Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Food Technologies: A systematic review approach

Abstract

Information and communication technology provide tremendous services to all the sectors including food technologies. On the other hand, this world fighting against hunger, food wastes, and nutrition-less food. There are much more technologies increase not only the profitability but also quality and production rate. IoT technologies use by the food technologies in many countries for food safety, transportation, packaging, temperature monitoring, nutrition analysis, and find the defective foods using IoT devices and applications via smart phones and computers in real time. This study mainly focused on IoT in food technologies in terms of the food production, security issues and possible solutions for those issues. For that, a systematic literature review was conducted and analyzed using qualitative method. Findings confirmed that, IoT and relevant technologies positively provide its full support to increase the demand and quality of food production process. Meanwhile, data privacy issues and provide immediate technical solutions were the major security issues faced by those IoT devices and application. In addition to that, none of the articles found conducted in Sri Lanka related to this study and none of the studies found related to IoT, Food technology Food-destroying robes. Apart from these all, this study suggested developing IoT systems and applications based on cloud computing to drive away from the food-destroying robes. Finally, it is planning to conduct a statistical analysis to find the expectations of food scientists, food production industrialists, and farmers. This paper purely based on past research works from famous Journals and conferences.

Full text

Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Food Technologies: A systematic review approach
Abdul Cader Mohamed Nafrees1* , UL Abdul Majeed1, Rifai Kariapper1, Suhail Razith2and Ponnampalam Pirapuraj1
1South Eastern University of Sri Lanka
2Uwa wellassa university of Sri Lanka
*Corresponding Author: nafrees@seu.ac.lk || https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8168-5819
Received: 29-04-2021 ∗Accepted: 03-09-2021 ∗Published Online: 30-12-2021
Abstract—Information and communication technology provide
tremendous services to all the sectors including food technologies.
On the other hand, this world fighting against hunger, food wastes,
and nutrition-less food. There are much more technologies increase
not only the profitability but also quality and production rate.
IoT technologies use by the food technologies in many countries
for food safety, transportation, packaging, temperature monitoring,
nutrition analysis, and find the defective foods using IoT devices
and applications via smart phones and computers in real time. This
study mainly focused on IoT in food technologies in terms of the
food production, security issues and possible solutions for those
issues. For that, a systematic literature review was conducted and
analyzed using qualitative method. Findings confirmed that, IoT and
relevant technologies positively provide its full support to increase
the demand and quality of food production process. Meanwhile, data
privacy issues and provide immediate technical solutions were the
major security issues faced by those IoT devices and application.
In addition to that, none of the articles found conducted in Sri
Lanka related to this study and none of the studies found related
to IoT, Food technology Food-destroying robes. Apart from these
all, this study suggested developing IoT systems and applications
based on cloud computing to drive away from the food-destroying
robes. Finally, it is planning to conduct a statistical analysis to find
the expectations of food scientists, food production industrialists,
and farmers. This paper purely based on past research works from
famous Journals and conferences.
Keywords—IoT, Food technology, Security issues, systematic
review, ICT
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT is an emerging technology advancement in this era,
which can help create a bigger leap ahead in the Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) sectors in the in the
existing and future. IoT is the extension of networking and
web technologies into the physical realm via sensors, ac-
tuators, and digital devices for the betterment of automation
services (Miorandi et al., 2012). IoT-enabled devices are used
in all sectors and industries such as transport, healthcare,
farming, commerce, tourism, food production, education, and
engineering. While the number of connected objects to the
wireless devices increase, data provided by those objects
also increase, which may increase the quality and reliability
of the results of those collected data, all these processes
could happen without human intervention (Tor˘
gul et al.,
2016). All these collected data send to the cloud storage
by the connected devices. Cloud Computing (CC) providing
unlimited, on-demand storage, and donkey years (Botta et al.,
2015; Rojas, 2015). This IoT and CC combination creates
a superhighway that enables possibilities to integrate any
sectors with ICT to increase productivity and efficiency
without human interaction. The following figure 1 illustrated
the theoretical diagram of IoT.
Figure 1: Theoretical diagram of IoT
B. Food Technology (FT)
This earthmoving toward hunger and poverty but the FT
concepts fight against these matters like the speed breaker
Copyright ©2021 belongs to Faculty of Technology, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park, Oluvil, #32360, Sri Lanka

Nafrees, Majeed, Kariapper, Razith and Pirapuraj |SLJoT
to avoid this situation. In that sense, FT plays a major role
in the food production process (FPP); such as production,
preservation, quality control, and research and development
are the main part of that. Nutrition analysis, quality control,
maintenance are the best manufacturing practices in the food
industries (Meghwal et al., 2016). Food industries are the key
factor to decide the country’s economic growth. Therefore,
profit from these industries mainly depends on the quality of
the foods. But, on the other hands, profitability depends on
increase the labor productivity (Thenabadu M et al., 2020).
As discussed previously, good standards of any food depend
on those 4 factors. people are giving priority to healthy foods
rather not only than taste food products (Hsieh Ofori, 2007).
These quality deciding factors are developing mainly with the
help of human assistance, and partially digitalized types of
machinery. But, food productions could be affected as these
industries mainly depends on human, which is because of
manual food development procedures.
Therefore, food production industries expecting automatic
machinery to reduce the human effort within less duration,
which could develop different types of food production with-
out losing its qualities to increase the customer. Food safety
can be increased by the ICT-enabled traceability systems
(Setboonsarng et al., 2009). ICT provides a significant role in
user-friendliness, easy access, cost-effectiveness, and security
in the FPP (Mahant et al., 2002). The advancement of
ICT applications introduces multiple technologies to increase
efficiencies such as IoT, CC, drone, and artificial intelligence
(AI). These technologies working in various steps during
the FPP; such as nutrition analysis, quality control, packing,
supply chain, and food safety. IoT enabled systems food
distribution can help to automate food supply chain process
during the process (Bhushan et al., 2016)(Accorsi et al.,
2017). Meanwhile, food safety and its freshness can be
monitored with mobile based IoT application in real time
(Witjaksono et al., 2018). And, an IoT based application
used to analyze the food ingredients and that uses sensors
for food nutrition quantification (Sundaravadivel et al., 2018).
Similarly, sensor technologies are used in AI-based packing
(Popa et al., 2019). Computerized systems used in food
industries to check weight and find leakages of the foods
that goes down the line (Srivastava et al., 2015). But, all
the technologies using by the food industries are require
more development in terms of safety and supply process.
Furthermore, majority of the conducted researches related to
IoT and Food science till today were not provide required
development steps in food technologies.
Furthermore, IoT can be implemented with agriculture.
Precision agriculture is known as one sustainable, ecological,
and gainful approach to progress agriculture yields and qual-
ity, and will eventually come true with the further execution
of IoT practices in agriculture (Ruan, Jiang, et al., 2019).
In addition to that cloud computing can be accommodated
with IoT to make sure the quality and sustainability of smart
agriculture (Rojas, 2015).
There were hundreds of research and development works
conducted and still counting the numbers. In that sense, this
study focusing on finding the better solution to improve the
food technology (FT) via IoT based on existing studies. This
study discussed many emerging technologies in the respect
of food technologies and agriculture that are leading to smart
agriculture or the smart food industry, especially related to
IoT. In addition to that, cyber security and privacy issues
of IoT also have been discussed. Therefore, a systematic
literature review was used to collect the required data. Re-
cently published papers were collected from various indexing
databases in different perspectives such as used technologies,
developed IoT applications, and security concerns separately
in terms of food technology and agriculture. The following
section explained the methodology used for the systematic
literature review. And the final part concludes the study with
limitations of the study and future works.
II. METHODOLOGY
This is study was focus on services of IoT on FT. We were
used a systematic literature review to collect the required
data, and these collected data were analyzed using qualitative
research methods. A review of literature is the process
of developing the questions, finding the relevant studies,
assessing the quality of the studies, briefing the proof, and
discuss the findings from the previously conducted scientific
studies to formulate a new concept (K. S. Khan et al.,
2003). Meanwhile, the qualitative research method is a way
to collect the required data from interviews, observations,
and previous studies (Mahant et al., 2002).
A. Criteria for Study Selection
There were 56 articles selected from 274 downloaded
research papers, where these articles were downloaded from
various publications such as international research confer-
ences, peer reviewed journals, and book chapters. These
articles were searched using the keywords Internet of Things,
IoT, food, food sciences, food technology, food safety, food
nutrition, and food production using the Boolean terms AND,
and OR. Furthermore, majority of the articles were sort listed
based on the following criteria;
1) Papers published in high index publishers and digital
libraries
2) Published after 2015
3) Only full papers
4) Free accessible research papers
Furthermore, figure 1 represents the classification diagram
for the systematic literature review.
B. Development of Research Questions
The following research questions were developed accord-
ing to the above mentioned review process.
Finally, finding of these research questions were summa-
rized; those summary information were analyzed to come up
with new conclusions to the food production process via IoT.
In addition to that, limitations and future research problems
also identified and suggested to the upcoming research works.
Copyright ©2021 belongs to Faculty of Technology, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park, Oluvil, #32360, Sri Lanka 7

Nafrees, Majeed, Kariapper, Razith and Pirapuraj |SLJoT
Table I: Developed research questions
S. No Research Questions Motivation
RQ1 What are the most suitable IoT technology, devices,
and Application to implement with Food production?
With less human efforts Increase the productivity within
a short period of time and finding the new food product if
possible.
RQ2 How the IoT devices, application and technologies
help in FT? Understanding how IoT provide services to the FPP.
RQ3 What are the security issues existing in the IoT
devices, technologies and applications?
Find and suggest the way to reduce or remove the
security issues in IoT devices or IoT applications
that are affecting the FPP.
Figure 2: Classification diagram of Research Articles
III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A group of experts developed an IoT-based system to
assist food packaging and Transportation in real-time using
the Internet, sensors, RFID, and smart devices that can help
to reduce foodborne illness and food traceability during
transportation (Maksimovi´
cet al., 2015). Further, A concept
has proposed to develop an IoT architecture based on a
Software-defined Network (SDN) and cyber physical system
to develop different food products with good nutrition and
healthy against the increase of the population in the smart
cities (Ordoñez-García et al., 2017). Likewise, An IoT system
based on magnetic induction (MI) was developed for the
fresh food supply to monitor food waste, food transportation,
and tracking the food contaminant (Pal Kant, 2011). and, an
IoT retrofitting approach to reduce the production expenses
and maintain the quality of the food products with the help
of industry 4.0, AWS lambda and sensors (Panda et al.,
2019). Meanwhile, another system was proposed based on
IoT, Block chain, and deep learning that was help to the end
users to verify the food products before consume to confirm
the origin and supply chain of the relevant food; furthermore,
this system help to keep track of proper temperature and
supply tracks of the food products (P. W. Khan et al., 2020).
Similarly, the error ratio of food traceability in supply chain
process can be reduced by using IoT based system based on
block chain and fuzzy technologies compared to traditional
way (Tsang et al., 2019). In addition this, authors have sug-
gested for the development of smart systems especially using
IoT for the food production for the safety, transportation,
nutrition, quality control, and cost effective (Ramundo et
al., 2016). Likewise, a bibliometric analysis was confirmed
that IoT technologies strongly involved in food safety and
its quality over a decade with the help of RFID, sensors,
and internet (Bouzembrak et al., 2019). As well as, IoT help
positively supports food quality monitoring, traceability, and
smart packaging (Ben-Daya et al., 2020). Further, it was
mentioned in a study that IoT in agriculture increases food
safety and reduction of food wastage (Brewster et al., 2017).
IV. IOTDEVICES,APPLICATION AND TECHNOLOGIES
HELP IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY
IoT can be used in Agriculture via cloud-based to provide
services to the farmers about cultivation time, find the
diseases, and solution to those diseases (S.Balamurugan ,
N.Divyabharathi, K.Jayashruthi, M.Bowiya, 2016); this was
supported by (Jaiganesh et al., 2017) conducted in India. And
also, It was proved that soil conditions can be monitored
using pH and soil moisture sensors based on IoT based
system using LoRa technology via mobile and computer
Copyright ©2021 belongs to Faculty of Technology, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park, Oluvil, #32360, Sri Lanka 8

Nafrees, Majeed, Kariapper, Razith and Pirapuraj |SLJoT
interfaces, where this system was provide positive results for
star fruit plantations (Rachmani Zulkifli, 2018). Furthermore,
a review was saying that the majority of the food farming IoT
systems focusing on management systems mainly developed
on cloud and big data technologies (Navarro et al., 2020).
Meanwhile, IoT systems used in fresh agriculture products
in terms of monitor the food’s freshness, food security, and
building management of those food products to increase the
supply chain integration level (Yu Gu Tiaobin Jing, 2011).
A mobile app based on IoT architecture was developed to
assist farmers in real time to reduce watermelon related
disease based on expert’s answers (Hubei, 2016). Similarly,
a low-cost respirometer was developed based on open source
software which can use to measure the CO2concentration,
pressure, and temperature and this system showed positive
results for the fruit and vegetables placed in the system
(González-buesa Salvador, 2019). Furthermore, Agricultural
industries could reach more region directly to the consumers
with the help of IoT based on cloud computing (Patil et al.,
2012).
A study was developed an architectural framework for IoT
based system for the food and agriculture which provided
valuable assist to the those sectors by conducted some
case studies in European IoF 2020, agricultural sub sectors,
conventional and organic farming (Verdouw et al., 2019).
Analogously, IoT systems in food production and logistics
could be developed with very low-cost RFID-based sensors
used for the short-distance wireless sensor data records (Ar-
naud Costa, 2020). Likewise, another low implementation
cost IoT system was developed based on RFID and QR code
which used to track not only individual food items but also
the whole supply chain; further, this system mainly used to
prepackaged the foods (Li et al., 2017).
A research based development created a sensor based IoT
system to manage the restaurant food waste (RFW) that
includes generation, collection, transportation, and disposal
of the food wastes; and this work was provided positive
feedback on RFW management processes (Wen et al., 2018).
Likewise, Food waste throughout the entire food production
process could be reduced using IoT based monitoring system
with the help of dynamic shelf-life prediction based on the
kinetic Arrhenius model (Ostojic et al., 2017). Similarly,
Another study has investigated and believed that food safety
through IoT was significantly possible in a Chinese restaurant
(Yun Gu et al., 2012). Further, a smart food security system
architecture has been proposed that could be developed based
on big data and IoT, which helps to create food safety
information and carry out the information on the monitor
and analyze the collected data where it assists to realize
monitoring from food source to the final consumer (Parvin et
al., 2019). Similarly, Block chain technologies implemented
IoT devices were proposed to increase food safety during
the food supply chain (Lin et al., 2018). Furthermore, an
IoT based food waste maintenance system was developed
for a pilot study and the result confirmed that the developed
system significantly reduce the food wastage (Hong et al.,
2014).
A study urged to use of cloud storage to maintain food
quality such as humidity and temperature that can maintain
the quality of the raw food via mobile or computing devices
in real-time using internet connectivity (Mallik et al., 2018).
As well, a low-cost MQ5 gas sensor was used to developed an
IoT based intelligent system to find expired foods or altered
food packs; further, the system can be used via smartphone
to monitor the stored food products (Popa et al., 2019).
A research paper suggested implementing a system com-
bining QR-code with the internet which can be used to
increase the information volume of some food product and
present it visually to the consumers about the antioxidant
capacity of blended juices and enriched bakery products
(Nilova et al., 2019).
A. Security Issues in IoT
There were several common issues and attacks outlined
in the IoT systems such as forgery, location privacy, cannot
stand with server impersonates resynchronization, data in-
tegrity, server spoofing, and backward traceability forward
traceability problem (Tewari Gupta, 2020). Data security
was the highest priority among the IoT-enabled devices since
the device manufacturer might have the connection over the
smart devices which uses temperature sensors for monitoring
food transport as those IoT-enabled devices work with the
support of internet connectivity (Astill et al., 2019; Liao et
al., 2020). In addition to this, Data management and swift
support for the technical problem are another set of issues
facing by IoT-enabled food technologies (Ruan, Wang, et al.,
2019). As well, study discussed major security issues that
arise in IoT which may affect smart farming such as Daniel
of service attack, malware infection, jamming attack, mis-
information, false data injection, data leakage, supply chain
attack, and cyber-terrorism (Gupta et al., 2020). Meanwhile,
Data integrity and authentication are also issues happening
in the IoT during data transfer from a node to another node,
which could happen in the smart farming process (Dennis et
al., 2014). Similarly, technical challenges in the block chain
technology used in the IoT traceability system used in the
food supply chain (Feng et al., 2020).
V. CONCLUSION
A country’s economic growth depends on many factors, in
that sense food production is the core part of that. However,
a stand-alone human resource only is not enough to develop
the required amount of food with higher quality nutrition.
Therefore, this study aimed at how technologies assist the
food industries to achieve the produce the required amount of
food, food safety, nutrition maintenance, food supply chain,
and food transportation. On that basis, this study focused on
how IoT provides services for food technology.
This article was developed based on a systematic review
and analyzed using qualitative statistical analysis, further, it
was concluding according to the developed research ques-
tions.
Copyright ©2021 belongs to Faculty of Technology, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park, Oluvil, #32360, Sri Lanka 9

Nafrees, Majeed, Kariapper, Razith and Pirapuraj |SLJoT
A. Most suitable IoT technology, devices, and Application to
implement with Food production
From the review of the literature, it was confirmed that
IoT provides valuable services to the food industries, such
as developing new kind of food products with the expected
level of nutrition, food packaging, real-time monitoring of the
food’s temperature, moisture, traceability of transportation,
finding the defective foods, reducing diseases during the
farming, and reducing the food wastages. In addition to
these positive achievements, it was also proved that those
IoT systems can be developed at minimum cost with higher
efficiency. Where these IoT applications and systems were
done with many trending technologies but IoT, RFID and
Block chain were the major among all of these, due to their
security and data transfer rate.
B. Security issues existing in the IoT devices, technologies
and applications
Although, there were some negative consequences also
rising, majorly Data Privacy issues and quickest technical
assistance during a device or system failure. But, these
issues can be reduced by stopping to share private keys with
others (Zhao et al., 2019), develop big data analytics, try to
develop any low-cost IoT-based security monitoring systems,
discuss cyber risk management frameworks (Gupta et al.,
2020), implement devices users identification authentication
(Dennis et al., 2014), reduce third-party access, frequently
updated virus malware software, implement block chain
technology throughout the full food processing, and increase
the security of the login procedure by implementing 2 step
verification methods.
C. Limitations, Recommendation and Future work
Since this study was conducted in Sri Lanka and based on
systematic review, but there were no studies found based in
Sri Lanka about IoT and food technology. And also, none
of the studies found related to IoT, Food technology Food-
destroying robes. Furthermore, none of studies were found
which provided stable solutions to the IoT security issues.
This review article strongly suggested to develop an IoT
systems and applications based on cloud computing to drive
away the food-destroying robes, that should be further used
to provide require information to find a permanent solution
to stop the food-destroying robes based on cloud analysis.
Finally, we authors planning to conduct an analysis among
the food scientists, food production industrialist and farmers
about their expectations about IoT devices and applications.
REFERENCES
Accorsi, R., Bortolini, M., Baruffaldi, G., Pilati, F., Fer-
rari, E. (2017). Internet-of-Things paradigm in food
supply chains control and management. 27th Interna-
tional Conference on Flexible Automation and Intel-
ligent Manufacturing, FAIM2017, 11(June), 889–895.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.192
Arnaud, A., Costa, G. (2020). Ultra low-cost sensors
using RFID standards for data collection, for
IoT systems in food production and logistics.
2020 IEEE 11th Latin American Symposium
on Circuits and Systems, LASCAS 2020, 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS45839.2020.9068972
Astill, J., Dara, R. A., Campbell, M., Farber, J.
M., Fraser, E. D. G., Sharif, S., Yada, R. Y.
(2019). Transparency in food supply chains: A re-
view of enabling technology solutions. Trends in
Food Science and Technology, 91(July), 240–247.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.024
Ben-Daya, M., Hassini, E., Bahroun, Z., Banimfreg,
B. H. (2020). The role of internet of things
in food supply chain quality management: A re-
view. Quality Management Journal, 28(1), 17–40.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2020.1838978
Bhushan, S., Bohara, B., Sharma, V. (2016). A New Ap-
proach towards IOT by Using Health careIOT and Food
distribution IOT. 2016 2nd International Conference on
Advances in Computing, Communication, Automation
(ICACCA).
Botta, A., De Donato, W., Persico, V., Pescapé, A. (2015).
Integration of Cloud computing and Internet of Things:
A survey. Future Generation Computer Systems, 56,
684–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2015.09.021
Bouzembrak, Y., Klüche, M., Gavai, A., Marvin, H.
J. P. (2019). Trends in Food Science Technol-
ogy Internet of Things in food safety: Litera-
ture review and a bibliometric analysis. Trends in
Food Science Technology, 94(November), 54–64.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.002
Brewster, C., Roussaki, I., Kalatzis, N., Doolin, K., Ellis, K.
(2017). IoT in Agriculture: Designing a Europe-Wide
Large-Scale Pilot. IEEE Communications Magazine,
55(9), 26–33.
Dennis, A. L. R., Ahrary, A., Horibe, N., Yang, W. S. (2014).
IoT-security approach analysis for the novel nutrition-
based vegetable production and distribution system. Pro-
ceedings - 2014 IIAI 3rd International Conference on
Advanced Applied Informatics, IIAI-AAI 2014, 185–189.
https://doi.org/10.1109/IIAI-AAI.2014.47
Feng, H., Wang, X., Duan, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, X. (2020).
Applying blockchain technology to improve agri-food
traceability: A review of development methods, benefits
and challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260,
121031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121031
González-buesa, J., Salvador, M. L. (2019). An Arduino-
based low cost device for the measurement of the
respiration rates of fruits and vegetables. Computers
and Electronics in Agriculture, 162(January), 14–20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.03.029
Copyright ©2021 belongs to Faculty of Technology, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park, Oluvil, #32360, Sri Lanka 10

Nafrees, Majeed, Kariapper, Razith and Pirapuraj |SLJoT
Gu, Yu, Tiaobin Jing. (2011). The IOT Research in Sup-
ply Chain Management of Fresh Agricultural Products.
2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence,
Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIM-
SEC), 7382–7385.
Gu, Yun, Han, W., Zheng, L., Jin, B. (2012). Using IoT
Technologies to Resolve the Food Safety Problem –
An Analysis Based on Chinese Food Standards. In Web
Information Systems and Mining (pp. 380–392).
Gupta, M., Abdelsalam, M., Khorsandroo, S.,
Mittal, S. (2020). Security and Privacy
in Smart Farming: Challenges and Op-
portunities. IEEE Access, 8, 34564–34584.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2975142
Hong, I., Park, S., Lee, B., Lee, J., Jeong, D.,
Park, S. (2014). IoT-Based Smart Garbage System
for Efficient Food Waste Management. The Scien-
tific World Journal, 2014(Article ID 646953), 1–14.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/646953
Hsieh, Y. H. P., Ofori, J. A. (2007). Innovations in food
technology for health. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 16(SUPPL.1), 65–73.
Hubei, J. (2016). The Research of lOT of Agriculture based
on Three Layers Architecture. 2nd International Con-
ference on Cloud Computing and Internet of Things
(CCIOT), 1, 162–165.
Jaiganesh, S., Gunaseelan, K., Ellappan, V. (2017). IOT
agriculture to improve food and farming technology.
Proc. IEEE Conference on Emerging Devices and
Smart Systems (ICEDSS 2017), January, 260–266.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEDSS.2017.8073690
Khan, K. S., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J., Antes, G. (2003). Five
steps to conducting a systematic review. JOURNAL OF
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE, 96, 118–121.
Khan, P. W., Byun, Y.-C., Park, N. (2020). IoT-Blockchain
Enabled Optimized Provenance System for Food In-
dustry 4.0 Using Advanced Deep Learning. Sensors,
20(2990), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102990
Li, Z., Liu, G., Liu, L., Lai, X., Xu, G. (2017). IoT-based
tracking and tracing platform for prepackaged food
supply chain. Industrial Management and Data Systems,
117(9), 1906–1916. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-11-
2016-0489
Liao, B., Ali, Y., Nazir, S., He, L., Khan, H.
U. (2020). Security Analysis of IoT Devices
by Using Mobile Computing: A Systematic
Literature Review. IEEE Access, 8, 120331–120350.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3006358
Lin, J., Shen, Z., Zhang, A., Chai, Y. (2018). Blockchain and
IoT based Food Traceability System. International Con-
ference on Crowd Science and Engineering, December,
1–6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3265689.3265692
Mahant, M., Shukla, A. bhishek, Dixit, S., Patel, D. (2002).
Uses of ICT in Agriculture. International Journal of
Advanced Computer Research, 2(1), 148–152.
Maksimovi´
c, M., Vujovi´
c, V., Omanovi´
c-Mikliˇ
canin, E.
(2015). Application of internet of things in food packag-
ing and transportation. International Journal of Sustain-
able Agricultural Management and Informatics, 1(4),
333–350. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSAMI.2015.075053
Mallik, A., Karim, A. Bin, Md, Z. H., Md, M.
A. (2018). Monitoring food storage humidity
and temperature data using IoT. MOJ Food
Processing Technology, 6(4), 400–404.
https://doi.org/10.15406/mojfpt.2018.06.00194
Meghwal, M., Goyal, M. R., Mital J Kaneria. (2016).
Food Technology: Applied Research and Production
Techniques. In Apple Academic Press (Vol. 17, Issue
2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840711414801
Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., De Pellegrini, F., Chlamtac, I.
(2012). Internet of things: Vision, applications and re-
search challenges. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(7), 1497–1516.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.02.016
Navarro, E., Costa, N., Pereira, A. (2020). A Systematic
Review of IoT Solutions for Smart Farming. Sensors,
20(4231), 1–29.
Nilova, L., Malyutenkova, S., Chunin, S., Naumenko, N.
(2019). IOT in the development of information support
of food products for healthy nutrition. IOP Conference
Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 497(1), 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/497/1/012112
Ordoñez-García, A., Siller, M., Begovich, O. (2017). IoT
architecture for urban agronomy and precision appli-
cations. 2017 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on
Power, Electronics and Computing, ROPEC 2017, 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ROPEC.2017.8261582
Ostojic, G., Stankovski, S., Tegeltija, S., Duki´
c, N., Teji´
c,
B. (2017). Implementation of IoT for food wastage
minimisation. XVII International Scientific Conference
on Industrial Systems, 116–121.
Pal, A., Kant, K. (2011). IoT-Based Sensing and
Communications Infrastructure for the Fresh
Food Supply Chain. In IEEE Computer Society.
https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference25120
Panda, S. K., Blome, A., Wisniewski, L., Meyer, A. (2019).
IoT Retrofitting Approach for the Food Industry. 24th
IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technolo-
gies and Factory Automation (ETFA), 1, 1639–1642.
Parvin, S., Venkatraman, S., de Souza-Daw, T., Fahd, K.,
Jackson, J., Kaspi, S., Cooley, N., Saleem, K., Gawan-
meh, A. (2019). Smart food security system using
iot and big data analytics. Advances in Intelligent
Copyright ©2021 belongs to Faculty of Technology, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park, Oluvil, #32360, Sri Lanka 11

Nafrees, Majeed, Kariapper, Razith and Pirapuraj |SLJoT
Systems and Computing, 800 Part F(Itng), 253–258.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14070-035
Patil, V. C., Al-Gaadi, K. A., Biradar, D. P., Rangaswamy,
M. (2012). INTERNET OF THINGS ( IOT ) AND
CLOUD COMPUTING FOR AGRICULTURE: AN
OVERVIEW. Agriculture 2012, 292–296.
Popa, A., Hnatiuc, M., Paun, M., Geman, O., Hemanth, D.
J., Dorcea, D., Son, L. H., Ghita, S. (2019). An In-
telligent IoT-Based Food Quality Monitoring Approach
Using Low-Cost Sensors. Symmetry, 11(374), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11030374
Rachmani, A. F., Zulkifli, F. Y. (2018). Design of IoT
Monitoring System Based on LoRa Technology for
Starfruit Plantation. TENCON 2018 - 2018 IEEE Region
10 Conference, October, 1241–1245.
Ramundo, L., Taisch, M., Terzi, S. (2016). State of the
art of technology in the Food sector value chain
towards the IoT. IEEE 2nd International Forum on
Research and Technologies for Society and Indus-
try Leveraging a Better Tomorrow (RTSI), September.
https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSI.2016.7740612
Rojas, A. (2015). Smart Agriculture IoT with Cloud Com-
puting. Revista de Historia de América, 29, 37–66.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20137917
Ruan, J., Jiang, H., Zhu, C., Hu, X., Shi, Y., Liu, T.,
Rao, W., Chan, F. T. S. (2019). Agriculture IoT:
Emerging Trends, Cooperation Networks, and Out-
look. IEEE Wireless Communications, 26(6), 56–63.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.001.1900096
Ruan, J., Wang, Y., Chan, F. T. S., Hu, X., Zhao,
M., Zhu, F., Shi, B., Shi, Y., Lin, F. (2019). A
Life Cycle Framework of Green IoT-Based Agricul-
ture and Its Finance, Operation, and Management Is-
sues. IEEE Communications Magazine, 57(3), 90–96.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2019.1800332
S.Balamurugan , N.Divyabharathi, K.Jayashruthi, M.Bowiya,
R. P. S. and D. R. G. K. S. (2016). Internet of Agricul-
ture: Applying IoT to Improve Food and Farming Tech-
nology. Journal of International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 3(10), 713–719.
Setboonsarng, S., Sakai, J., Vancura, L. (2009). Food safety
and ICT traceability systems: Lessons from Japan for
developing countries.
Srivastava, A., Kumar, V., Alak Kumar Singh. (2015). Com-
puterized and Electronic Controls in Food Packaging.
Journal of Applied Pckaging Research, 28–45.
Sundaravadivel, P., Kesavan, K., Kesavan, L., Mohanty, S. P.,
Elias Kougianos. (2018). Smart-Log: A Deep-Learning
based Automated Nutrition Monitoring System in the
IoT. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 64(3),
1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2018.2867802
Tewari, A., Gupta, B. B. (2020). Security, privacy and
trust of different layers in Internet-of-Things (IoTs)
framework. Future Generation Computer Systems, 108,
909–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.04.027
Thenabadu M, Ranathunga, I., Ranasuriya, D.,
Priyadarshika, A. (2020). IDENTIFICATION
OF MEASURES TO IMPROVE / INTRODUCE
FOOD TECHNOLOGY COURSES IN TECHNICAL
VOCATIONAL INSTITUTES (Issue June).
Tor ˘
gul, B., ¸Sa˘
gban¸sua, L., Balo, F. (2016). Internet of
Things: A Survey Applied Mathematics , Electron-
ics and Computers Internet of Things: A Survey.
International Journal of Applied Mathematics Elec-
tronics and Computers, 4(Special Issue), 104–110.
https://doi.org/10.18100/ijamec.267197
Tsang, Y. P., Choy, K. L., Wu, C. H., To, G., Ho, S.,
Lam, H. Y. (2019). Blockchain-Driven IoT for Food
Traceability With an Integrated Consensus Mechanism.
SPECIAL SECTION ON DATA MINING FOR IN-
TERNET OF THINGS, 7(September), 129000–129017.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2940227
Verdouw, C., Sundmaeker, H., Tekinerdogan, B., Conzon, D.,
Montanaro, T. (2019). Architecture framework of IoT-
based food and farm systems: A multiple case study.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 165(July),
104939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.104939
Wen, Z., Hu, S., Clercq, D. De, Beck, M. B., Zhang,
H., Zhang, H., Fei, F., Liu, J. (2018). Design ,
implementation , and evaluation of an Internet of
Things ( IoT ) network system for restaurant food
waste management. Waste Management, 73, 26–38.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.054
Witjaksono, G., Almur Abdelkreem Saeed Rabih, Yahya,
N. bt, Sagir Alva. (2018). IOT for Agriculture: Food
Quality and Safety. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science
and Engineering, 343. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-
899X/343/1/012023
Zhao, G., Liu, S., Lopez, C., Lu, H., Elgueta, S.,
Chen, H., Boshkoska, B. M. (2019). Blockchain
technology in agri-food value chain management: A
synthesis of applications, challenges and future re-
search directions. Computers in Industry, 109, 83–99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2019.04.002
This article is licensed under a Creative Com-
mons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits
use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in
any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide
a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if
changes were made. Te images or other third party material
in this article are included in the article’s Creative Com-
Copyright ©2021 belongs to Faculty of Technology, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park, Oluvil, #32360, Sri Lanka 12

Nafrees, Majeed, Kariapper, Razith and Pirapuraj |SLJoT
mons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line
to the material. If material is not included in the article’s
Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not
permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted
use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the
copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Copyright ©2021 belongs to Faculty of Technology, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park, Oluvil, #32360, Sri Lanka 13