalence Ratio (ER) of 0.2 with the corresponding gasification temperature of 1023 K. The combustor contributes about 65% of exergy destruction followed by the heat exchanger in the producer gas fired boiler. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the system were observed as 52.16% and 29.48% respectively. In addition, exergy destruction, specific entropy generation and sustainability index were also examined. From the results it is identified that the gasifier operated gas fired boiler system is superior in its energy and exergy aspects than the conventional paddy processing systems which can reduce the fuel consumption and environmental impacts of rice processing mills.
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Assessment of the Energy Potential of Agricultural Biomass Residues in Turkey
Article
  • Aug 2019
  • RENEW ENERG
Agricultural biomass residue based energy generation is one of the major focus areas of renewable energy in different countries around the world. A large quantity of biomass residue is generated from agricultural crop production. However, the biomass residues are the distributed resources with variation in spatio-temporal availability and its characteristics which their energy potential depends on. Biomass residues are emerged after harvesting of main crops as stalks, straw, stems and leaves, husks, cobs and etc. In this study, agricultural biomass residues energy potential was explored for Turkey using conducted studies of agricultural biomass residues characteristics in several countries located at different geographic regions. Data on characteristics of agricultural biomass residues were used from 16 European Union countries, as well as in India, Cameroon, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Uganda and Turkey. Some residue characteristics such as residue product ratios, moisture levels, and lower heating calorific values of dry matter were taken into account. Furthermore, a mathematical model was defined for the calculation of the energy potential of Turkey's agricultural biomass residues. Theoretical biomass amount and theoretical energy potential, as well as available energy potential values of agricultural biomass residues were determined. The total amounts of biomass residues obtained from arable field crops and horticultural crops in Turkey were estimated as 59,432 kilotonne and 15,652 kilotonne respectively. The theoretical energy potential of these all agricultural biomass residues were calculated as 908,119 TJ and 90,354 TJ, respectively. The available energy potentials from agricultural biomass residues were calculated as 298,955 TJ for arable agricultural field crops and 65,491 TJ for horticultural crops.
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