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Unregistered Artesian Well Management in Pasuruan, Indonesia: An Attempt to Protect Groundwater Resources
Abstract
The number of unregistered artesian wells increases every year in the northern slopes of Bromo Volcano, Pasuruan. Artesian wells are used for domestic needs and agricultural irrigation but are not followed by environmentally sound groundwater use. The purpose of this study is to assess the potential for groundwater, groundwater use, wasted groundwater, and recommendations for groundwater management. The groundwater potential was obtained by measuring the depth of the groundwater table, piezometric surface of artesian wells, and geoelectrical data. Water uses were obtained from calculations based on the Indonesian National Standard. The amount of wasted groundwater was obtained by comparing the groundwater potentials, groundwater uses, and groundwater discharges from unregistered artesian wells. Water transfer was assessed by selecting unregistered artesian wells with discharges able to fulfill the water demands of each village. Groundwater in the Sub-Districts of Gondang Wetan and Winongan has high potential consisting of 1 unconfined aquifer group and two confined aquifer groups. Gondang Wetan and Winongan Sub-Districts are characterized as wasting groundwater potential through unregistered artesian wells. The discharge flow of unregistered artesian wells exceeds the water needs (>100%) in Winongan and Gondang Wetan Sub-Districts. Groundwater can be managed by water transfer, closure of artesian wells, and regulation of artesian wells use. Water can be transferred to areas not covered by Artesian wells in 20 villages. The number of artesian wells used for water transfer is 20 with a discharge of 5-20 liters/s.
... The contaminant load introduced into the soil-rock-groundwater system will spread within the system with the availability of a transport mechanism. Hendrayana et al. (2021) emphasized the need to protect groundwater resources. The study made apt recommendations for groundwater management including environmentally sound groundwater use. ...
... Interpretation of data demands expertise to avoid ambiguities (Olorunfemi et al., 1999;Adeyemo et al., 2014;Arsène et al., 2018). The method of determining the direction of groundwater movement by measuring the elevation of groundwater at multiple locations over the aerial extent of an aquifer has been widely acknowledged (Hendrayana et al. (2021). Unlike other methods, hydrostatic measurements offer in-situ data in groundwater investigations. ...
... The maps thus serve as inputs into the database for groundwater management studies in the study area. Proper management is required to maintain the sustainable function of groundwater (Hendrayana et al. 2021;Zahra & Putranto, 2021). Ige and Adetunji (2014) examined the relationship of some socio-economic factors and household sanitation in Ado-Ekiti. ...
Hydrostatic level sampling, geo-referencing and Geographic Information System were employed to delineate the major groundwater recharge / discharge zones, the groundwater flow direction and the groundwater divides in Ado-Ekiti metropolis with the objective of groundwater resource protection. Static water level measurements were made from 108 hand – dug wells evenly distributed on a regional basis. The latitudes, longitudes and elevations above mean sea level of the well points were measured using the Global Positioning System. A mean value of 5.84 ± 2.35 m above mean sea level was observed for the depths to the static water level with a mean value of 408.27 ± 46.06 m above mean sea level for the groundwater head. The contour maps obtained enabled the delineation of the major groundwater recharge / discharge zones, the groundwater flow direction and the groundwater divides with the regional tendency of the underground flow approximately lying along the Northwest – Southeast direction and groundwater divides along the South – Eastern/ South – Western axes of the Central portion. Strict environmental ethics must be enforced around the groundwater recharge / discharge zones and flow directions in order to avoid groundwater contamination.
... This southern part of the Merapi Volcano aquifer has a thickness ranging from 80-150 meters (Hendrayana et al., 2020). The thickness of aquifers in other stratovolcanoes in Indonesia, for example, at Mount Bromo-Tengger ranges from 0-60 meters which is an unconfined aquifer and at a depth of more than 100 meters is a depressed aquifer (Hendrayana et al., 2021a). 8 36 143 22 3 3 110 23 5 18 176 24 3 45 193 25 7 19 166 26 7 8 128 27 7 49 140 28 10 19 180 29 8 31 233 30 10 0.10 210 31 10 70 131 32 10 39 211 33 11 31 214 34 10 79 280 35 11 20 135 36 9 1 265 37 3 19 199 38 10 28 215 39 5 20 176 40 2 40 217 41 8 11 118 42 5 1 186 43 2 10 221 44 7 7 186 45 10 22 285 46 27 20 193 47 73 48 71 48 185 43 384 49 37 32 353 50 25 37 293 51 8 20 165 52 5 10 235 53 10 9 106 54 7 1 139 55 23 47 168 56 10 42 177 ...
... The same results were also obtained in Merapi Volcano where the potential value for groundwater is greater than the water demand (Hendrayana et al., 2020). Similar results are also found in the Bromo-Tengger Volcano, which has a higher groundwater potential in shallow and depressed aquifers compared to water requirements (Hendrayana et al., 2021a). The same results were also obtained in Arjuno Welirang Volcano, which has a large groundwater potential compared to utilization by domestic and industrial needs (Subekti, 2012;Baud et al., 2021). ...
Article history: Like other natural resources, groundwater is also being exploited at an increasing rate, especially for domestic requirements. Groundwater is preferred as a domestic water source because of its continuous availability and relatively good quality. Unfortunately, not all places have sufficient groundwater availability of good quality. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the aquifer in the study area and evaluate its groundwater potential for domestic needs. Aquifer characteristics were determined based on geological and geomorphological conditions, while groundwater potential was calculated using a static approach. The results showed that the characteristics of the aquifers in Kediri Regency are various. In the eastern and central parts of the study area, the characteristics of the aquifer can be in the form of unconfined aquifers with high productivity. In the western part, most of them have non-aquifer material, so it is difficult to find groundwater. Groundwater generally fills joints and diaclase formed in andesitic lava with low discharge. Although the conditions of the aquifer are various, in general, the potential for groundwater in Kediri Regency can still support its requirements because the potential for groundwater in Kediri Regency is 71,121,313,394 m 3 , while domestic requirement is 52,348,490 m 3 /year.
... (Mesa y Ramos, 1909). Artesian wells are used for domestic needs and agricultural irrigation, but are not accompanied by environmentally sound use of groundwater (Hendrayana, Riyanto, Nuha, & Lisan, 2021). ...
El Pardo Woodlands is known as the largest natural setting in the Community of Madrid and it is the oldest Royal Site in the Spanish capital. These hunting grounds were declared a Special Protection Area for Birds in 1987 ( ZEPA ). The present investigation aims to bring to light two main excavated areas that have affected the development of the landscape in this protected woodland area: the artesian wells and the civil war trenches. In order to discuss interventions such as artesian wells and trench construction, we could define that both affected the subsoil but have very different characteristics since the wells were implemented to provide water to the Royal Site of El Pardo, before the war, and the trenches were made a little later to protect the sides that defended the place. These interventions, both from the first half of the 20th century, have modified the natural terrain and, for different reasons. One intervention is the artesian wells constructed by engineer Janini between 1910 and 1920. The other is the construction of trenches. The method employed for this analysis of the impact on the land used is based on historical knowledge of the place. Previously documentation (maps, blueprints and pictures) has been extracted and systematized to locate the wells and trenches in time and place. As a novelty, this study shows unpublished information and photographs found in historical, military and National Heritage archives. The results allowed us to understand factors and elements of the urban layout.
... The use of groundwater in the world increases every year (Franz et al., 2022;Hinge et al., 2022) for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes (Varol and Davraz, 2015). Increased groundwater use also occurs in Indonesia every year (Hendrayana et al., 2021a, Hendrayana et al., 2021bPurnama et al., 2023). The increase in groundwater use in Indonesia occurs due to low surface water utilization by the average Indonesian community for domestic needs due to its poor water quality (Hendrayana et al., 2023a), such as river water. ...
Groundwater is the main water source that is most widely used in the world, one of which is in Indonesia. One of the uses of groundwater is for consumption needs. Therefore, the groundwater used should have good water quality. For this reason, this study aimed to determine groundwater quality in Indonesia during the dry season and make recommendations for groundwater management policies. A total of 211 groundwater samples taken from springs, drilled wells, and dug wells spread across volcanic areas on the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Sulawesi were collected to test their quality in this research. The method used in this research consisted of 4 analyses: WHO threshold analysis, Piper Diagram, Water Quality Index (WQI), and statistical correlation and regression. Based on the analysis, it was discovered that 47 K + samples, 1 Na + sample, 5 Ca 2+ samples, 1 Cl-sample, 115 HCO3-samples, 3 TDS samples, and 3 pH samples exceeded WHO standards. The results of the Piper triangle diagram analysis showed that the majority of groundwater in Indonesia falls into the Unpolluted Groundwater classification (categories D and G), and the results of the WQI analysis also showed that 98% of the groundwater in Indonesia analyzed falls into the excellent and good water categories. The results of statistical analysis of the parameters K + , Na + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , SO4 2-, Cl-, HCO3-, TDS, and pH showed that all these parameters are strongly and positively correlated with the WQI value.
... Groundwater quality conditions can be supervised by making regular monitoring wells to mitigate pollution [29]. The work of [32] emphasized the need to protect groundwater resources. The study made recommendations for groundwater management including environmentally sound groundwater use. ...
Spatial assessment of groundwater degradation has been carried out in Ado–Ekiti using physicochemical analysis and Geographical Information System (GIS). Groundwater samples from 108 wells were analyzed on a regional basis. Application of GIS enabled the preparation of various thematic maps which were analysed in terms of groundwater quality standards for drinking and domestic utility. The thematic maps of pH, Total Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chloride, Calcium and Nitrate concentrations produced were re-classified for integration in a GIS environment to produce the groundwater quality map. Anthropogenic influences were observed on the groundwater quality status of the study area as non-potable groundwater was delineated at the built-up areas and regions adjacent to streams and rivers. The integration of the thematic maps proved useful for the delineation of zones of groundwater quality suitable for human consumption and domestic purposes. Spatial analysis of the groundwater quality is essential for a proper understanding of the present environmental challenges and a projection into the future. This will facilitate quick decision-making for holistic groundwater development and management.
Abstrak Lereng bagian barat Gunungapi Bromo meiliki peranan penting dalam penyediaan air untuk masyarakat disekitarnya. Penggunaan air tanah cukup intensif baik domestik, pertanian, dan industri pada lereng bagian barat Gunungapi Bromo. Lerang bagian barat bagian barat Gunungapi Bromo belum pernah dilakukan kajian detail baik potensi, kualitas, dan imbuhan air tanah. Kajian tersebut di tujukan untuk mengetahui kondisi air tanah di lereng bagian barat Gunungapi Bromo supaya dapat dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas pengamatan batuan, pengukuran muka air tanah, pengukuran kimia air tanah TDS, pH, EC, dan suhu, analisis geokimia berdasarkan diagram piper, diagram fingerprint, dan diagram kurlov, analisis isotop asal usul air tanah dan imbuhan air tanah. Litologi di area kajian terdiri atas endapan pasir kerikilan, endapan pasir, batupasir, konglomerat, breksi laharik, lapilli tuff, tuff, breksi, dan lava andesit. Nilai TDS, pH, Suhu, dan EC di DAS Tempuran semakin meningkat dari hulu ke hilir. Pola aliran air tanah pada DAS Tempuran secara umum mengalir dari arah selatan menuju utara. Satuan lava dan breksi andesit merupakan akuifer, lava andesit dan breksi andesit merupakan akuiklud, jatuhan piroklastik merupakan akuifer, dan tuf dan lapilli tuf merupakan akuitard. Tipe air tanah pada DAS Tempuran didominasi oleh tipe kalsium bikarbonat (diagram piper) dan kalsium magnesium bikarbonat (diagram kurlov), dan diagram fingerprint terdapat 3 sistem air tanah. Sampel air tanah di DAS Tempuran keseluruhan berasal dari air meteorik. Imbuhan air tanah di DAS termpuran berasal dari elevasi 430-805 mdpl. Daerah imbuhan air tanah terdapat di Kecamatan Pasepran, Puspo, dan Tutur. Air tanah di area kajian secara kualitas dan kuantitas tergolong sangat baik. Kata kunci: hidrogeokimia, isotop, imbuhan air tanah, model konseptual Abstract The western slopes of Mount Bromo have an important role in providing water for the surrounding community. Groundwater use is quite intensive, both domestically, agriculturally, and industrially, on the western slopes of Mount Bromo. The western slope of Mount Bromo has never had a detailed study of its potential, quality, and groundwater recharge. The study was aimed at determining the condition of groundwater on the western slopes of Mount Bromo so that it can be used sustainably. The methods used in this research consist of rock observations, measurements of groundwater levels, measurements of groundwater chemistry (TDS, pH, EC, and temperature), geochemical analysis based on Piper diagrams, fingerprint diagrams, and Kurlov diagrams, isotope analysis of the origin of groundwater, and recharge. groundwater. The geology in the study area consists of gravelly sand deposits, sandstone, conglomerate, laharic breccia, lapilli tuff, andesite breccia, and andesitic lava. The TDS, pH, temperature, and EC values in the Tempuran watershed increase from upstream to downstream. The groundwater flow pattern in the Tempuran watershed generally flows from south to north. Units of lava and andesite breccia are aquifers; andesite lava and andesite breccia are aquicludes; pyroclastic falls are aquifers; and tuff and tuff lapilli are aquitards. The groundwater types in the Tempuran watershed are dominated by calcium bicarbonate (Piper diagram) and calcium magnesium bicarbonate (Kurlov diagram), and in the fingerprint diagram, there are 3 groundwater systems. The entire groundwater sample in the Tempuran watershed comes from meteoric water. Groundwater recharge in the purest watershed comes from an elevation of 430-805 meters above sea level. Groundwater recharge areas are in the Pasepran, Puspo, and Tutur Districts. The study area's groundwater quality and quantity are rated as very good.
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