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Poverty and Crime in Young People From Children Protection Centers
Abstract
Young people who are in a situation of residential care are considered to be in a condition of multidimensional poverty. Research aims to achieve the following general objectives: first, to identify the level of delinquency of young people and its determining factors and, second, to propose strategies and programs. This research will follow a two-stage research process in which different research methods will be applied. Along with the main results, the authors point out that the most frequent crimes refer to these youngsters getting involved in gang fights; alcohol consumption; in attacking classmates, parents, and teachers; they steal money and or other objects from the collaborating family; they consume pornography and go out to discotheques, pubs, and nightclubs. In the educational field, although they are dedicated to their education, they obtain very low grades. They only participate moderately in sports activities and have very low participation in religious services; furthermore, the young men have a moderately high level of belief in the legal system.
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Resumen El propósito de este artículo es discutir las diversas estrategias utilizadas por Sampson y Laub (1993; Laub y Sampson, 2003) para integrar datos cuantitativos y cualitativos en la formulación de su Teoría del Curso de Vida por Edades del Control Social Informal. Como consecuencia, se ofrecen algunas críticas teórico-metodológicas a esta teoría y se evalúa el modelo de investigación mixta empleado para determinar el proceso de continuidad y desistimiento del comportamiento antisocial en jóvenes durante el curso de vida. Palabras claves: Adolescencia, apoyo parental, alcoholismo, curso de vida, metodología mixta.
La delincuencia juvenil es uno de los fenómenos sociales que más preocupación generan en distintos países y culturas. Numerosas teorías se han puesto a prueba sistemáticamente para explicar la influencia que tienen diferentes variables en el comportamiento antinormativo de los jóvenes. El presente trabajo compara, mediante un diseño caso-control, la distribución de variables familiares y sociales entre adolescentes en conflicto con la ley penal y adolescentes escolarizados de la población general de Argentina, que respondieron una serie de cuestionarios de autoinforme. Los resultados indican que, en comparación con los estudiantes, los adolescentes infractores han estado expuestos a menos prácticas parentales positivas de apoyo y de control, y núcleos de convivencia caracterizados en su mayoría por hogares monoparentales, con predominancia de la presencia de la madre. También reportaron que poseen más cantidad de amigos que se involucran en actividades antisociales, y que en sus barrios hay mayor presencia de vandalismo, casas abandonadas, robos y agresiones entre vecinos. Ambos grupos de adolescentes no se diferenciaron en la participación en actividades recreativas convencionales. Este estudio representa un acercamiento empírico novedoso a la problemática de la delincuencia en los adolescentes de Argentina. Se discuten las consecuencias de los hallazgos a nivel teórico y práctico, considerando las particularidades del contexto.
INTRODUCCIÓN:
La supervisión parental comprende: cuidado de los hijos, conocimiento de su paradero y actividades y adaptación. Para que ésta se dé es necesario que exista comunicación y apoyo entre padres e hijos, de manera que el ambiente familiar sea agradable. Por otro lado, se ha encontrado que la inconsistencia o ausencia de ésta es un factor de riesgo de la conducta antisocial y, en casos más graves, de delincuencia en los hijos.
OBJETIVO:
Conocer cuál es la relación que existe entre el ambiente familiar, la supervisión parental y la gravedad de la conducta antisocial en menores infractores.
MÉTODO:
La población estuvo conformada por menores infractores de un Centro Tutelar del Estado de Morelos. El instrumento se aplicó a 86 hombres.
RESULTADOS:
La comunicación del hijo fue un predictor de: 1. el manejo de reglas y conocimiento de pares, y 2. el conocimiento de las actividades del hijo. Esto último es lo que predice de manera significativa la gravedad de la conducta antisocial.
DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN:
De acuerdo con los hallazgos, es importante que exista un ambiente familiar basado en la comunicación y el apoyo, que fomente una comunicación más libre de los adolescentes con sus padres, de manera que la supervisión parental se consiga más fácilmente. Esto ayudará para que los jóvenes no se involucren en comportamientos que los puedan llevar a delinquir.
Los precipitadores situacionales del delito (Wortley, 2008) han recibido poca atención por la literatura criminológica en lengua española, y con frecuencia son subsumidos dentro de la perspectiva de la elección racional (Cornish & Clarke, 2003). Sin embargo, el estudio independiente de estos conceptos nos ofrece una oportunidad para profundizar en el proceso mediante el cual los delincuentes pasan al acto en sí. El objetivo de este estudio es sintetizar la evidencia en relación con los precipitadores situacionales del delito, los cuales ofrecen una nueva manera de examinar la interacción entre persona y ambiente en materia de
delincuencia. La metodología empleada consiste en una revisión sistemática de la literatura de trabajos empíricos realizados a partir del 2007. Los resultados sugieren que es necesario profundizar en el proceso de toma de decisiones del delincuente desde una perspectiva integrada a nivel teórico, en lugar de hacerlo desde un punto de vista atomizado. Se concluye con una discusión de los resultados, después de considerar las características y limitaciones de los estudios observados.
Teniendo en cuenta el rol fundamental del apego parental en el desarrollo de diferentes recursos socio-emocionales, el objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar si la percepción del apego parental se relaciona específicamente con la conducta prosocial adolescente. Método: se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística intencional de 285 adolescentes (216 mujeres y 69 varones) de entre 14 y 18 años (M = 15,68; DE = 1,14), de Córdoba, Argentina. Previa autorización de los padres y consentimiento informado, se les administró la versión traducida y validada en Argentina del Cuestionario de Apego Parental de Kenny (1987) y la versión traducida y validada para adolescentes argentinos del Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM) de Carlo & Randall (2002). Se realizó un Análisis Multivariado de Variancia (MANOVA), cuyos resultados indicaron diferencias significativas en el perfil de prosocialidad en función del apego seguro/positivo (F de Hotelling (8.556) = 3.33; p = .001). Los resultados de los análisis univariados correspondientes a cada una de las dimensiones de la conducta prosocial evaluada, se discuten en función de los desarrollos teóricos y empíricos encontrados hasta el momento, hallando una consistencia general entre los mismos.
In Agnew's general strain theory, repeated strains can generate crime and delinquency by reducing social control and fostering social learning of crime. Using a sample of 615 middle- and high-school students in China, this study examines how social control and social learning variables mediate the effect of repeated strains in school and at home on delinquency. The findings from an integrated model support Agnew's mediating argument in a non-Western society. Repeated negative treatment by teachers promotes delinquent behavior both through weakened conventional bonds and beliefs and through heightened association with delinquent peers. Repeated negative treatment by parents affects delinquency only through weakened conventional bonds. The prominent role of school experiences in the lives of Chinese adolescents is discussed.
Using a sample of 1,163 adolescents from four middle schools in China, this study explores the intervening process of how adolescent maltreatment is related to delinquency within the framework of general strain theory (GST) by comparing two models. The first model is Agnew's integrated model of GST, which examines the mediating effects of social control, delinquent peer affiliation, state anger, and depression on the relationship between maltreatment and delinquency. Based on this model, with the intent to further explore the mediating effects of state anger and depression and to investigate whether their effects on delinquency can be demonstrated more through delinquent peer affiliation and social control, an extended model (Model 2) is proposed by the authors. The second model relates state anger to delinquent peer affiliation and state depression to social control. By comparing the fit indices and the significance of the hypothesized paths of the two models, the study found that the extended model can better reflect the mechanism of how maltreatment contributes to delinquency, whereas the original integrated GST model only receives partial support because of its failure to find the mediating effects of state negative emotions.
In 2005, Agnew introduced a new integrated theory, which he labels a general theory of crime and delinquency. He proposes that delinquency is more likely to occur when constraints against delinquency are low and motivations for delinquency are high. In addition, he argues that constraints and motivations are influenced by variables in five life domains. Capitalizing on longitudinal data of Paternoster’s Youths and Deterrence: Columbia, South Carolina, 1979-1981, a structural equation model is developed to test Agnew’s theory. Data limitations preclude a full test of the theory, but the results support the core proposition of the theory: Life domains increase delinquency by reducing constraints against delinquency and by increasing motivations for delinquency. Other propositions of Agnew’s theory garner mixed results.
Explanations of prison violence and other forms of misconduct have been dominated by three competing models: (a) the deprivation model, (b) the importation model, and (c) the coping model. We propose that these three seemingly competing models can be integrated within Agnew’s general strain theory (GST). GST enriches the deprivation model by revealing three distinctive categories of strain. GST encompasses the importation model in hypothesizing that criminal cultural values and affiliations will structure the response to the strains of imprisonment. And GST incorporates the coping model in its emphasis on how social support, social capital, and human capital can blunt the effects of potentially criminogenic strains. Finally, GST is sufficiently broad to include factors (e.g., emotions, self-control) in the explanation of prison maladjustment not covered by the three main models of prison inmate behavior. In short, GST offers a general integrated framework for reconceptualizing our understanding of prison violence and misconduct.
Past research has assessed gender differences in delinquency due to differential social controls, yet important questions remain regarding gender and social bonding. As much of this work was premised on Hirschi's measurement of the social bond, we examine whether gender moderates two parts of the social bond: the measurement of the social bond and structural differences between the social bond and delinquency. Using multiple-group structural equation modeling, we find that neither the measures of the social bond nor their relationships with property crime are gender-specific. The structural relationship between the elements of the social bond and violent delinquency differs slightly for boys and girls. We discuss implications of this research for social control theory, measuring the social bond and for gender-specific theories of social bonding and control.
Although general strain theory was initially advanced as a micro-social theory, Agnew (1999) has recently proposed a macro-social version of the theory. Agnew's macro-social general strain theory predicts that community differences, including racial and economic inequality, influence levels of community strain, which may then lead to higher crime rates. However, Agnew's explications of the macro-level model strongly suggest that a multilevel integrated theory of general strain is also appropriate. Using data from 430 students attending high school, this study investigates the degree to which community characteristics influence individual levels of strain, negative affect, and delinquency and whether the effects of strain on individual delinquency are more salient within communities characterized by higher levels of inequality. Results from a hierarchical linear model of high school students (level 1) within 2000 US Census block groups (level 2) does not support the multilevel model of general strain theory. However, supplementary contextual analysis reveals that there are community differences regarding the strain-anger-delinquency relationships among high school students.
En este trabajo se propone un nuevo modelo comprensivo de la delincuencia, de carácter integrador, denominado modelo del triple riesgo delictivo (o TRD). El modelo no se considera competitivo y contradictorio con las teorías tradicionales de la delincuencia, sino que es concebido como una estructura más global, susceptible de acoger distintos procesos explicativos del comportamiento delictivo. Esta propuesta toma como bases para su desarrollo los análisis sobre el apoyo social como eje de la prevención, las teorías situaciones del delito, y, más específicamente, la investigación criminológica sobre factores de riesgo y protección, que son reconceptualizados aquí como dimensiones de riesgo de carácter continuo y graduado. Todas las dimensiones de riesgo (definidas a partir de pares de actuales factores de riesgo y de protección) son agrupadas -de manera exhaustiva- en tres categorías o fuentes de riesgos: a) personales, b) relativas al “apoyo prosocial” recibido, y c) concernientes a las oportunidades delictivas. Se considera que la combinación única en cada sujeto particular de elementos pertenecientes a estas tres categorías de riesgos precipita específicos procesos criminogénicos (tal y como sugieren las teorías clásicas de la delincuencia) que acaban condicionando su “motivación antisocial” y su “riesgo de conducta antisocial”. A partir de ello, el modelo TRD operativiza tanto la estimación del riesgo individual de conducta antisocial como del riesgo social de delincuencia. Para facilitar la comprensión de esta propuesta se acompaña al principio un pequeño vocabulario con terminología y conceptos importantes del modelo TRD.
La influencia de la estructura familiar sobre la delincuencia constituye uno de los temas de estudio predilectos de la criminología. En este artículo se presentan las diferentes posiciones teóricas al respecto, se resumen los resultados de las investigaciones empíricas disponibles y se analiza la situación en Suiza a principios de los años 1990 a partir de informaciones recogidas en una encuesta de delincuencia juvenil autorrevelada. Según la mayoría de las teorías e investigaciones criminológicas anglosajonas, los hijos de familias en las que ambos padres están presentes suelen estar menos implicados en la delincuencia que los hijos de familias disociadas, es decir aquellas familias en las que falta al menos uno de los padres biológicos o adoptivos. Sin embargo, el análisis de los datos suizos señala una sola diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los jóvenes educados en estos dos tipos de familias: la prevalencia del consumo de drogas blandas es superior entre los adolescentes (de 14 a 17 años) varones que provienen de familias disociadas. El autor sostiene que una de las explicaciones posibles es que estos últimos juegan en la dinámica familiar un papel de compañeros más que de subordinados. Por ese motivo suelen ser más maduros que los demás jóvenes de su misma edad y, en consecuencia, pasan antes que ellos por ciertos ritos de pasaje, entre los cuales se encontraría el consumo de drogas blandas. Por otro lado, el autor considera que las escasas diferencias entre los jóvenes de ambos tipos de familias se explican porque, en regla general, el sistema de seguridad social suizo permite que las familias disociadas desempeñen su tarea de socialización con la misma eficacia que las familias tradicionales. Además, constata que en Suiza el porcentaje de familias monoparentales era más elevado en los años mil novecientos veinte y treinta que en los noventa, y sugiere que la confusión en cuanto a la cantidad de familias monoparentales existentes puede deberse a que frecuentemente se ignora que sólo la mitad de las parejas que se divorcian tienen hijos menores.
That the spectrum of behaviors from subtle academic underachievement to blatant school refusal and drop-out are considered serious health risks in adolescence is no surprise to concerned parents, teachers, professionals, and the American public at the end of the 20th century. This century was proclaimed to be “The Century of the Child” in the first White House Conference on Children in 1909 (Beck, 1974), wherein the national consciousness and governmental policy was to be mobilized to improve the care, education, and welfare of the nation’s children.
“Dime con quien andas y te dire quien eres“, dice el famoso adagio que se refiere a la influencia que pueden tener en el individuo las personas que este frecuenta. La relevancia de este proverbio es mas marcada durante la adolescencia. En la adolescencia, la busqueda de identidad se lleva a cabo dentro del grupo de amigos que sustituyen a las anteriores figuras de apego constituidas por los padres. Esto tiene por corolario la valoracion de nuevas normas que a veces pueden estar dirigidas a tolerar o incitar a la desviacion y al delito, ya que en ocasiones esas normas entran en conflictos con las propuestas o vehiculadas por los adultos (padres y profesores). Este articulo es resultado de la investigacion cuyo objeto de analisis fue la relacion que puede existir entre frecuentar ciertos amigos y la delincuencia violenta de los jovenes. Se trato tambien de determinar el grado de influencia entre el control parental y la decision de un individuo de implicarse en actos de delincuencia. Por ultimo, el interes se focalizo en el problema de pertenecer a una pandilla juvenil, hecho que parece acrecentar el riesgo de pasar al acto criminal. Finalmente se debe senalar que el estudio se realizo en jovenes adolescentes suizos.
This study uses a representative general population sample of 699 adolescents and their families to examine the effects of paren ting practices, particularly support and control, on the development of adolescent drinking, delinquency, and other problem behaviors. Black families were oversampled (n = 211) to permit meaningful analyses. The findings confirm that parental support and monitoring are important predictors of adolescent outcomes even after taking into account critical demographic/family factors, including socioeconomic indicators, age, gender, and race of the adolescent, family structure, and family history of alcohol abuse. In addition, peer orientation remains a significant predictor of drinking behavior and deviance and interacts with aspects of parenting. Methodological issues associated with sampling, family respondent, and measurement of support and control are critiqued as they pertain to parental socialization and adolescent outcome research.
The focus in criminological research on the influence of delinquent peers on delinquency has led the field to almost entirely ignore the influence of conforming peers on conformity. This paper is a first step in correcting this oversight by applying a control theory perspective to the peer effect, arguing that just as delinquent peers seem to increase the individual's delinquency, conforming peers also play a role in reducing or preventing delinquency in the individual. Existing evidence of positive influence from peers is reviewed, and although the issue has not been widely studied, there is evidence that positive peer influence is fairly common and worth greater attention in criminology. Several hypotheses are presented, and it is suggested that future research include measures of positive peer influence as well as peer influence toward delinquency.
Although social-learning theory remains among the dominant perspectives in micro-level research concerning the causes of delinquency, research has yet to provide an adequate test of its social-reinforcement component using the methods required by the logic of operant psychology. The present article discusses the limits of existing attempts to test the social-reinforcement hypothesis, offers a new approach for testing it, and describes the use of panel data to provide such a test. In particular, the author examined (1) whether delinquency increases the amount of time a perpetrator's peers choose to spend with him or her, (2) whether such attention serves as a direct reinforcement prompting further delinquency from the perpetrator, and (3) whether such attention serves as a vicarious reinforcement prompting delinquency from audience members in proportion to their desire for informal socializing among peers. The results suggest support for vicarious, but not direct, social reinforcement.
Although there is some evidence to suggest that classic strain theory is applicable to both male and female delinquency, several theorists have argued that a distinct version of strain theory may be required to explain delinquency among females. In particular, whereas male deviance tends to be generated by classic (or economic) strain, female deviance tends to be generated by strain occurring in interpersonal relations. This study attempts to test this argument by examining the relative effects of interpersonal strain on male and female delinquency. An analysis of national survey data reveals that interpersonal strain (or problems in peer relations) is an important correlate of certain types of delinquency among female adolescents. The analysis also reveals, however, that interpersonal strain is perhaps a more important correlate of male delinquency. Implications for the understanding of female delinquency are discussed.
Criminologists have long recognized the importance of family and peers in the etiology of delinquency, but these two influences
are commonly analyzed in isolation. However, if peers are treated as potential instigators of delinquency (following differential
association theory) and parents as potential barriers to delinquency (following control theory), a crucial question emerges:
Is parental influence capable of counteracting the influence of delinquent peers? Analysis of data from the National Youth
Survey reveals that the amount of time spent with family is indeed capable of reducing and even eliminating peer influence.
By contrast, attachment to parents (the affective relation between parents and offspring) apparently has no such effect. Instead,
it appears to affect delinquency indirectly by inhibiting the initial formation of delinquent friendships.
When social structures are viewed as made up of roles, social stability is not explicable as a function of (a) the normative consensual commitment of individuals or (b) normative integration. Instead, dissensus and role strain--the difficulty of fulfilling role demands--are normal. In a sequence of role bargains, the individual's choices are shaped by mechanisms, outlined here, through which he organizes his total role system and performs well or ill in any role relationship. Reduction of role strain is allocative or economic in form, but the economic model is different. "Third parties" interact with an individual and his alter, to keep their bargain within institutionalized limits. The larger social structure is held in place by role strains. The cumulative pattern of all such role bargains determines the flow of performances to all institutions. The research utility of this conception is explained.
Recently, the concept of “collective efficacy” has been advanced to understand how communities exert control and provide support to reduce crime. In a similar way, we use the concept of “parental efficacy” to highlight the crime reducing effects associated with parents who support and control their youth. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we examine the inter-relationship between parental controls and supports and their joint influence on youthful misbehavior. The results show that (1) support and control are intertwined, and (2) that parental efficacy exerts substantive effects on adolescent delinquency for the sample as a whole and across varying age groups.
This paper presents a general strain theory of crime and delinquency that is capable of overcoming the criticisms of previous strain theories. In the first section, strain theory is distinguished from social control and differential association/social learning theory. In the second section, the three major types of strain are described: (1) strain as the actual or anticipated failure to achieve positively valued goals, (2) strain as the actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli, and (3) strain as the actual or anticipated presentation of negatively valued stimuli. In the third section, guidelines for the measurement of strain are presented. And in the fourth section, the major adaptations to strain are described, and those factors influencing the choice of delinquent versus nondelinquent adaptations are discussed.
Strain theory has returned to the forefront of criminological theory and research, due primarily to the general strain model developed by Robert Agnew. Agnew posits that a broad range of negative social relations comprises strain and that these straining mechanisms lead to delinquent behavior and other maladaptive functioning. Moreover, strain has its strongest effect on delinquency when certain coping strategies are attenuated or when delinquent peers reinforce perceptions of strain. Although several studies have now shown the utility of general strain theory as an explanation of delinquency, they have relied mainly on cross-sectional effects or two-wave panel designs using methods that fail to consider measurement error or autocorrelated errors. In this study we extend these analyses by estimating a latent variable structural equation model that examines the effects of strain—operationalized as negative life events—on conventional attachment and delinquency over a 3-year period. Furthermore, we directly assess Agnew's coping strategies hypotheses by stratifying the models by self-efficacy, self-esteem, and peer delinquency. The results indicate that significant longitudinal effects of strain on delinquency emerge during year 3 but that these effects are not conditioned by self-efficacy or self-esteem. Changes in strain also affect changes in delinquency, but only among those who report no delinquent peers. We do find, however, that over the initial 2 years strain has a negative effect on delinquency among those high in self-efficacy, self-esteem, or delinquent peers. The findings are discussed in terms of Agnew's theory.
A link between delinquent peer affiliations and childhood delinquency has been consistently found in the literature. However,
little to no research has examined how the characteristics of an individual may impact this association. Impulsivity may be
an important individual characteristic to consider, as impulsivity is associated with childhood delinquency. Accordingly,
the current study examined the potential moderating effect of impulsivity on the association between peer delinquency and
child delinquency in a community sample of 89 children ranging from 9 to 12years of age (mean = 10.4 ± 1.1yrs). Findings
suggest that at low levels of impulsivity peer delinquency and child delinquency were positively associated; however at high
levels of impulsivity peer delinquency and child delinquency were not statistically related. These findings may suggest that
children who exhibit low levels of impulsivity are particularly vulnerable to delinquent peer influences. Implications for
findings are discussed.
KeywordsImpulsivity-Child delinquency-Peer delinquency
This paper describes an alternative version of the Network of Relationships Inventory, which was designed to assess how frequently different relationships were used to fulfill the functions of three behavioral systems-attachment, caregiving, and affiliation. Psychometric and validational evidence is presented including: a) high internal consistency for all scales and composites, b) a second order factor structure of support and negative interactions for each relationship, c) moderately high stability over a one year period, d) moderate convergence among different reporters, e) theoretically meaningful differences among different relationships, f) moderate associations among different relationships, g) associations with the original Network of Relationships Inventory, and h) relations with observed interactions with mothers and friends.
Relations between parents' discipline, children's empathic responses, and children's prosocial behavior were examined in order to evaluate Martin Hoffman's claim that children's empathy and empathy-based guilt mediate the socialization of children's prosocial behavior. 78 sixth and seventh graders (138-172 months in age), their mothers, and teachers completed multiple measures of Hoffman's constructs. Results were largely consistent with theory. Parents' use of inductive as opposed to power-assertive discipline was related to children's prosocial behavior. Children of inductive parents were more empathic; and more empathic children were more prosocial. Moreover, children's empathy was found to mediate the relation between parents' discipline and children's prosocial behavior. Few relations were obtained for children's guilt indices, but post hoc analyses yielded theoretically consistent results. Contrary to expectations, parents' use of statements of disappointment was the component of the inductive discipline score which was most strongly related to children's prosocial behavior.
Monitoring (tracking and surveillance) of children's behavior is considered an essential parenting skill. Numerous studies show that well-monitored youths are less involved in delinquency and other normbreaking behaviors, and scholars conclude that parents should track their children more carefully. This study questions that conclusion. We point out that monitoring measures typically assess parents' knowledge but not its source, and parents could get knowledge from their children's free disclosure of information as well as their own active surveillance efforts. In our study of 703 14-year-olds in central Sweden and their parents, parental knowledge came mainly from child disclosure, and child disclosure was the source of knowledge that was most closely linked to broad and narrow measures of delinquency (normbreaking and police contact). These results held for both children's and parents' reports, for both sexes, and were independent of whether the children were exhibiting problem behavior or not. We conclude that tracking and surveillance is not the best prescription for parental behavior and that a new prescription must rest on an understanding of the factors that determine child disclosure.
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