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Abstract

It is estimated that two thirds of the world population is linked to migratory flows. One tenth (115 million) of the total population of the countries that make up the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) are the children of migrants. One in three students is a descendant of migrants, 32% of student enrollment is made up of migrant children, but 75% of male migrants are unemployed compared to 57% of unemployed women who are migrants; only 4.3 million migrants are legally studying or working, and immigration grows one million each year (OECD, 2010).
Introduction
It is estimated that two thirds of the world population is linked to
migratory ows. One tenth (115 million) of the total population of the
countries that make up the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) are the children of migrants.
One in three students is a descendant of migrants, 32% of student
enrollment is made up of migrant children, but 75% of male migrants
are unemployed compared to 57% of unemployed women who are
migrants; only 4.3 million migrants are legally studying or working,
and immigration grows one million each year (OECD, 2010).
*Corresponding author: Cruz García Lirios, Universidad Autónoma del Estado
de México Toluca, Mexico, Email: bundestappen@icloud.com
Citation: Lirios CG (2022) Essay on Perceived Occupational in the Covid-19 Era.
J Clin Stud Med Case Rep 9: 0126.
Received: December 23, 2021; Accepted: January 06, 2022; Published:
January 13, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Lirios CG, et al. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits un-
restricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author and source are credited.
During the period from 2000 to 2019, Norway led the reception of
migrants, its rate went from 0.6% to 1.4%; followed by Germany from
0.8% to 1.2% and Australia from 0.5% to 1.1%.The Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in its 2010 report,
during the period from 2000 to 2019, estimated that deaths after 30
days of hospital admission went from 8.3 to 4.1 on average per 100
cases for the member countries.In cases related to asthma, the OECD
average is 51 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants older than 15 years.
Mexico occupies the p last site with 19 cases.
Therefore, the occupational health problem involves: 1) dierenc-
es between dominant cultures and migrant cultures; 2) the reection
of such dierences regarding the health service in general and occu-
pational in particular; 3) a system of adherence to treatment that is
based on values, beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behaviors of health
professionals and self-care; 4) the response of older adults with re-
spect to their economic, political, social and cultural environment that
is reected in family support, the quality of their care and health pol-
icies [1].
Health psychology in general and occupational psychology it has n
established the Demand Model, Control and Social Support (MDCS)
and the Model Imbalance, Eort and Reward (MDER) to establish
the cardiovascular risk factors, vascular-brain diseases and ischemic
heart disease on musculoskeletal disorders, stress, absenteeism, acci-
dents, conicts, insomnia, depression and anxiety [2].
Organizational psychology has studied the eects of labor de-
mands on the occupational health of workers. Based on the Demand,
Control and Social Support Model (MDCS) and the Unbalance, Eort
and Reward Model (MDER), the dependency relationships between
occupational risk factors and illnesses, accidents, conicts and disor-
ders related to deterioration have been established of health [3].
The MDCS explains the relationship between the emergence of
stress with the demands of the organization that are assimilated as
excessive tasks by the work with a null criterion of control of their
abilities and eort. An intensication of the labor rhythm, demand for
productivity, contradictory policies, conicts, interruptions determine
self-control; skills, abilities, knowledge, negotiation worker and acci-
dent or illness [4].
The MDER warns of an asymmetric relationship between demands
and self-control, considering that the rewards -rol, status, salary, rec-
ognition- are a function of their eort, dedication and productivity.
Stress emerges when demand, eort and reward are asymmetrical.
In this sense, psychological studies of adherence to treatment show
that the minority condition is associated with a low adherence to the
treatment of respiratory diseases in general and asthma [5].
Depression for economic, social or emotional issues in MAMs mi-
grant children with asthma is negatively and signicantly associated
with the use of inhaled and intake of the drug against the disease.
Although the relationship between maternal depression and adher-
ence to asthma treatment was not established directly, but only indi-
rectly through beliefs and attitudes, the condition of exclusion was a
Lirios CG, J Clin Stud Med Case Rep 2022, 9: 126
DOI: 10.24966/CSMC-8801/1000126
HSOA Journal of
Clinical Studies and Medical Case Reports
Essay
Cruz García Lirios*
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca, Mexico
Essay on Perceived
Occupational in the Covid-19
Era
Abstract
Roughly, occupational health has been understood as the bal-
ance of demands and organizational resources with respect to the
prevention of diseases and accidents, as well as adherence to treat-
ment and rehabilitation of convalescent workers, but in a political
sense, occupational health Is a reection of the establishment of a
health agenda, the positioning and questioning of health policies, as
well as the promises of political campaigns in the eld. The objective
of this paper was to elucidate the meanings around the categories
of agenda, positioning and processualism to interpret the discours-
es of excluded groups. A non-experimental, exploratory, cross-sec-
tional and qualitative study was carried out with a non-probabilistic
sampling of seven informants, considering economic, labor, civil and
social status. The results show that the categories in question legit-
imize the dierences between the occupational health of the youth
with respect to old age, as well as the role of the State as administra-
tor of retirement funds or economic supports. Empirical and testable
lines of research are noted.
Keywords: Discourse; Health; Pension; Old age; Youth
Citation: Lirios CG (2022) Essay on Perceived Occupational in the Covid-19 Era. J Clin Stud Med Case Rep 9: 0126.
• Page 2 of 4 •
J Clin Stud Med Case Rep ISSN: 2378-8801, Open Access Journal
DOI: 10.24966/CSMC-8801/1000126
Volume 9 • Issue 1 • 100125
determinant factor of occupational health that took place in the use of
medication and device against asthma [6].
Adherence to treatment being linked to migratory status and emo-
tional depressions is mediated by medical consultation. A higher
frequency of consultations explains adherence to treatment. That the
migratory status explains the handling of a language dierent from
the one of the culture of origin, a decient use of the reading and
the writing, as well as a negative disposition to the rights of health
services and the adoption of healthy lifestyles that inhibit medical
consultation and have an impact on the continuity of treatment.
A meta-analysis about the perceptions of the disease and found
that there is an unfavorable tendency towards the use of devices -in-
halers- for the treatment of asthma, suggesting that biomedical and
psychological interventions when orienting oneself in the change of
perception of risk to utility of drugs and devices, they will increase
adherence to treatment [7].
In this sense, the perception of risk has been associated with the
type of employment that, in the case of migrants, is more risky than
that of the natives, consequently, the adherence to treatment not only
depends on the utility that the dominant culture It attributes to med-
icines and devices against asthma, but also to the attributes that the
medical community associates with the values and norms of migrants.
The cultural dierences between asthma patients by demonstrat-
ing that ignorance and hopelessness aects n on adherence to treat-
ment. In this way, the social care system, being designed to serve a
culture of rights to health, excludes migrant communities.However,
a spurious relationship between medical literacy and adherence to
treatment. Also, they suggest that the eect of medical consultation
or adherence is from three dierences; a) desired information and
information received; b) success tests against error tests; c) patient
expectations and expectations of doctors [8].
The determinants of adherence to treatment would be; 1) virtues
and lifestyles, 2) cultural traditions and values, 3) beliefs about bio-
medical information; 4) knowledge of medications and devices; 5)
social norms of acculturation, multiculturalism or intercultural; 6) at-
titudes or dispositions towards the treatment of asthma, medications,
devices and professionals; 7) motivation to achieve successful treat-
ment and 8) adherence to treatment.
However, occupational health would also be inuenced by the en-
vironment and the political context, since the electoral contest is per-
meated with economic stimuli related to occupational health through
the granting of support to senior citizens, scholarships for students,
and provisions for single mothers. that are added to the campaign
promises linked to the welfare of vulnerable, marginalized or exclud-
ed groups [9].
In the case of older adults, these have been the target of strategies
for capturing votes by registering cases in which the State seeks to
compensate the payment of pensions, retirement funds and savings.
Or, if these are informal employment cases, then monthly economic
support for the elderly is another instrument of electoral proselytiz-
ing that intensies as the contest develops and the elections approach
[10].
It is as well as the occupational health distance of the adhesion to
the treatment, the social support, the labor reward, the personal eort,
the family demand, the self-care and the self-control to establish the
regulation of mediatic strategies of catchment of adherents, sympa-
thizers and voters of the parties and candidates involved in the lo-
cal, state and federal elections.In this scenario, the political demands
generate an intensication of messages for or against candidates for
mayor, the presidency or the Senate. It deals with the establishment of
issues such as health, well-being and the quality of life of older adults
to inuence their preferences and voting decisions [11].
However, social psychology has studied the phenomenon of elec-
toral proselytizing about audiences, nding that the reception of mes-
sages generates provisions against and in favor of candidates. That
the media generate an agenda based on issues related to the health
of vulnerable groups, focusing on their intentions through emotions
and their actions through the hopelessness that the exclusion of older
adults supposes. In this sense, a feeling of helplessness is reoriented
by political campaigns as a life expectancy when taken into account
by a candidate or political party as a potential supporter and voter
[12].
This phenomenon has been addressed since the establishment of a
narrative agenda, evocative positioning and symbolic processualism
as eects of electoral campaigns in the loneliness and despair of old-
er adults with respect to their personal and occupational health [13].
The establishment of a narrative agenda reveals the topics of political
interest that the media disseminate with the intention that older adults
support a political candidate when commenting on their strategies re-
garding their personal well-being, health and occupation [14].
Once the occupational health agenda has been established, po-
litical campaigns generate discursive positions that can be observed
in the discourses of older adults by reminding people or groups that
warned them about their employment and occupation in the future. In
this sense, it is about attributions of care to people, groups and insti-
tutions that older adults not only identify and recognize but also are
willing to support [15].
Finally, the establishment of the occupational health narrative
agenda of the elderly and the positioning against or in favor of the
elderly themselves with respect to those who care for them generates
a symbolic processualism. It is a series of negative or positive opin-
ions regarding strategies, instruments and events that determined their
current economic and occupational situation [16].
If the establishment of a narrative agenda includes occupation-
al health as a central theme for older adults to think about this and
associate this issue with the help or economic support they receive
directly or indirectly from their governments, impacting their voting
intentions, then the discursive positioning will consist of attributing
solutions to the candidates, parties or governors that they associate
with their occupational situation. In this way, the symbolic processu-
alism will consist of questioning the relationship between the political
campaigns of occupational health of candidates with their economic
and labor situation [17-19].
The present work proposed to discuss the limits of the psycho-
logical models of occupational health in the electoral conjuncture of
a locality the center of Mexico, and made a cross, exploratory quali-
tative study with probabilistic choice migrants seniors who attended
health centers in August 2015 to April 2016 for medical consultation
in the localities of Huehuetoca, Teoloyucan and Coyotepec of the
State of Mexico. It was found that the narratives, the positions and
the procedurals revolve around the State as an administrator of funds
for retirement.The discursive sentences that reect the establishment
Citation: Lirios CG (2022) Essay on Perceived Occupational in the Covid-19 Era. J Clin Stud Med Case Rep 9: 0126.
• Page 3 of 4 •
J Clin Stud Med Case Rep ISSN: 2378-8801, Open Access Journal
DOI: 10.24966/CSMC-8801/1000126
Volume 9 • Issue 1 • 100125
of an occupational agenda, an evocative positioning and a symbolic
predecimalization in older adults of dierent social, situational and
occupational strata of the center of Mexico
Methods
A non-experimental, cross-sectional, exploratory and qualitative
study was carried out. A non-probabilistic election of 7 older adults
from the State of Mexico was carried out in the localities of Hue-
huetoca, Teoloyucan and Coyotepec. It was considered pertinent to
survey those who attended the health centers during the period from
December 2019 to November 2021 (Table 1).
An interview guide was built based on the literature consulted
which included questions related to: 1) narrative agenda, 2) evocative
positioning and 3) symbolic processualism.
Narrative agenda: It refers to the inuence of topics established in
the media and their repercussion on the opinion of reference persons
or groups of belonging.
Evocative positioning: It refers to the memories, anecdotes or arti-
facts associated with the reception of information and attributed to
speeches by reference persons or groups of belonging.
Symbolic process: It refers to the need, processing, questioning and
dissemination of information related to the emancipation of or claim-
ing of references or belonging groups.
The interview guide included questions such as: What is the me-
dium you use to be informed about health, youth and old age? What
is the information related to health, youth and old age what else did
he call attention to in the last week? What is the role of the media
attributed to the government, professionals-doctors, nurses, social
workers, psicólogas-, your family and you regarding health, youth
and old age? What are the strategies that the government must follow
to improve the health of young and old?
Content analysis matrices were used to empty and select discur-
sive extracts according to the categories established in order to elabo-
rate the discursive schemes.
The Delphi technique was used for the homogenization of the
words included in the reagents. The anonymity of the answers was
guaranteed in writing and it was noted that the results of the study
would not negatively or negatively aect the ambulatory or stay
status of the interviewed person. The interviews were conducted in
the health centers. The information was processed in the Qualitative
Analysis Package (QDA version 4.0).
From the categories of narrative agenda, evocative positioning and
symbolic processualism, the discourses of the interviewees were an-
alyzed with respect to occupational health and the electoral contest.
Sand technique used to correlate symptoms discursive extracts around
the three categories to infer the meanings of discourse extracts.
Results
The discourses of the older adults interviewed are centered on the
categories of narrative agenda, evocative positioning and symbolic
processualism. In each of the categories includes topics such as: pen-
sion, afore, popular insurance, government, Internet, retirement, old
age, work, accident, family, education, administration and youth (Fig-
ure 1).
In the case of the establishment of the narrative agenda, the focus
is on pensions, popular insurance and savings management for retire-
ment, but if the source of the establishment of the narrative agenda is
considered, then the press and television are linked to the opinions of
older adults with a higher economic status than those who are unem-
ployed or unemployed and whose source of information is Internet
and radio.
That the establishment of the agenda in television and the press
supposes an audience with economic incomes that allow him to be in-
formed and to have an increasing need of information would depend
on the establishment of an agenda centered in the pensions.
In the case of evocative positioning by focusing on work during
youth as a forerunner of the pension, considered a reward in old age,
reveals memories and attributions of the interviewees who would be
oriented and directed towards occupational health in youth as a prec-
edent of an occupational health in old age.
The evocative positioning reveals the close link between youth
and work and old age and pension, the same relationship in which the
State would play an important role as an administrator of retirement
funds, as a compensation for those who did not have formal employ-
ment and as a source of income for those who are abandoned or do not
have family support.
In the case of symbolic process, the attributions of responsibility
are directed towards the government, but at the same time, there is
Competitor Sex Age Civil
status Scholarship Entry
Senior adultbusinessman Male 66 Married Bachelor’s
degree
17,000 pesos
monthly
Retired senior citizen Male 71 Married Bachelor’s
degree
4600 pesos
monthly
Senior employee Fe-
male 65 Widow-
hood High school 3000 pesos
monthly
Asylee senior citizen Fe-
male 68 Widow-
hood High school Withoutin-
come
Unemployed senior
citizen
Fe-
male 69 Widow-
hood High school Withoutin-
come
Unemployed senior Male 65 Sepa-
rated High school Withoutin-
come
Abandoned senior
citizen Male 66 Sepa-
rated Primary Withoutin-
come
Table 1: Sample descriptions: Elaborated with the study data.
Figure 1: Perceived occupational health.
Citation: Lirios CG (2022) Essay on Perceived Occupational in the Covid-19 Era. J Clin Stud Med Case Rep 9: 0126.
• Page 4 of 4 •
J Clin Stud Med Case Rep ISSN: 2378-8801, Open Access Journal
DOI: 10.24966/CSMC-8801/1000126
Volume 9 • Issue 1 • 100125
a recognition that in the youth, the older adults interviewed dened
their current economic situation. This is because they assume that the
State is an administrator of savings funds for retirement, or a manager
of supports to those who do not have family support.
In short, the excerpts indicate that there is an agenda setting fo-
cused on youth and old age whose dierences are observed in the
formal work that allows the granting of pensions, thanks to the admin-
istration of the State. Or, the granting of support, thanks to the benet
of the government. It is striking that those who had or have a formal
job support the idea that the State is an administrator of their money,
but in the case of those who have been unemployed, unemployed or
feel abandoned the government is a benefactor of their inability to
learn a trade or inability to save.
It is possible to observe that the media have established an agenda
that legitimizes the despair of the elderly by not taking advantage of
the opportunities in their youth, but it also legitimizes the support to
those who did not have a formal job that will ensure a fund of money
for them. his old age In both cases, the State takes into account older
adults that society excludes due to the fact that they are people with
anachronistic skills, abilities and knowledge.
Discussion
Occupational health, because of learning skills to take advantage
of employment opportunities and savings for retirement, is a central
issue on the agenda of the people interviewed. That is the main con-
tribution of this work to specialized literature.
However, the psychology that studied the phenomenon of eco-
nomic, political and social exclusion of the elderly through the mod-
els of occupational health has not explained the prevention of diseases
and accidents, as well as adherence to the treatment or rehabilitation
of injured workers. or patients with respect to their prospective old
age, retirement and retirement-pension.
The models that explain the asymmetries between demands and
resources, opportunities and capacities, requirements and eorts,
sanctions and rewards in the occupational eld do not even consider
or consider the future situation of young people who do not have a
stable job and therefore will not save for his retirement and mainte-
nance of his old age.
Conclusion
In this sense, this work has shown: 1) occupational health beyond
the organization or labor institution, youth and the prevention of dis-
eases and accidents; 2) the close relationship between occupational
health with retirement, economic pension or family support in old
age; 3) the link between occupational health and the electoral political
context.
However, the results of this work are limited to the seven old-
er adults interviewed and the topics addressed through the interview
guide and the discursive analysis matrix.
Therefore, it is recommended: a) to deepen the social represen-
tations of the elderly with respect to health issues that are dissemi-
nated in the media; b) contrast the social representations with their
experiences of support for the elderly, pensions and other income or
benets that the government grants or disseminates in the electoral
contest; c) develop an instrument to measure the social representa-
tions of occupational health; d) establish the reliability and validity
of the instrument, e) contrast the model of trajectories of relations
between categories and variables related to the establishment of an
agenda, evocative positioning and symbolic processualism.
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