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A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review About Smartness in Tourism
Abstract
With the rapidly developing technology, the tourism experience has started to enrich and innovative/personalized services and competitive advantage in tourism have started to gain importance. Smartness in tourism refers to tourism activities supported by technology. This study aims to classify the current literature on the subject of smartness in tourism. First of all, a qualitative research was carried out by explaining the concepts of smart tourism and smart tourism destination in the literature. Within the scope of the research, a qualitative research was conducted using systematic literature review method. In the research, 264 academic publications related to smartness in tourism were analyzed in terms of the destinations where they were applied, the scope of the journals they were published, the language of the publication, the methods and approaches, and suggestions were made for further studies.
... In the tourism and hospitality industry, the term "smart" refers to a range of developments that rely on advanced connectivity and information exchange, such as new technologies like big data or open data. Furthermore, the term "smart" emphasizes the integration of innovative technological advances into inventive urban solutions that aim to optimize resource utilization, establish effective and reliable governance, foster sustainability, and improve the overall quality of life (Duran & Uygur, 2022). Moreover, the concept of a smart city has become a widespread term for identifying various urban areas (Xiang et al., 2021). ...
Smart tourism can be thought of as a whole ecosystem of smart tourists, smart technologies, and smart businesses. There are more than 952 academic studies related to Smart Tourism in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Therefore, it would be useful to examine the conceptual structure and thematic development of Smart Tourism. This study is to analyze the field of smart tourism using scientific mapping methods. Bibliometric data of 489 articles were downloaded from the WoS. This paper first conducts a co-occurrence analysis using VosViewer to determine the prominent terms and connections between them. Then, a content analysis is performed using SciMat to gain a deeper understanding of the field and its evolution from 2013 to 2022 for Smart Tourism. In this context, strategic maps, thematic networks of topics, and an evolutionary map were obtained to understand the field better by using SciMAT.
... In order to find concepts regarding GIs, the role of stakeholders, and Wayang Purba, this research explores information sourced from primary and secondary data. This research explores primary information through in-depth interviews (Duran & Uygur, 2022) with Wayang Purba artists, the Sragen Culture and Tourism Office, event organizers for traditional and cultural performances, and local culture curators. Primary data exploration aims to learn more about the authenticity, potential, and problems in the development of Wayang Purba. ...
This research proposes a market recognition enhancement of wayang purba, a traditional indigenous performance from Ngebung Village, Sragen Regency, through Geographical Indications (GIs) registration. The research applies qualitative methods to explore the roles of academia, business, government, community, and media using the Institutional Analysis Development (IAD) framework by Elinor Ostrom. The IAD framework delivers the authentic potential of Sragen as a prehistoric site and a part of Central Java with solid roots in wayang performances. On the contrary, the analysis also found that stakeholder support still needed to run partially, overlapping roles that failed to achieve collective efforts in carrying Wayang Purba to gain recognition of GIs. The importance of GIs in increasing market recognition of indigenous art products underlies research suggestions on managing the roles of stakeholders in a more integrated manner. Research recommendations align with previous literature that the GIs scheme is the right step for cultural marketing that needs to be managed collectively. Even so, an in-depth exploration of the duties and functions of each institution still needs to be implemented in future research.
... The present research concerns the intensive use of digital technologies as a main tool to dematerialise the tangible Cultural Heritage. Furthermore, it is foreseen to implement innovative technologies that facilitate access to services and provide faster information exchange, respond to the needs of stakeholders (architects, engineers, archaeologists, tourists, tourism institutions and organisations, government, citizens, etc.) and to minimise the use of resources and pursue a sustainable society (Duran & Uygur, 2022). ...
Preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage symbolizes a problem already present before the pandemic period and amplified during the COVID-19 crisis. As a result, the dematerialisation of architecture by digital technologies is the approach to connect Society 5.0 and architecture in cyberspace.
The ambition of this chapter is to achieve an approach aimed to explain the impact of ICT during the pandemic and post-pandemic period, using HBIM technology, an essential tool for the approximation of Society 5.0 to the tangible smart heritage. On the other hand, the creation of a virtual tour breaks down architectural barriers (physical and spatial) allowing access to all users as a benefit of the dematerialisation of the asset. The work represents the use of technologies to create new knowledge and values, generating connections between people and tangible and non-tangible things.
... In this perspective, becoming a Smart Tourism Destination (hereinafter STD), adopting and exploiting smart technologies can help to minimize the aforementioned knowledge gaps while limiting the consequences of the spread of Covid-19 (Sigala 2020). A STD refers to the intensive use of technology for supporting the destinations to enrich the tourist experience, implement innovative technologies that facilitate access to services and provide faster information sharing, respond to the needs of stakeholders (tourists, tourism institutions and organizations, government, citizens, etc.), minimize the use of resources, pursue a sustainable society and destination, citizens to improve the quality of life and the quality of the travel experience for visitors (Duran and Uygur 2022). This concept foresees ICT-based tools and other digital technologies (such as Big Data and Internet of Things) being used for data collection, processing and analysing, to ensure more efficient and effective use of resources, higher satisfaction of tourists, as well as the well-being of residents. ...
From March 2020, restrictive measures have been taken to limit the Covid-19 pandemic, thus impacting and hugely affecting the tourism industry. In this new scenario, tourism destination managers and stakeholders need to look ahead to the future, trying to wisely react to overcome this crisis. This paper aims at demonstrating how a Smart Tourism Destination can tackle the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic using smart and digital technologies such as Big Data and Analytics. In particular, the monitoring of Italian public debates on social media allowed discovering knowledge from unstructured data that provide valuable insights for destination stakeholders and decision-makers.
In the context of the technological era, the smart tourism construct serves as a bridge between human and the artificial worlds, combining social sciences and neurosciences. This study aims to explore smart tourism through neuroscientific methods in order to shape the future of tourism destinations, using a hybrid methodology combining bibliometric techniques and content analysis. The findings reveal the integration of diverse scientific domains, highlighting a transdisciplinary approach. They offer clear evidence that neuroscientific methods in smart tourism integrate multiple areas of scientific knowledge, surpassing disciplinary boundaries. “Destination” stands out alongside “emotion”, “visual attention” and eye tracking (ET). The collaboration network reveals the emergence of a new school, called neurotourism in the 21st century, formed mainly by actors and organizations from the Global North, evoking the need to include the Global South in the research scenario. The predominant methods include ET, heart rate (HR), and electroencephalography (EEG), suggesting triangulation with traditional methods for robust results. Virtual reality emerges as the primary immersive technology, promising insights when integrated with neurosciences. This study’s practical and theoretical contributions guide smart tourism strategies and enhance destination experiences through neuroscientific methods, addressing a gap in the scientific literature while advancing ontological and epistemological understanding.
This article aims to determine solutions and facilitations covered in the literature to develop a theoretical framework to enable further empirical research to improve Poland's municipal public transport and entertainment services to become more accessible and neurodiversity friendly as an initial step of greater research. A systematic review of the literature referring to the PRISMA statement was accomplished to achieve this goal. Present literature was reviewed and the common challenges faced by neurodiverse people and the best practices to overcome them were identified. Findings revealed a great selection of improvements and facilitations which will be used in the further steps of this research. These findings will also be useful for other researchers and practitioners working on neurodiversity friendly settings to support individuals, families, and communities with neurodiversity conditions.
Emerging theories of smart tourism are chiefly concerned with how Internet Communication Technology and Big Data can influence marketing, product and destination development. The risk being that an overt focus on formal outcomes, namely technology, products and services, diverts attention from how things and operations are actually achieved. This paper challenges the notions of smart and value co-creation by introducing tourism co-design as a learning and experiment driven development process. Tourism co-design leverages the communicative interaction between people and enables tourism operators to change their practices. Based on fieldwork in the northern part of Denmark we explore how smart tourism can become smarter through tourism co-design processes. We argue that a shift is needed from: How can we efficiently achieve a more or less known goal? To: How can we effectively explore and give sense to something new and engage in processes that encourage the new to emerge? Tourism co-design enables values to transpire at multiple levels and engenders unknown possibilities that inform how smart tourism may be operationalised.
The rapid increase in the population has caused problems in the correct use and management of resources in cities. Solutions to these problems have been sought based on knowledge management. In today's digital age, the concept of smartness of cities has been put forward together with the web-based applications. It has changed the expectations and needs of tourists and residents, especially in the tourism sector in the service sector. Smart tourism destinations, which are seen as a solution to the expectations and needs of the changing tourists and local people, bring holistic innovations covering all the stakeholders in the tourism ecosystem. In this direction, it is thought that knowledge management makes the right use of resources obligatory and contributes to sustainable tourism understanding. For this purpose, in the chapter, suggestions were made to provide maximum benefit from web-based projects that are carried out in qualitative direction of knowledge management and smart tourism destinations.
The terms smart cities and smart tourism destinations have become extremely popular in the last decade. The study explores the buzzwords smart cities and smart tourism destinations and the relationship between them. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature on smart cities and smart tourism destinations. The study specially focuses on reviewing concepts of smart cities and smart tourism destinations and also the linkages between them. The author has adopted the literature review approach for the fulfillment of the objective of the study. Various journals, books, research work and reports were studied for reviewing the current research and to also reflect on the future research. The detailed literature discussed in this paper suggests the concept of smart city does not stand on its own and is closely associated with smart tourism. In fact smart cities act as a ladder for the establishment of smart tourism destinations. Smart tourism destinations are smart cities which utilize the information technology and innovations to enable pleasure, and experiences for the tourist. The findings of the study imply that smart tourism is a fundamental part of the smart cities. This study will help in understanding the present scenario of growing popularity of smart cities in India, as it is the need of the hour to make and execute sustainable plans for the development of smart cities, which will ultimately lead the way to smart tourism destinations.
Smart tourism is the application of the key technologies of the 4th industrial revolution. This research proposes a smart tourism system to develop the personalized travel products for smart tour guidance services. The proposed smart tourism system consists of a smart tourism app and a smart tourism server. Adobe XD is used to UI/UX design of the android based smart tourism app. The smart tourism server provides the recommend travel products to FITs before or during the trip. FITs can create the personalized travel product using the chosen recommend travel products, tour information such as tourist attractions, lodgments, and restaurants. During the trip, FITs can use smart tour guidance services according to the tour schedule in the personalized travel product. In the developed smart tourism system, FITs can modify the personalized travel product during their trips and register them as the recommend travel products after their trips.
This study focuses on presenting a development trend from the perspective of data-oriented evidence, especially open data and technologies, as those numbers can verify and prove current technology trends and user information requirements. According to the practical progress of Dr. What-Info I and II, this paper continues to develop Dr. What-Info III. Moreover, big data technology, the MapReduce paralleled decrement mechanism of the cloud information agent CEOntoIAS, which is supported by a Hadoop-like framework, Software R, and time series analysis are adopted to enhance the precision, reliability, and integrity of cloud information. Furthermore, the proposed system app receives a collective satisfaction score of 80% in terms of Quesenbery’s 5Es and Nielsen ratings. In addition, the verification results of the interface design show that the human-machine interface of our proposed system can meet important design preferences and provide approximately optimal balance. The top-n experiment shows that the top-5 recommendations would be better for solving the traditional tradeoff between output quality and processing time. Finally, the system effectiveness experiments indicate that the proposed system receives an overall up-to-standard function rate of 87.5%, and such recommendations provide this system with high information correctness and user satisfaction. Although there is plenty of room for improvement in experience, the feasibility of this service architecture has been proven.
This research analyzes the stakeholders' views on smart tourism destinations, based on the methodology of the State Society for the Management of Innovation and Tourist Technologies, S.A. (SEGITTUR), having as case study Marbella, a city belonging to the province of Malaga (Spain). In order to reach the proposed objectives, the qualitative methodology was used through the techniques of direct observation and semi-structured interviews with direct and indirect tourism agents of the city. The opinions of the interviewees have been categorized in an inductive way from the systemic networks of ideas and thoughts through a content analysis. The results show that Marbella presents characteristics of a smart tourism destination, however, it needs to fulfill in a broader way, all the dimensions or methodological axes of SEGITTUR: technology, innovation, accessibility and sustainability. It is concluded that Marbella is considered a Smart Tourism Destination, in an initial phase that mainly adopts technological and sustainable strategies. In addition, it is stressed that tourism governance and the construction of indicators are key factors for the success of smart destinations. Resumo Smart tourism destinations: um estudo baseado na visão dos stakeholders Esta investigação analisa a visão dos stakeholders sobre os destinos turísticos inteligentes, fundamentado na metodologia da Sociedad Estatal para laGestión de laInnovación y lasTecnologías Turísticas, S.A. (SEGITTUR), tendo como estudo de caso Marbella, município pertencente à província de Málaga (Espanha). Para atingir os RTA | ECA-USP | ISSN: 1984-4867 v. 28, n. 3, p. 358-379, Sept./Dec., 2017. Smart Tourism Destinations 359 objetivos planejados, foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa, através das técnicas de observação direta e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com agentes do turismo-diretos e indiretos da cidade. As opiniões dos entrevistados foram categorizadas de forma indutiva a partir das redes sistêmicas de ideias e pensamentos, por meio de uma análise de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstram que Marbella possui características de um destino turístico inteligente, no entanto, precisa cumprir amplamente com todas as dimensões ou eixos metodológicos de SEGITTUR: tecnologia, inovação, acessibilidade e sustentabilidade. Conclui-se que Marbella é considerada um Smart Tourism Destination, em fase inicial, que adota principalmente estratégias tecnológicas e sustentáveis. Além disso, salienta-se que a governança turística e a construção de indicadores são fatores essenciais para o sucesso dos destinos inteligentes. Palavras-chave: Destinos turísticos inteligentes; TIC; Stakeholders; Marbella, Espanha; SEGITTUR. Resumen Smart Tourism Destinations: un estudio basado en lavisión de los stakeholders Esta investigación analiza la visión de los stakeholders sobre los destinos turísticos inteligentes, fundado en la metodología de Sociedad Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas, S.A. (SEGITTUR), teniendo como estudio de caso Marbella,municipio perteneciente a la provincia de Málaga (España). A fin de alcanzar los objetivos planteados, fue utilizada la metodología cualitativa, a través de las técnicas de observación directa y realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas con agentes del turismo-directos e indirectos-de la ciudad. Las opiniones de los entrevistados se han categorizado de forma inductiva a partir de las redes sistémicas de ideas y pensamientos, por medio de un análisis de contenido. Los resultados demuestran que Marbella presenta características de un destino turístico inteligente,sinembargo, le hace falta cumplir, de manera más amplia, con todas las dimensiones o ejes metodológicosde SEGITTUR: la tecnología, la innovación, la accesibilidad y la sostenibilidad. Se concluye que Marbella es considerada un Smart Tourism Destination, en fase inicial, que adopta principalmente estrategias tecnológicas y sostenibles. Además, se destaca que la gobernanza turística y la construcción de indicadores sonfactores claves para el éxito de los destinos inteligentes.
Esta investigación analiza la visión de los stakeholders sobre los destinos turísticos inteligentes, fundado en la metodología de Sociedad Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas, S.A. (SEGITTUR), teniendo como estudio de caso Marbella, municipio perteneciente a la provincia de Málaga (España). A fin de alcanzar los objetivos planteados, fue utilizada la metodología cualitativa, a través de las técnicas de observación directa y realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas con agentes del turismo-directos e indirectos-de la ciudad. Las opiniones de los entrevistados se han categorizado de forma inductiva a partir de las redes sistémicas de ideas y pensamientos, por medio de un análisis de contenido. Los resultados demuestran que Marbella presenta características de un destino turístico inteligente, sin embargo, le hace falta cumplir, de manera más amplia, con todas las dimensiones o ejes metodológicos de SEGITTUR: la tecnología, la innovación, la accesibilidad y la sostenibilidad. Se concluye que Marbella es considerada un Smart Tourism Destination, en fase inicial, que adopta principalmente estrategias tecnológicas y sostenibles. Además, se destaca que la gobernanza turística y la construcción de indicadores son factores claves para el éxito de los destinos inteligentes.
As cities become increasingly complex, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) bring smartness into organisations and communities, contributing to a more competitive tourism destination, i.e., smart tourism destinations. Enhanced information access coupled with a new kind of tourists avid for online content and predisposed to share information on social media, allows for a better understanding of tourist behaviour regarding their spatial distribution in urban destinations. Thus, smart tourism portrays individuals as information makers, refining the available alternatives for tracking their location. Big data analytics is a technology with the potential to develop Smart City services. From the analysis of the spatial distribution of tourists in the city of Lisbon based on data collected from the ‘Panoramio’ social network, we identify the most popular places in the city in a context of tourist visits. This new data largely contributes to understanding the consumption of space within urban tourist destinations and therefore enables us to differentiate the overcrowded places from the ones with potential to grow. This allows decision-makers to imagine new ways of planning and managing towards a sustainable ‘smart’ future.
Over the past decade, the advent of new technology has brought about the emergence of smart cities aiming to provide their stakeholders with technology-based solutions that are effective and efficient. Insofar as the objective of smart cities is to improve outcomes that are connected to people, systems and processes of businesses, government and other public- and private-sector entities, its main goal is to improve the quality of life of all residents. Accordingly, smart tourism has emerged over the past few years as a subset of the smart city concept, aiming to provide tourists with solutions that address specific travel related needs. Dubai is an emerging tourism destination that has implemented smart city and smart tourism platforms to engage various stakeholders. The objective of this study is to identify best practices related to Dubai’s smart city and smart tourism. In so doing, Dubai’s mission and vision along with key dimensions and pillars are identified in relation to the advancements in the literature while highlighting key resources and challenges. A Smart Tourism Dynamic Responsive System (STDRS) framework is proposed while suggesting how Dubai may able to enhance users’ involvement and their overall experience.
Given recent developments in information and communication technology, the number of individual tourists enjoying free travel without the advice of travel agencies is increasing. Therefore, such tourists can visit more tourist destinations and create more complex movement patterns than mass tourists. These tourist movement patterns are a key factor in understanding tourist behavior and they contain various information that is important for tourism marketers. In this vein, this study aims to investigate tourist movement patterns in Europe. We acquired 122 data points from posts on the NAVER blog, which is the most famous social media platform in Korea. These data were transformed into matrix data for social network analysis and analyzed for centrality. The results suggest that Korean backpackers in Europe tend to enter Europe through London and Paris. Venezia and Firenze are also key cities.
The tourism industry is currently facing many challenges; one of the main challenges is the lack of having smart tourism systems that make use of the recent advances in information and communication technology. Another challenge is designing such smart tourism systems while embracing diversified tourists’ sustainable values of experience (functional values, social values, emotional values, and epistemic values). In light of these challenges, the overall objective of this work is to design a smart tourism experience-centered system that considers social and technical perspectives. The Socio-Technical Systems theory was adopted as a theoretical foundation, and the Design Science Research methodology was used to develop a smart tourism system and a practical design artifact. A case study from the Japanese tourism context was studied by exploring tourists’ sustainable values of experiences and local staffs’ behaviors. The main problem was the dysfunctional communication between local service staffs and foreign tourists during the service process. After identifying the problem and the objectives, a relevant smart tourism system was synthesized and tested as a design artifact. The results of the utility test of the proposed artifact showed its effectiveness and efficiency in facilitating the service process and in creating multi-dimensional values of experience.
Recent developments in destination management suggest that administrative divisions may be misleading as a unit of decision making for tourism planning and management, since they may comprise several areas with different tourism functionality. Identifying homogenous areas of tourism activity and delimiting their boundaries can enhance the utility of information for smart management purposes. The objective of this paper is to highlight the relevance of the geographical dimension of smart destinations by showing how functional areas can be delimited and how this smaller unit of analysis can improve destination management in the new context of improved availability of data and smart decisions supported by technology. The paper illustrates its key ideas with an application to the island of Gran Canaria.
This paper is focused on the concept of business ecosystem, which is a relatively new field in management research. Furthermore, there is a second emerging research approach in social sciences named “complexity theory” that considers ecosystems, and business ecosystems, as complex adaptive systems. The main aim is to connect both by bringing new insights under the basis of a smart vision of tourism. In particular, we propose a theoretical discussion of the aforementioned concepts by applying them to the specific context of Industrial Heritage Management. The Industrial Heritage (i.e.: mining sites, old infrastructures, museums and historic places related to industry…) is chosen because it appears well representative: it is characterized by a complex and dynamic structure which consists of an interconnected population of stakeholders and several tangible and intangible resources to recover, organize and then manage. It follows that the management of this ecosystem should take into account many factors simultaneously. Based also on the emergent initiative of Smart
Tourism, a conceptual model is presented, in which each component is explained and the focal complexity aspects appearing in this business ecosystem are highlighted. We conclude with a set of propositions for recommending new paths for future studies.
The city of the future seems to be necessarily “intelligent” both in its physical and in functional features.This paper starts from the consideration that the diffusion of new communication technologies (ICTs) is significantly changing the urban supply system of tourist services giving rise to new ways of enjoying the city.As tourism can be assumed as an urban activity, by a town planning point of view, the study of tourism is meaningful to identify development trajectories of the present cities targeted to sustainable and smarter models.As a matter of fact, almost all the projects to get a “smart city” are based on the idea of joining the potentialities of ICTs and the needs of urban management through people living or using the city.In such a vision, “tourist dimension” of the city becomes fundamental in promoting urban image as well as in improving efficiency of the city. This efficiency also depends on the capability of each city to share historical and cultural heritage as “common good”.As tourist demand has deeply changed also driven by technological development, this paper tries to investigate how the urban supply will change in order to meet the rising demand of quality and efficiency. The transition to smart tourist destination currently seems to be strongly connected with the number and the variety of apps to improve the “experiential component”. A lack of interest there seems to be in finding strategies and policies oriented to plan the urban supply of services tourist or not.This consideration, if shared, opens up new perspectives for research and experimentation in which city planning could have a key-role also in proposing an holistic approach to city development towards smart city.
In the last years, destinations have started to redefine their role and their entrepreneurial logics, involving tourists as active co-creators of their own experiences and considering new technologies as the main tools for defining tourism products. It implies the birth of a new kind of destinations, the smart tourism destinations (STDs), in which new technologies are so extensively embedded to influence tourism experiences, enhance destinations’ competitiveness and favour tourism development projects. Starting from these considerations, the main purpose of this paper is to contribute to the recent debate on innovation in tourism, by proposing an interpretative framework able to explain the way in which technological components in a STD may improve the co-creation of tourism experiences. Empirical analysis on two European STD best practices, Venice and Salzburg, conducted triangulating qualitative methods, reveals that the smart approach adopted by STDs improves the co-creation of tourism experiences by encouraging the interaction with tourists, increasing their active participation during the experience, and promoting the sharing of the experience among the tourists themselves. The paper provides interesting insights for destination managers and policy makers on how they should use innovative technologies in STDs to improve the experience co-creation.
The article starts from the consideration that tourism, for the size it has assumed and for its role in the economies, can be considered an "urban phenomenon"; as such, it needs adequate governance processes, politics and tools in order to reduce impacts on the organization of cities and urban livability in general. The emerging paradigm of “Smart City” is an opportunity to reconsider the current mechanisms of government and planning of the cities, but it needs a holistic approach that goes beyond the one applied per parts that still seems to prevail in the declination of the components of urban smartness (economy, mobility, environment, people, living, governance). At present, the technological component seems to prevail probably due to the ease of diffusion of the instruments, rather than an innovation of the processes. Promotion initiatives seems to concentrate exclusively on the city branding, rather than on initiatives to make cities able to support an additional urban load expressed by the tourism demand. Yet, potentialities of the application of new technologies could strengthen the decisional role in defining adequate urban policies to manage urban tourism and to optimize urban supply of services and facilities. However, at present, urban smartness for tourism seems to be concentrated on the amount of apps available to enhance the use of specific resources or, more rarely, of the urban mobility systems. Both the “big data” and the “open data” revolution, in Italy, do not yet seem to have achieved the hoped results, and the availability of data to allow appropriate management actions, is still one of the main difficulties for those involved in the analysis and quantification of the phenomenon. In addition, the numerous rankings on urban smartness refer to the prevalence of one component on the others, failing to consider the complexity of the urban system and of tourism, in particular. With these premises, the article tries to underline how tourism could be the object of urban policies and strategies aimed at reducing impacts on the city.
The smart city strategy is an inevitable trend in the future development of Chinese cities. The smart tourism city is an important part and a practical attempt of the smart city
strategy. The China National Tourism Administration has officially announced "Beautiful China: 2014 Year of Smart Travel" as tourism theme. Thus, huge development opportunities are in store for the future of smart tourism. This strategy attempts to
combine the Internet of Things (IoT) technology with the development of the smart tourism industry and smart tourism cities. Many Chinese scholars stated their ideas on the
technological structure of IoT and the extension of smart tourism industries. At the same time, many Chinese cities have attempted to combine IoT and smart tourism. There is a trend of embedding Application of Tourism IoT in China’s Scenic Spots. Smart tourism
should build an IoT information technology public platform, covering service management to marketing management. The emerging smart tourism industry fits China’s economic growth and industrial transformation. Based on these developments,
this research determines the current status and development potential of smart tourism in China, and offers recommendations for their applications in China.
Smart tourism is a new buzzword applied to describe the increasing reliance of tourism destinations, their industries and their tourists on emerging forms of ICT that allow for massive amounts of data to be transformed into value propositions. However, it remains ill-defined as a concept , which hinders its theoretical development. The paper defines smart tourism, sheds light on current smart tourism trends, and then lays out its technological and business foundations. This is followed by a brief discussion on the prospects and drawbacks of smart tourism. The paper further draws attention to the great need for research to inform smart tourism development and management.
Using digital ecosystems and smart business networks as conceptual building blocks, this paper defines, describes and illustrates the idea of a smart tourism ecosystem (STE). It further draws on conceptualizations of smart technologies, smart cities and smart tourism to envision new ways in which value is created, exchanged and consumed in the STE. Technologies essential to the functioning of an STE are described and it is argued that data emerging from these technologies are the driver for new business models, interaction paradigms and even new species. Critical questions regarding the need for regulatory intervention and innovative research are raised.
The winds of Korean pop culture swept across China, Japan, and other South Asian countries, and this leads to a variety of economic and socio-cultural impacts. The Korean wave exemplifies the creative economy; creativity becomes an economic activity. Similarly, many Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) cater intangible products regarding the destination (e.g. information and images) via websites, and become a major information channel for the destination. Assuming that the official website of DMO positively affects the potential tourists' decision-making process, this paper will consider the co-relation between the qualities of the destination website and the intention to continuous use, and the subsequent effects on the intention to visit the destination. To prove the hypotheses, the modified IS success model was developed combining the information system (IS) success model with the expectation–confirmation model, and conducted a survey with the potential tourists who already have used the destination website, but have never visited Korea. The results show that all the hypotheses were supported, and that information quality, in particular, has the greatest effect on confirmation. Based on these findings, we present the theoretical and practical implications from the perspective of creative economy with suggestions for future research.
The term 'smart' represents a marketing word for all things that are embedded or enhanced by technology. One smart concept, which has gained momentum in recent years, is Smart City. It mainly focuses on how to increase the quality of life of citizens by using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). This paper aims to explore which dimensions except technology are critical for the development of a Smart City and a Smart Tourism Destination. Following a multiple case study approach, this paper develops a framework for smartness in cities and tourism destinations. This exploratory research argues that leadership, innovation, and social capital supported by human capital are the fundamental constructs of smartness. Technology applications and ICTs are enablers, which support the core constructs of smart destinations. Results open the ground for discussing how to transpose 'smartness' to tourism and destination levels.
China's “smart tourism destination” initiative has sparked some research interests lately. This essay suggests taking the service-dominant logic as an alternative angle to understand the rationale and implications of smart tourism development in China.
The global positioning system (GPS)-enabled mobile phones provide the location-based tourist guide applications for indoor or outdoor environment. In this paper, we develop the location-based audio tour guide system using speech synthesis provided by the server-based text-to-speech (TTS) engine. The mobile audio guide travel application provides real-time tour information in multilingual versions at the major tourist attractions. The developed audio tour guide system is consisted of the tour guide service system, the wiki-based tourist information collection system, the tour information DB, the server-based TTS engine, and Android and IOS mobile apps. The developed tourist guide system is very helpful for tourists and enhancing self-guided tours of outdoor locations. The audio tour guide services also provide safe and comfortable route and path guidance for pedestrians and handicapped or elderly people. One of the essential components for an audio guide system is the geotagging tour information. We are building the location-based tour information DB and photos for smart audio tour guide in the major walking tourist spots in Jeju and Seoul.
Even at an early stage, diverse big data have been applied to tourism research and made an amazing improvement. This paper might be the first attempt to present a comprehensive literature review on different types of big data in tourism research. By data sources, the tourism-related big data fall into three primary categories: UGC data (generated by users), including online textual data and online photo data; device data (by devices), including GPS data, mobile roaming data, Bluetooth data, etc.; transaction data (by operations), including web search data, webpage visiting data, online booking data, etc. Carrying different information, different data types address different tourism issues. For each type, a systematical analysis is conducted from the perspectives of research focuses, data characteristics, analytic techniques, major challenges and further directions. This survey facilitates a thorough understanding of this sunrise research and offers valuable insights into its future prospects.
The purpose of this article is to analyze how tourist municipalities in the state of Paraná understand and consider the importance of the concept of smart tourism destinations (STD) for their management. The study is justified by the relevance of the theme for destination management, considering the importance of new technology for tourism development. The originality of the study is twofold: the approach to the topic of smart tourism destinations in the context of the state of Paraná and the data collection method, coming from a country (Spain) that is a reference in the studies of smart tourism destinations. With the contribution of the theoretical framework it was possible to understand the concepts that permeate the smart tourism destinations, such as tourist destinations, destination management, information and communication technologies (ICT). This understanding was the base for the analysis carried out in the article. A mixed-method approach was adopted, since the quantitative and qualitative results were analyzed and validated through the pairing with the concepts discussed in the theoretical framework. The data collection instrument was designed by the University Institute for Tourism Research, University of Alicante, Spain, and adapted to the reality of the municipalities of Paraná, aiming to cover a spectrum of responses consistent with the perceived reality, the population of the study comprised 224 municipalities, of which 76 answers were obtained. As main results, we highlight that municipalities understand the concept and its importance for management, however, none of the destinations has governmental structures (regulatory frameworks), basic infrastructure or sufficient information to become, in coming years, smart tourism destinations
The paper is concerned with tourist behavior when selecting a tourist destination to visit in the age of smart tourism associated with modern information communication technologies. The theory of planned behavior is applied in a study of the issues with particular reference to Isfahan which is a very popular tourist center in Iran and one where technological innovations are being introduced to facilitate tourism. Results reveal that tourist attitude significantly and directly affects intention to travel to a smart destination while behavioral control does not have such an effect. Tourist beliefs and subjective norms are additionally found to positively influence visit intention and destination selection. Smartness emerges as an important force in shaping demand, to which the tourism industry must be responsive and attempt to ensure suitable provision. The research enhances knowledge and understanding of these aspects of the smart tourism phenomenon, the literature about which is still relatively limited, and further work is recommended.
The impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on tourism and their foreseeable future evolution seem to be shaping a new scenario for destination management. This new context has given rise to the need for new management models. One of these models is the emerging smart tourism destination (STD), although it requires greater conceptual precision in order to become a new paradigm for destination management. This paper proposes a systemic model for STDs which facilitates the interpretation of the role of ICTs in the management of tourism destinations. Accordingly, the Delphi technique has been applied so as to determine the opinion of experts regarding the feasibility of the STD approach, its advantages and limitations and also the size of the impact of ICTs on the management and marketing of tourism destinations. This prospective exercise highlights the intensification of the impact of ICTs over the coming years which will shape a new scenario for management characterised by technology and data management. However, the efficiency of the STD approach will not depend exclusively only on technology but also on an appropriate governance of the destination that systematically incorporates the three levels of the STD, namely the strategic–relational, instrumental and applied levels.
The paper reviews the evolution of key tourism destination concepts, with the aim to emphasize the extent of changes that occurred in understanding the term ‘destination’ over the past decades. A special emphasis is placed on the concept of smart tourism destinations, since this is a recent concept that strongly relies on the systemic concept, and represents a completely different understanding of a destination, as opposed to the traditional concept. The digital revolution has led to the emergence of concept of smart destinations in which knowledge and information are accessible to all stakeholders, facilitating them to carry out continuous innovation of their activities, as much as possible. Without using digital technologies enabling adequate public–private–consumer collaboration, it is almost impossible nowadays to achieve successful market valorization of destinations’ geographical attributes.
The purpose of this paper is to present a platform that uses social media as a data source to support the decisions of policymakers in the context of smart tourism destinations initiatives. The proposed platform was implemented and tested during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In total were analyzed 7.5 million tweets. The results show that it is possible to identify the nationality, language of the posts, points of agglomeration and concentration of visitors. Overall the initial results suggest that data collected from Twitter posts can be applicable to the effective management of smart tourism destinations.
The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model of smart tourism destination competitiveness
for providing implications in terms of smart tourism destination realization and smart tourism destination competitiveness development. A literature review about previous research with the subjects of tourism destination competitiveness and smart tourism destination is performed. A conceptual model is suggested based on the model of destination competitiveness developed by Crouch and Ritchie (1999). The suggested conceptual model integrates the traditional concepts of comparative advantages and competitive advantages, seven core resources and attractors, and five destination management factors. Smart technology is added as a new core resource and attractor in the model. This study is the first to comprehensively conceptualize smart tourism destination competitiveness. Moreover, there is a practical value in the sense that focusing on the convergence between smart technology and other factors.
Smart tourism has become increasingly popular in mainland China. Different types of events and activities have been classified as smart tourism, leading to the misuse of the term. What, then, is smart tourism? How to define it? Although researchers have defined the term, there has not been any consensus on a widely accepted interpretation. The definition provided by this study emphasizes smart tourism as an individual tourist support system within the context of information services and an all-encompassing technology. This paper compares the characteristics of both traditional tourist information services and those incorporated in smart tourism. Based on the concepts, recommendations are provided and future research/industrial directions are discussed. For the Chinese tourism market, smart tourism represents a new direction implying a significant influence on tourist destinations, enterprises, and also tourists themselves.
Purpose
– Grounded in service-dominant (S-D) logic, the purpose of this paper is to explore the core components of smartness to present a framework for the development of the smart tourism destination.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper explores the core components of smartness through case study analysis of well-established smart cities.
Findings
– The paper conceptualises smartness and argues ICT, leadership, innovation and social capital supported by human capital are core components of smartness. Although ICT is a critical enabler for smart tourism destinations, it is insufficient on its own to introduce smartness. The combination of hard and soft smartness components within a S-D logic ecosystem structure holds the potential for sustained competitive advantage and enhancement of quality of life of both residents and tourists in smart tourism destinations.
Originality/value
– The paper extends the application of S-D logic to the context of smart tourism destinations, specifically to examine the smartness concept as a means for competitiveness in tourism destinations.
This paper deals with smart tourism practices and innovative tools supporting cultural heritage, with the aim of evaluating their potential in the Italian scenery. In particular, it evaluates the theoretical and methodological implications of the Smart City paradigm, above all in the tourism sector, as well as analysing the results of data, indexes and good practices related to Italian smart tourism. Furthermore, it provides an innovative methodological approach named STeMA, used within different UE-funded projects with the aim of promoting integrated, strategic and competitive tourism management plans thanks to the development of ICTs.
The utilization of Information Technology (IT) is spreading in tourism industry with explosive growth of Internet, Social Network Service (SNS) through smart phone applications. Especially, since intensive information has high value on tourism area, IT is becoming a crucial factor in the tourism industry. The smart tourism is explained as an holistic approach that provide tour information, service related to travel, such as destination, food, transportation, reservation, travel guide, conveniently to tourists through IT devices. In our research, we focus on the Korea Tourism Organization's (KTO's) smart tourism case. This research concentrates on the necessity and effectiveness of smart tourism which delivers travel information in real-time base. Also, our study overview how KTO's IT operation manages each channel, website, SNS, applications and finally suggests the smart tourism's future direction for the successful realization.
Smart tourism is a social phenomenon arising from the convergence of information technology with the tourism experience. New ways of doing business, new patterns of experience and new problems concerning tourism destination image management and marketing are emerging due to the ubiquitous presence and influence of the internet and mobile devices. New conceptual tools are also available to enable researchers to further understand the social implications as well as the practical implementation of these new virtual and augmented smart tourism ecosystems. To this effect this paper introduces the constructivist paradigm and associated research methodologies as another toolbox for interpreting how smart tourism works as a form of soft power. The implications revealed by constructivism are that through smart tourism ecosystems, destination commodification and commoditization, experience and image formation are increasingly self-perpetuating , autonomous and organic social constructions. Researchers in information technology can use con-structivist research to further explore these dynamic developments in smart tourism.
In academia, as well in the industry, there is currently an increasing interest in the concept of smart tourism destinations. Specifically, there is widespread recognition of the role that ICTs, the Internet of Things and Cloud Computing play in providing instruments and platforms to facilitate the dissemination of information and knowledge among stakeholders, thus enhancing innovation and destination competitiveness. Despite that, not much research exists that aims at understanding the processes of information and knowledge transfer, sharing, and conversion in smart tourism destinations. This paper seeks to deepen the scientific debate around this topic by applying a network analytic approach to the cases of three tourism destinations. Findings reveal that effective knowledge-based destination management studies should consider both the virtual and the real components of the network structure of the destination. Contributions to the body of knowledge and managerial implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are given.
The notion of Smart City is focused on Information and Communication Technology infrastructure deployment and on permanent citizens. With the aim of developing the Internet of Things and the concept of Smart in the field of tourism, it is necessary to conceptually switch the existing approaches from the infrastructure-oriented development to service-oriented development. For this purpose, the main focus has to be put on travellers, which are considered short-time citizens. Thus, the concept of Smart Destination described in this paper is based on the notion of Smart City with precise emphasis on the need to converge and integrate smart city infrastructure in service design for visitors. Smart destinations are about how technology can help destinations become a better place to suit citizens’ and visitors’ needs. The proposed conceptual framework sets the ground for the development of a new research area in the field of tourism.
The concept of smart city is getting more and more relevant for both academics and policy makers. Despite this, there is still confusion about what a smart city is, as several similar terms are often used interchangeably. This paper aims at clarifying the meaning of the word “smart” in the context of cities through an approach based on an in-depth literature review of relevant studies as well as official documents of international institutions. It also identifies the main dimensions and elements characterizing a smart city. The different metrics of urban smartness are reviewed to show the need for a shared definition of what constitutes a smart city, which are its features, and how it performs in comparison to traditional cities. Furthermore, performance measures and initiatives in a few smart cities are identified.
A framework for itinerary personalization in cultural tourism of smart cities
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