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Chapter 9
177
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-2094-9.ch009
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants have been necessary to conventional and non-customary types
of prescriptions dating back to somewhere around 5000 years ago. Researchers
progressively depend on current logical techniques and proof-based medication to
demonstrate the viability of herbal medicines and spotlight on a better comprehension
of the systems of their activity. Notwithstanding, data concerning quantitative
human health advantages on natural remedies is yet uncommon, constraining their
legitimate valuation. Traditional medicines are regularly utilized for the wound-
healing process covering a wide zone of various skin-related infections. This chapter
will give information about the wound-healing capability of plants that are useful
for the advancement of new wound-healing formulations.
Traditional Herbs
With Potential Wound
Healing Properties
Neelesh Babu
Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, India
Ajeet Singh
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4393-8889
National Dairy Research Institute, India
Navneet
Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, India
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
INTRODUCTION
India is the most extravagant nation in the world for its natural assets. From the
ancient time larger part of the general population and network relies on customary
prescription. Studies uncovered that plants are one of the major source of compounds
that are bioactive and have antimicrobial, anticancer properties (Mallik, et al., 2014).
Plants are having incredible restorative significance for individuals because of their
different pharmacological properties. Today, substantial numbers of medications
are created from different plants which are dynamic against number of problems.
Although synthetic medications are broadly incorporated yet they create a few
adverse symptoms to the users. At that point herbal prescriptions are successful
because of nontoxic nature and furthermore microorganisms are nonresistant to them
(Sarkar, et al., 2013). Under this thought there is much developing enthusiasm to
find novel herbal medications for the treatment of irresistible infections.
Wound can be simply defined as the breakdown of protective function of the
skin and tissues. Its infection represents invasion of tissues by one or more species
of microorganisms. Several medicinal plants have enormous capability in healing of
wounds. The medicines which are prepared by these medicinal plants are reportedly
safe and cost effective as compared to synthetic drugs; these are considered as
good pharmaceuticals. These alternate medicines can combat with drug resistant
microbes and exhibits strong disease curing potential. For example: Aloe vera,
its gel constitutes of several enzymes, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins and
minerals which gave prominent results in chronic wound management (Rodriguez
et al., 1988; Kaufman et al., 1988).
Herbal Antimicrobial Agents Have Following Advantages
• Natural receptors are present in the human body for the plants bioactive
compounds.
• Herbal antimicrobial agents are reportedly safe as compared to the synthetic
drugs.
• It is difficult for the microbes to acquire resistance against herbal drugs.
• These herbal drugs are cost effective.
Considering these qualities of herbal drugs, several herbal pharmaceutical companies
(e.g. Patanjali, Himalaya, Charak etc.) extensively manufacturing lots of herbal drugs
for several medical conditions as possible. These include several drugs, ointments,
antimicrobial agents for wound care and its healing.
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
WOUND INFECTION
As far as the largest organ of the human body has been concerned skin is named
first which is made up of epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissues. Several vital
functions are performed by the skin which includes protection against external
factors (Kanitakis, 2002). The surface of skin is not sterile even when it is clean
due to the presence of mixed community of microbes known as the normal micro-
flora. Physical breakdown of the protective function results in wound i.e. the loss
of the continuity of underlying connective tissues. Due to loss in continuity of
this protective barrier pathogens are able to invade a tissue which leads to wound
infection. From microbiological point of view “a wound infection is the result of
physical disruption of the skin which leads to the contamination, colonization and
infection by pathogens.”
Number of factors contributes to pathogenicity of the microbes which can be
easily influenced by genetic and environmental conditions. Virulence of the microbes
is due to their enzyme production, structural features and the products formed by
their metabolic process contribute to pathogenicity. The capsule containing bacteria
(e.g. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) remain protected against
complement activation as well as phagocytosis. Pili those are present in several
bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) helps them for the
attachment to the host cells. Cell wall of bacteria contains several polysaccharide
compounds which help bacteria to adherence at extracellular matrix components
(e.g. collagen) in host tissue.
Extracellular infection of the wound is more frequent than that of intracellular
infection and most of the pathogens rely on the production of extracellular enzymes
for the deep invasion of tissue. Damage of host cell or tissue also results due to the
microbial toxins production i.e. endotoxins and exotoxins. Basically exotoxins are
released by the bacteria that are viable, despite endotoxins are known to be integral
components of the cell wall which are only released on the death of cell. Local as
well as systemic effects can be caused by these toxins depending upon their dose
(Moffatt, 2005).
People with Following Conditions are
Susceptible to the Wound Infections
• Poor circulation
• Comorbidities
• Malignancy, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, malnutrition
• Medication
• Psychosocial factors which includes poor hygiene and unhealthy lifestyle.
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
• Weak immune system
• Immobility (Carville, 2008).
MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA WITH WOUND
HEALING AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES
The medicinal plants have been extensively utilized throughout the world in the
areas of health and management. In India herbal drugs have been the premise of
treatment and solution for the different ailments as well as physiological conditions
in conventional practice, for example, Ayurveda. Therapeutic components of these
plants are assumed to be very significant in conventional medications. Plants
belonging to following families have scientifically proven antimicrobial activities.
Fabaceae
Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.)
T. purpurea is an erect; annually spreading, perennial herb which is occasionally
bushy measuring 40-80 cm tall. In Ayurvedic literature T. purpurea named as “Sarwa
wran vishapaha” which denotes its property to cure all kind of wounds. This herb
contains several phytochemicals such as flavanones, glycosides, sterols, rotenoids,
isoflavones, flavonoids and chalcones. In Ayurveda its several parts are utilized to
treat impotency, respiratory disorders, diarrhea, gonorrhea, rheumatism and urinary
tract infections. It has ability to treat disorders related to the heart, liver, blood, kidney
and spleen. Whole plant is utilized as laxative, dried part has diuretic properties
whereas roots and seeds are utilized as vermifuge, insecticidal and skin eruption.
For the treatment of vomiting its decoction is utilized and its pods extract effectively
utilized during inflammation and pain (Deshpande et al., 2003; Babu et al., 2017).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Screening of antibacterial activity of T. purpurea ethanolic root extract (R1 and
R2) showed inhibitory effects on three Pseudomonas strains and two of the E.
coli strains among all the tested microbes (Rangama et al., 2009). Laishram et al.,
(2013) screened antimicrobial efficacy of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of this
herb against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria including some fungal
species. Moderate activity was observed by both of the extract which was dose
dependent and increases with increase in the extracts concentration ranging from
25 to 100 mg/ml.
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre
This medium size plant is fast growing with average size measuring 30-40 f. long
having spread canopy. This plant comprises of short trunk with diameter measuring
around 1.64 f. Its leaves are 5-10 cm long and 4-6 cm wide and assembled in 5-7
leaflets. Flowers are pink to light purple sometimes white in colour with pea shaped
morphology. Its pod shells are elliptical in shape measuring 3-6 cm long and 4-6
cm wide contains only one seed. It prefers to grow in alkaline to salty, clay, sandy
and gravelly soil (Halder, et al., 2014). Traditionally it is enormously utilized in the
treatment of wounds, inflammation, ulcers, skin infections and piles as folk medicine.
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Methanolic leaves extract gave inhibitory effect on various microbes that includes
E. aerogenes, Candida albicans, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. pyogens, S. typhi, A.
niger, S. epidermis, and Microccus luteus. Inhibition varies from one organism to
other (Dwivedi et al., 2017).
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Linn.)
G. glabra is one of the most important herbs used as flavoring agent as well as a potent
medicine in Ayurveda. Traditionally it is utilized for the treatment of duodenal and
gastric ulcers, dyspepsia, and antiviral agent. It is effectively used against anemia,
gout sore throat, tonsillitis, flatulent, skin diseases etc. (Damle, 2014).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Methanol extracted G. glabra gave fungicidal activity against Chaetomium funicola
and Athrinium sacchari (Hojo & Sato, 2002). Its ethanolic extract shows antibacterial
activity against S. aureus and S. pyogens (Zadeh et al., 2013).
Acacia nilotica (Linn.)
This is an important ornamental herbaceous plant with several bioactive metabolites
which may be utilized as potential agents for the development of drugs. Its leaves
are utilized for the treatment of wound, bronchitis, diabetes and also having chemo-
preventing, antimutagenic, antibacterial and antimicrobial activities.
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
This plant shows inhibitory action against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis
at dose of 4 and 8 μg/mL (Eldeen et al., 2010). Leaves extracted components of
the plant inhibits the growth of Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Micrococcus
luteus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sachharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus
aureus Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Vijayasanthi et al., 2011).
Asteraceae
Sonchus asper (Linn.) Hil
S. asper is an herbaceous annual or winter annual; sticky white latex is present in
whole plant. This herb contains shoot taproot which is occasionally bushy due to
several lateral roots. It has erect stems which are hollow, stout, unbranched or slightly
branched measuring 30 to 150 cm tall and most of the time reddish. Several gland-
tipped hairs may be present on the up side of stems. This herb contains alternate
leaves measuring 4 to 18 cm long and 0.5 to 5 cm wide. Leaves are crisped and
many-lobed (5 to 11 lobes on each side) with less number of lobes on upper leaves.
It is found in Himalayan region traditionally used as medicine in Pauri Garhwal
in Uttarakhand (India). This plant is having various potential bioactive chemical
constituents. S. asper is used in various human disorders including wounds, burns,
gastrointestinal infection, inflammation, cardiac dysfunction, kidney disorders liver
disorder, jaundice, cancer along with impotency in humans (Jimoh et al., 2010;
Mallik et al., 2014; Purohit & Bohra, 1998).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
The methanolic and aqueous leaf extract of S. asper possess potent antibacterial
activity against S. aureus and B. cereus whereas E. coli inhibited only by methanol
extract. Study revealed that the seed extracts possess potent antibacterial activity
(Upadhyay et al., 2013). In recent study, Babu, et al., (2019) has successfully
synthesized its extract based nanoparticles which gave potential results against
Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 4030, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 1144 and
Escherichia coli MTCC 40.
Ageratum conyzoides (Linn.)
A. conyzoides measuring 1 m in height and fine white hairs covers both stems and
leaves. It has stalked leaves which are ovate measuring 4-10 cm long and 1-5 cm
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
wide having pointed base with round-toothed margins. This herb contains purple
to white flowers measuring less than 6 mm which are arranged in close terminal
inflorescences. Its fruits are black in colour which is easily dispersed. The plant
commonly grows in ruined and waste areas. A. conzoides is utilized traditionally
for the treatment of pneumonia, wounds and burns. It is used for quick and effective
healing of burn wounds and recommended as anti-rheumatic, anti-dysenteric and
antilithic. It is also used to treat fever, rheumatism, headache, colic, arthrosis and
also helpful in articulation mobility (Kamboj & Saluja, 2008; Upadhyay, 2011).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
A. conyzoides leaves extract possess antibacterial potential against five strains
of pathogenic bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis (Garg and
Grewal, 2015).
Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke
S. lappa is perennial, tall and reaches to the height approximately 1 -2 m with upright
stem. Roots of the S. lappa are long stout of approximately 60 cm. This herb has
membranous leaves which are lobate, stalked and irregularly toothed. The leaves
which are present upside are small whereas downside leaves are large with lobately
winged stalks. It has stalk less flowers which are deep purple to black arranged in
terminal and axillary heads. S. lappa is widely distributed in India, Pakistan and
China. In India traditionally it may use with the combination of other drugs as well
as consumed alone. Mainly roots are utilized for the treatment of asthma, cough
and skin diseases (Zahara et al., 2014).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Ethanolic extract of S. lappa was screened for the inhibition of acid production,
growth and synthesis of water insoluble glucans of Streptococcus mutans. Results
revealed that its ethanolic extract inhibits growth of test organism as well as the
synthesis of glucans (Yu et al., 2007).
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
Lamiaceae
Leucas indica (Linn.)
L. indica herb is erect and has pubescent branching. It has linear-lanceolate leaves
and the flowers are white in colour with four stamens. It used in Garhwal region of
Uttarakhand (India) as a wound healer. Leaves are utilized in stomachic, sores and
used as sedative. The phytochemicals isolated from the aerial parts of L. indica have
antioxidant property (Kumar et al., 2011; Sarkar et al., 2013; Babu, et al., 2018).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Antimicrobial activity of crude aerial part extract of plant was studied, its chloroform
and methanolic fraction showed positive results against Escherichia coli, Bacillus
subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
whereas the aqueous fraction significantly inhibited Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella
typhi and Staphylococcus aureus (Sarkar et al., 2013).
Ocimum sanctum (Linn.)
O. sanctum has been quoted as “Queen of plants” and the “Mother medicine of
nature” because of its large number of medicinal properties (Yamani et al., 2016).
Approximately its 13000 species around the world are utilized as drugs. It is heavily
branched, erect measuring 3060 cm tall with hairy stems and green sometimes
purple leaves having strong essence. Ovate, petiolate leaves measuring up to 5 cm
in length and slightly toothed. Its purplish flowers are in elongate racemes in close
whorls (Pattanayak et al., 2010). O. sanctum is usually prescribed for the treatment
of respiratory ailments, diarrhea, skin diseases, malaria, eye diseases, high fever etc.
It has also been recommended as anticancer, antifungal, antimicrobial, antidiabetic,
remedy for liver and heart disorders etc. (Prakash and Gupta, 2005).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Yamani et al., (2016) reported that S. aureus and E. coli were completely inhibited
by Tulsi oil at the dose of 4.5% and 2.25% although P. aeruginosa was partly
inhibited. Similarly, Mallikarjun, et al., (2016) tested ethanolic extract of Ocimum
sanctum at the concentration of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10% against Porphyromonas
gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia.
Results showed that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was inhibited at the
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
concentrations of 5% and 10% whereas Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas
gingivalis exhibited resistance.
Aloaceae
Aloe vera (Linn.) Burm
Aloe vera has several synonyms i.e. A. barbadensis Mill., A. perfoliata L. var., A.
indica Royle, and A. vulgaris Lam. It is a succulent plant having short stem measuring
60–100 cm in length. Its leaves are fleshy and thick which are coloured green to
grey-green sometimes with white flecks on upper and lower stem surfaces. The
margin of the leaves has jagged edge with small whitish teeth. Its flowers germinate
in summer on a spike measuring 90 cm long. The flowers are pendulous having
yellow tubular corolla measuring 2-3 cm in length. Aloes has been enormously
employed for several disorders more precisely disorders linked with digestion; they
have also been utilized for the treatment of skin problems. The term Aloes means
the dried juice that flows from the leaves on cutting. It is prescribed for adjuvant
therapy along with synthetic drugs and chemotherapy to reduce the drug induced
effects. It has been used in various issues such as type II diabetes, eye related
problems, enlarged spleen, hepatic disorders, vomiting, respiratory disorders, having
laxative properties and helpful for the treatment of in involuntary bowel syndrome
(Rajeswari et al., 2012).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Acetone, aqueous and ethanol extracts of A. vera possess potent antibacterial activity
against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Arunkumar & Muthuselvam, 2009).
Berberidaceae
Berberis aristata (D.C.)
B. aristata is a spiny herb native to northern Himalayan region. Traditionally it is
used in inflammation, skin diseases, menorrhagia, wound healing, diarrhea, jaundice
and eye infection (Sharma et al., 2011).
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
Wound Healing and Antibacterial Activity
The ethanolic root extract of plant shows antifungal activity. It also shows activity
against several Gram negative bacteria including S. typhimurium, S. dysenteriae,
E. coli and V. cholera (Shahid et al., 2009).
Periplocaceae
Hemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R. Br.
H. indicus with combination of other drugs is used in snake bites. Its methanolic
extract has potential effect against leucorrhoea, bronchitis, chronic rheumatism,
syphilis, urinary diseases and lecoderma. Antipyretic and antidiarrheal activities
are also reported (Kirtikar & Basu, 1984; Nadkarni et al., 1989).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Extracts from the roots of H. indicus inhibit the growth of S.aureus, K. pneumoniae,
P. aeruginosa (Gayathri & Kannabiran, 2009). In another study by Rajput & Navneet
(2019), tested antimicrobial potential of given plant extracts of petroleum ether,
methanol, water and ethyl acetate against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Microsporum audouinii, Malassezia furfur, and Candida albicans. Results
reveal that ethyl acetate extract gave best results followed by methanol and petroleum
ether.
Rosaceae
Prunus puddum (Roxb.)
P. puddum is traditionally used for the treatment of stone and gravel in the kidney,
bleeding disorders, burning sensation and skin diseases (Pallavi et al., 2011).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Antibacterial action of ethanolic extract of P. puddam was analyzed with Gram positive
(Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative microorganisms
(Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli). Results showed that it gives positive results
against all the tested microorganisms (Sharma, 2013).
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
Symplocaceae
Symplocos racemosa (Roxb.)
S. racemosa bark is expectorant, astringent, haemostatic, anti-inflammatory, stomachic
and suppurative. Traditionally it is used in eye disorders, spongy and bleeding gums,
disorders related to the respiratory tract, skin diseases etc. (Kirthikar & Basu, 1999;
Nadkarni 1954; Raghunathan & Mitra, 2000.).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Petroleum ether as well as ethanolic extracts were tested against Enterococcus
faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Psudomonas
aeruginosa and E. coli. Ethanolic extract possesses good antibacterial activity on
comparison with petroleum ether (Devmurari, 2010).
Combretaceae
Terminalia chebula (Retz.)
T. chebula is called as the ‘King of Medicine’ in Tibet. By the name of “Kadukkaai’,
tribes of Tamil Nadu in India routinely utilizes T. chebula as traditional medicine for
the treatment of fever, diarrhea, stomach disorders, cough, urinary tract infection,
wound infections and skin diseases (Dash, 1991; Rathinamoorthy & Thilagavathi,
2014).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Sato et al., (1997) screened antibacterial efficacy of ethanol extracted fruits of T.
chebula they found that fruit extract gave considerable antibacterial efficacy against S.
aureus. They also found that gallic acid and its ethyl ester responsible for this activity.
In another study its ethanolic fruit extract showed inhibition against Salmonella
typhi, Streptococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis (Kannan et al., 2009).
Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica (A.) Juss
A. indica leaves, bark and seeds shows antibacterial as well as antifungal activities
against several pathogens and are also known to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological
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properties such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial,
antihyperglycaemic, antiulcer, anti-diabetic properties etc. Due to the presence of
several bioactive components its biological activities are accredited. Its aqueous
leaves extract has been utilized as a good anti-hyperglycemic agent. Its leaves can
be utilized for the several skin related disorders. It can remove toxins from the body
and also have free radicals scavenging property (Mohammed & Omer, 2015).
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity
Mohammed & Omer (2015) reported that ethanolic leaves extract of A. indica
exhibit potential antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, E. coli,
S. aureus and E. faecalis at all concentrations used. Huge number of research has
been conducted on several plants to know whether they are helpful or not in the
treatment of wound infection. Some of the experimentally evidenced plants are
enlisted in the table 1.
CONCLUSION
In India usage of medicinally important plants for restorative purposes has been
archived dated back in Ayurveda since they are fundamental for the survival of
mankind. A noteworthy extent of populace for the most part having a place with
provincial territories is still reliant on conventional arrangement of prescriptions
for their different wellbeing needs. There are huge list of plants which have been
accounted for their injury recuperating properties because of quality of significant
phyto-constituents. The mixture of traditional and present day information can
deliver better medications for several infections with fewer side effects. Such kind
of conventional information on plant can shape a reason for clinical, therapeutic,
pharmacological and novel medication conveyance framework for wound healing
items. Lots of data is recorded with plants local name, scientific name with family
and part used for the treatment. These data must be tested for their adequacy.
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Traditional Herbs With Potential Wound Healing Properties
Table 1. Experimentally evidenced plants used for the treatment for wound infection
S. No. Plant Common name Family Part used Extract Reference
1Acalypha indica L. Indian Copperleaf Euphorbiaceae Leaves Ethanol Ganeshkumar et al., (2012)
2Acanthus polystachyus L. Bear’s breeches Acanthaceae Leaves Methanol Demilew et al., (2018)
3Acorus calamus L. Sweet flag Acoraceae Leaves Ethanol Jain et al., (2010)
4Allium sativum L. Garlic Liliaceae Bulb Ethanol Zuber et al., (2013)
5Adhatoda vasica L. Chu Mue Acanthaceae Leaves Methanol Vinothapooshan & Sundar,
(2010)
6Alternanthera brasiliana
L. Brazilian joyweed Amaranthaceae Leaves Methanol Barua et al., (2009)
7Andrographis paniculata
Burm. Indian Echinacea Acanthaceae Whole plant Petroleum ether,
Ethanol Mohanty et al., (2010)
8Areca catechu L. Arecanut, Betel nut Palmaceae Nut Ethanol Rani et al., (2018)
9Asparagus racemosus
Willd. Satavar Asparagaceae Roots Water Kodancha et al., (2011)
10 Acacia catechu L. Cutch tree Fabaceae Bark water, Ethanol Reddy et al., (2011)
11 Achyranthes aspera L. Apamarga Amaranthaceae Leaves Methanol Barua et al., (2012)
12 Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Belur Rosaceae whole plant - Chopda & Mahajan, (2009)
13 Alstonia scholaris L.
R. Br. Saptparni Apocynaceae Leaves Ethanol, Water Arulmozhi et al., (2007)
14 Butea monosperma Lam. Palash Papilionaceae Bark Ethanol Sumitra et al., (2005)
15 Betula alnoides Buch.-
Ham. In Birch Betulaceae Stem - Chopda & Mahajan, (2009)
16 Balanites roxburghii
Planch Hingana Simaronbaceae Stem - Chopda & Mahajan, (2009)
17 Berberis aristata D.C. Daruhalad Berber idaceae Stem - Chopda & Mahajan, (2009)
18 Calotropis gigantea R.Br Milkweed Asclepiadaceae Roots bark Petroleum ether,
Ethanol Deshmukh et al., (2009)
19 Carica papaya L. Papaya Caricaceae Seeds Ethanol Nayak et al., (2012)
20 Cassia fistula L. Amaltas Leguminosae Leaves Ethanol Kumar et al.,(2006)
21 Catharanthus roseus L. Sadabahar Apocyanaceae Flowers Ethanol Nayak & Pereira, (2006)
22 Cordia dichotoma Forst. Lasora Boraginaceae Fruit Ethanol Kuppast & Nayak (2005)
23 Centella asiatica L. Asiatic pennywort Apiaceae Aerial parts
n Hexane,
Methanol, Ethyl
acetate, Water
Somboonwong et al., (2012)
24 Calotropis procera L. Aak Apocynaceae Latex Chloroform, Water Rasik et al., (1999)
25 Cassia alata L. Candle bush Fabaceae Leaves Methanol Kanedi et al., (2016)
26 Calendula officinalis L. Parigold Asteraceae Flowers Ethanol Parente et al., (2011)
27 Cassia auriculata L. Avaram Caesalpiniaceae Flowers Ethanol Vaidyanathan et al., (2014)
28 Cleome viscose L. Dog mustard Cleomaceae Whole plant Methanol Panduraju et al., (2011)
29 Curcuma longa L. Turmeric Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Ethanol Miah et al., (2017)
30 Desmodium triquetrum
DC. Balolia Fabaceae Leaves Et hanol Shirwaikar et al., (2003)
31 Datura stramonium L. Dhatura Solanaceae Leaves - Chopda & Mahajan, (2009)
32 Dendrophthoe falcata L. Banda Loranthaceae Aerial parts Ethanol Pattanayak & Sunita, (2008)
33 Dodonea viscose L. Vilayti-mehdi Sapindaceae Whole plant Methanol Ramya et al., (2011)
34 Embelia ribes Burm. Bashmak Myrsinaceae Leaves Ethanol Swamy et al., (2007)
35 Eupatorium odoratum L. Siam weed Asteraceae Leaves Water Biswal et al., (1997)
36 Euphorbia hirta L. Barokhervi Euphorbiaceae Leaves Ethanol Tuhin et al., (2017)
37 Ficus benghalensis F. Bargad Moraceae Bark Ethanol, Water Garg & Paliwal, (2011)
38 Ficus religiosa L. Peepal Moraceae Leaves Water Chowdhary et al., (2014)
39 Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. Australian cowplan Apocynaceae Leaves Ethanol Malik et al., (2009)
40 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Mulhati Fabaceae Roots Water Chakravarthi & Avadhani,
(2013)
41 Heliotropium indicum L. Indian heliotrope Boraginaceae Leaves Methanol Dash & Murthy, (2011)
42 Indigofera enneaphylla
L. Birdsville indigo Fabaceae Whole plant Ethanol Sivagamy et al., (2012)
43 Jasminum grandiflorum
L. Jasmin Oleaceae Leaves Ethanol Mishra et al., (2010)
44 Kaempferia
galanga L. Chandramula Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Alcoholic Shanbhag et al., (2006)
45 Lycopodium serratum
Thunb. Club moss Lycopodiaceae Whole plant Ethanol, Water Manjunatha et al., (2007)
46 Mimosa pudica L. Lajjalu Mimosaceae Methanol/Water Kokane et al., (2009)
47 Mimusops elengi L. Bakul Sapotaceae Leaves Methanol Singh et al., (2016)
48 Michelia Champaca L. Champak Magnoliaceae whole plant Alcoholic Dwajani & Shanbhag, (2008)
49 Mirabilis jalapa L. Four o’clock flower Nyctaginaceae Roots Hydro-methanolic Gogoi et al., (2013)
50 Piper betel L. Betel Vine Piperaceae Leaves Water Ghazali et al., (2016)
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