Assessment of Water Quality along Greater Zab River within Iraqi Lands

Abstract

Assessment of WAter QuAlity Along greAter ZAb river Within irAQi lAnds extended AbstrAct Con il presente studio si è inteso valutare la qualità delle acque del fiume Greater Zab (GZR-Greater Zab River), il maggiore e più importante affluente del fiume Tigri , per il quale contribusce a circa il 40% del volume totale di acqua, costituendo un grande bacino idrografico di estrema rilevanza per l'utenza civile. A partire dalle aree vicino al lago Van in Turchia, dove il F. Greater Zab nasce, il GZR rappresenta il recapito di numerosi corsi d'acqua compresi quelli della regione del Kurdistan iracheno attraverso il quale scorre fino a confluire nel fiume Tigri, a circa 40 km a sud della città di Mosul. nel suo percorso il GZR interessa diverse formazioni geologiche, la maggior parte delle quali costituite da rocce carbonatiche composte da calcite e dolomite, fortemente solubili per effetto delle precipitazioni. Pertanto gli affluenti maggiori (i fiumi Shamdinan, Haji Beg, Rawandooz e Khazir-Gomal), oltre a decine di piccoli affluenti e torrenti stagionali, confluiscono e si riversano nella valle principale del GZR, trsportando i prodotti dell'erosione di queste rocce come ioni solubili. le fluttuazioni nella concentrazione dei principali cationi e anioni sono dovute all'effetto dell'alimentazione idrica di affluenti e torrenti, alla tipologia delle rocce esposte e all'effetto dell'erosione chimica sulle rocce e sul suolo che ne deriva. il presente studio ha mostrato, attraverso i risultati dell'analisi chimica dei principali cationi {(Ca 2+ = 58-41) mg/l, (Mg 2+ = 18,5-33) mg/l, (na + = 3-7 mg/l, (K + = 1,6-2,5) mg/l} e anioni {(HCO 3-= 181-214) mg/l, SO 4 = = 39-64) mg/l, Cl-= 4-12) mg/l, nO 3-= 5-32) mg/l}, oltre alla misura del pH (7,1-7,4), della conducibilità elettrica (EC = 471-587 µs/cm), dei sali disciolti totali (TDS = 250-310 mg/l) , della durezza totale (TH = 168-244) mg/l) e della torbidità (Tr. = 7,3-16,1 nTu), che l'acqua del GZR rientra nei limiti fissati dall'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità come idonea per scopi potabili, mediante l'utilizzo dell' indice di qualità WQi. Con un WQi compreso tra 26,71 e 39,84, l'acqua del GZR è valutata come acqua buona, ed è considerata acqua dolce, potabile ed idonea all'uso civile (tenendo conto del trattamento del fattore di torbidità con l'acqua, come attualmente applicato). inoltre, in base agli standard di percentuale di sodio (SSP = 2,41-6,26), del rapporto di adsorbimento di sodio, (SAR = 0,08-0,2), della quantità di carbonato di sodio residuo (RSBC =-1,92-0,96) e della percentuale di magnesio (MAR = 34,53-55,82), l'acqua del GZR è risultata anche idonea all'utilizzo in agricoltura e conseguentemente all'irrigazione: la percentuale di sodio per tutti i campioni è inferiore al 60%, con una percentuale di adsorbimento sodico che non supera il valore di 2.5, quindi l'acqua è classificata a basso contenuto di sodio (S1) e non è stato rilevato alcun effetto sulla quantità di carbonato di sodio residuo, poiché in tutti i campioni risulta inferiore a 1,25 meq/l. in conclusione l'acqua del GZR è classificata ottima per l'uso irriguo, perché i valori di CE e na% sono inferiori rispettivamente a 1000 e 60, ed è ulteriormente classificata come buona per l'irrigazione in base ai valori di EC e SAR che collocano l'acqua del GZR nel campo C2-S, oltre ad essere, secondo l'American Salinity laboratory, un'acqua adatta anche a quasi tutte le colture, in quanto in base ai valori SAR e MAR è considerata di classe S1. in generale è possibile affermare che l'acqua del Grat Zab River (GZR) influisce sulla qualità dell'acqua del fiume Tigri poichè, a valle della confluenza dei due fiumi, si registra una diminuzione delle concentrazioni di cationi e anioni nell'acqua del fiume Tigri. AbstrAct The current study examined the assessment of the waters of the Greater Zab River GZR because it represents the most important and largest tributary of the Tigris River due to its participation in about 40% of the Tigris River water and because it is a large basin and catchment area. The GZR consists of the gathering of streams, starting from the areas near lake Van, and then entering iraqi lands in the Kurdistan region towards the Tigris River. it passes through several geological formations, most of which are containing carbonate rocks composed of calcite and dolomite, which have solubility due to the effect of rainwater. Therefore, several streams gather and empty into the main valley GZR carrying the weathering products of these rocks as soluble ions. it was found through chemical analyzes of the main cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , na + , K +) and anions (HCO 3-, SO 4= , Cl-, nO 3-), as well as measuring the pH, electrical conductivity (E.c.), total dissolved salts (TDS), total hardness (TH) and turbidity (Tr.), The GZR waterfalls within the natural limits set by the World Health Organization for drinking purposes through the use of the water quality index (WQi) as well as its suitability for agricultural purposes according to the standards of Sodium Percentage (SSP), Sodium Adsorption Ratio, (SAR), and the amount of Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). As well as, the percentage of magnesium (MAR).

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Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it
DOI: 10.4408/IJEGE.2021-01.O-01
Al-YouzbAkeY(*)(*)
(*) University of Mosul - Dams and Water Resources Research Center - Mosul, Iraq

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY ALONG GREATER ZAB RIVER
WITHIN IRAQI LANDS
EXTENDED ABSTRACT

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
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

  


  






      


Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it
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K. T. AL-Y OUZ BAK EY & A. M. SUL AIMAN
ABSTRACT
        
          
          

      
 
         
       
        
    
    

         
2+2+++-

        
          
       
           
        
       
         

Keywords: Greater Zab River, water quality, water assessment, water
utilization, Tigris River, rivers in Iraq
INTRODUCTION
         

   


 
        
         
      
 et alii  et alii


     
        
         
         
       
    et alii 
et alii
      
     
et
alii,   
         
    
         
   

         

       

    
 


        

    2       
et alii
         
2
          
   
         
        

  et alii
et alii
         

 
        
    
      et alii 
  
        
        

         
 
            
            
       



         
          
      
     

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Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY ALONG GREATER ZAB RIVER WITHIN IRAQI LANDS
 
     
    


           


   

       
         
      
         
    

  


         

       
         
       
       
et alii
         
         
          
         

  


         
         


et alii    
         
    

          
        



&
Fig. 1 - Location map and sampling of Greater Zab River

Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it
K. T. AL-Y OUZ BAK EY & A. M. SUL AIMAN
          




    


     
   
et alii
MATERIALS AND METHODS

  
          


       
        




    2+ 2+ 
-  -  
  + +     
   
=  
-  




 
et alii
          


et alii




       
(et aliiet alii&

Water quality scale Quality of water
 
 
 
 
 
    
Qi : 100 X (Vm - Vi) / (Vs - Vi) ……
Qi: 

Vm :       
.
Vi: 


Vs:
Wi = .
Wi:








(&
SSP = Na+ X 100% / (Na++K++ Ca2++Mg2+)   
SAR = Na+/(( Ca2++Mg2+)/2)0.5    
RSBC = (CO32- + HCO3-) - ( Ca2++Mg2+)  
MAR = Mg2+ X 100 / ( Ca2++Mg2+)    
Tab. 1 - Location and ordinations of the samples.
Tab. 2 - Water Quality Index (WQI) scale for drinking water (
&, 2018)
Sample
No.
 - -
Great Zab River
GZW1   
GZW2   
GZW3   
GZW4   
GZW5   
GWZ6   
GZW7   
GZW8   
GZW9   
GZW10   
GZW11   
GZW12   
GZW13   
GZW14   
GZW15   
GZW16   
GZW17   
GZW18 Al’Adiah  
Tributaries
GZT1   
GZT2   
GZT3   
GZT4   
GZT5 –  

Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it 
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY ALONG GREATER ZAB RIVER WITHIN IRAQI LANDS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  
     

       
   
          
     


   

   





         
         
          
  


        


       
     

      

    

  

  
        
       
& 







Fig. 2 - Cation concentrations along GZR
Fig. 3 - Anion concentrations along GZR
Tab. 3 - Physical parameters of the Greater Zab river
Samp.
No.
pH
(unit)
E.C
(µs/cm)
T.D.S
(mg/l)
T.H
(mg/l)
Tur.
(NTU)
GWZ1     
GWZ2     
GWZ3     
GWZ4     
GZW5      
GWZ6      
GZW7      
GZW8      
GZW9      
GZW10      
GZW11     
GZW12     
GZW13     
GZW14     
GZW15     225 
GZW16     
GZW17     
GZW18     
GZT1     
GZT2     
GZT3     
GZT4     
GZT5     
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
GZW1
GZW2
GZW3
GZW4
GZW5
GWZ6
GZW7
GZW8
GZW9
GZW10
GZW11
GZW12
GZW13
GZW14
GZW15
GZW16
GZW17
GZW18
Concentrations (mg.l-1)
Stations
Ca Mg Na K
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Figure 2: cation concentrations along GZR.
0
50
100
150
200
250
GZW1
GZW2
GZW3
GZW4
GZW5
GWZ6
GZW7
GZW8
GZW9
GZW10
GZW11
GZW12
GZW13
GZW14
GZW15
GZW16
GZW17
GZW18
Concentrations (mg.l-1)
Stations
HCO3 SO4 Cl NO3
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Figure 3: Anion concentrations along GZR.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
GZW1
GZW2
GZW3
GZW4
GZW5
GWZ6
GZW7
GZW8
GZW9
GZW10
GZW11
GZW12
GZW13
GZW14
GZW15
GZW16
GZW17
GZW18
Concentrations (mg.l-1)
Stations
Ca Mg Na K
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Figure 2: cation concentrations along GZR.
0
50
100
150
200
250
GZW1
GZW2
GZW3
GZW4
GZW5
GWZ6
GZW7
GZW8
GZW9
GZW10
GZW11
GZW12
GZW13
GZW14
GZW15
GZW16
GZW17
GZW18
Concentrations (mg.l-1)
Stations
HCO3 SO4 Cl NO3
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Figure 3: Anion concentrations along GZR.

Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it

K. T. AL-Y OUZ BAK EY & A. M. SUL AIMAN
          
       
          
         


   

        
         
   
      
   
     


 

       
         
         
          



 
         

   

       
           
         
       
        
           
       
(
        
       
         



      
         
       






    



   
(
   
         
    
          
   

    
     



       


     
        
   
   
      

     
       
          
        

    
 et alii
Fig. 4 - The relationship of E.C. vs TDS in GZR water
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T.D.S. (mg.l-1)
E.C. (µS.cm-1)

Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it 
     



        
           
           

      
      
    
         
       
          
 


(et alii

     
          



     
         


 



     
&        
 
    
    
       
       
        
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY ALONG GREATER ZAB RIVER WITHIN IRAQI LANDS
Tab. 4 - Chemical analysis of cations and anions (mg.l-1) of the Grea-
ter Zab water.
Fig. 5 - The +ve relationship between calcium and bicarbonate ions
Fig. 6 - The relationship between calcium and magnesium ions
Fig. 7 - The +ve relation between Sodium and Chloride ions
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
20 40 60 80
Mg2+ (mg.l-1)
Ca2+ (mg.l-1)
River
Tributaries
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
02468
Cl-(mg.l-1)
Na+(mg.l-1)
River
Treibutaries
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
100 150 200 250
Ca2+ (mg.l-1)
HCO3-(mg.l-1)
River
Tributaries
Samp.
No.
Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K + HCO3- SO4= Cl- NO3-
GWZ1        25
GWZ2        
GWZ3        
GWZ4        
GZW5        5
GWZ6        
GZW7    2    22
GZW8    2    
GZW9        
GZW10        
GZW11        
GZW12        22
GZW13        
GZW14        
GZW15        
GZW16         
GZW17        25
GZW18          
GZT1         
GZT2         
GZT3         
GZT4         
GZT5     2     

K. T. AL-Y OUZ BAK EY & A. M. SUL AIMAN
Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it


         




        
       
&et aliiet
alii  
        
        


    
   

          

          
           
 
          
       
      
         
        

        
      
          

       


(


       

          
  
   

      

 et alii  
        
    

   
   

       
  

           
        

       
         
         
       
       

       
        
       
        

Fig. 8 - The random relationship between bicarbonate and sulfate in
GZR water
Fig. 9 - The relationship between potassium and nitrate
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
150 170 190 210 230 250
SO4=(mg.l-1)
HCO3-(mg.l-1)
River
Tributaries
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 1,5 2 2,5 3
NO3-(mg.l-1)
K+(mg.l-1)
River
Tributaries

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY ALONG GREATER ZAB RIVER WITHIN IRAQI LANDS
Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it 
    



&
    
       
         
         

       
       
        &
  
     

   
et alii
 


 
        

CONCLUSION

          

           
         
   

        
         
        
        
  
et alii
       


   



         

(&
           








 
according to the WHO (2006)
Tab. 6 - The chemical analysis in (meq.l-1)
 -
tion.
Samp.
No. Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ Tota l HCO3- SO4= Cl- NO3- Total
GWZ1     4.74      4.74
GWZ2     5.05      4.61
GWZ3     5.02      4.91
GWZ4     4.60      4.67
GZW5     4.62      4.70
GWZ6     4.79      4.89
GZW7     4.47      4.54
GZW8     4.27      4.34
GZW9     4.65      4.53
GZW10     4.51     4.55
GZW11     4.43     4.63
GZW12     4.45     4.49
GZW13     4.67     4.57
GZW14     4.77     4.72
GZW15     4.82     4.71
GZW16     4.93     4.84
GZW17     4.71     4.68
GZW18     4.84     4.86
GZT1     8.29     7.65
GZT2     4.64     4.44
GZT3     5.18     4.93
GZT4     4.35     4.42
GZT5     5.07     5.23

 WQI SAR SSP RSBC MAR
GWZ1    - 
GWZ2    - 
GWZ3    - 
GWZ4    - 
GZW5    - 
GWZ6    - 
GZW7    - 
GZW8    - 
GZW9    - 
GZW10    - 
GZW11    - 
GZW12    - 
GZW13    - 
GZW14    - 
GZW15    - 
GZW16    - 
GZW17    - 
GZW18    - 
GZT1    - 
GZT2    - 
GZT3    - 
GZT4    - 
GZT5    - 

pH E.C. T.D.S T.H. HCO3- SO4= Cl- NO3- Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+
Vs 8.51400100050040040025050755020055
Wi            


K. T. AL-Y OUZ BAK EY & A. M. SUL AIMAN
Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it
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


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          
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
        



 
REFERENCES
  The Practice Engineering for Environment. Water Analysis.   

Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Greater Zab River, Iraq
10
    Water quality index of delizhiyan Springs and Shawraw river within Soran district Erbil Kurdistan  
3
& Assessment of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking and Agricultural Uses in the Oshnavieh
Area, Northwest of Iran.01
 Water quality and heavy metal concentrations in sediment of Sungai Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia: A
baseline study.38
  Clay mineral diagenesis and red bed colouration: A SEM study of the Gercus
Formation (Middle Eocene), northern Iraq.55
      The Evaluation of Chemical Characterization for Selected Wells Water in Mosul –
Bahshiqa – Shalalat Area, Ninivah Governorate, Northern Iraq.   

   Selecting the Potential Water Harvesting Sites Using Fuzzy GIS-Based Spatial Selecting the Potential
Water Harvesting Sites Using Fuzzy GIS-Based Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation in Salah Al-Din Governorate , Iraq. 
37
No Title
Assessment of Greater-Zab River Water Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes.18
Monitoring Variation of Some Water Quatity Parameters of Greater-Zab River atlfraz Station During Fourteen Months
20
Treatment of Greater-Zab Water by Direct Filtration.

&Analysis of water quality using physico-
chemical parameters Hosahalli Tank in Shimoga District, Karnataka, India11
Geochemistry of Groundwater&Treatise On Geochemistry 

Introduction to Hydrogeology.
&
in the Kurdistan region99
&
and health implications.57
&Establishment of background water quality conditions in the Great Zab
 
77
 Global Hydrology, Processes, resources and environmental management.
&Assessment of the irrigation water quality of River Ganga in Haridwar District India.2 
&Assessment of Physico-Chemical Quality of Ground Water in Some Rural Areas Receiving Industrial Wastewater

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY ALONG GREATER ZAB RIVER WITHIN IRAQI LANDS
Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it 
Discharges in Nagpur District, Maharashtra State, India4 
&Evaluation of Water Quality Index of the Brass River, Bayelsa State, South-South, Nigeria
5 
 The Content and Relations of Mahor, Trace and Rare Earth Elements in Dissolved and suspended Forms in Tigris River Water
between Fishkhaboor and Biji during 2011
Groundwater Dating and Residence-time Measurements.Treatise on
geochemistry
Analysis of Rainfall Drought Periods in the North of Iraq Using Standard Precipitation Index (SPI)
18
          
16
Natural and drinking water quality in Erbil, Kurdistan3
&Physical and Chemical Status of Drinking Water from Water Treatment Plants on Greater
Zab River.13 
 Evaluation of Water Quality for Greater Zab River by Principal Component Analysis / Factor Analysis
57 
Geomorphology and morphometry of the Greater Zab River Basin, north of Iraq. 9 
Ground Water Hydrology
 Evaluating Raw and treated water quality of Greater Zab River within Erbil city by index analysis.
3
Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index.1 
&Assessment of Coastal Water Quality through Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index
around Visakhapatnam, Bay of Bengal, India.4 
Guideline for drinking water quality
Received March 2021 - Accepted June 2021

Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it

K. T. AL-Y OUZ BAK EY & A. M. SUL AIMAN
Appendix I
Qi ph E.C. T.D.S T.H. Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ HCO3- SO4= Cl- NO3-
GWZ1             
GWZ2             
GWZ3             
GWZ4             
GZW5             
GWZ6             
GZW7             
GZW8             
GZW9             
GZW10            
GZW11            
GZW12            
GZW13            
GZW14            
GZW15            
GZW16            
GZW17            
GZW18            
GZT1            
GZT2            
GZT3            
GZT4            
GZT5            
Appendix II
Qi*Wi ph E.C. T.D.S. T.H. Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ HCO3- SO4= Cl- NO3- Total
GWZ1               
GWZ2               
GWZ3               
GWZ4               
GZW5               
GWZ6               
GZW7               
GZW8               
GZW9               
GZW10             
GZW11             
GZW12             
GZW13             
GZW14             
GZW15             
GZW16             
GZW17             
GZW18             
GZT1              
GZT2              
GZT3              
GZT4              
GZT5              
*MAHMOOD (2013)


Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1 (2021) © Sapienza Università Editrice www.ijege.uniroma1.it
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY ALONG GREATER ZAB RIVER WITHIN IRAQI LANDS
Appendix III
 2+ 2+ +k+ -So2- - 

   22     

    2    

    2 0   
*MAHMOOD (2013)