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Vom Molekül zum Material -biobasierte Klebstoffe Aktenzeichen N/16/05 Abschlussbericht für Bayerisches Ministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten
Abstract
This report gives an overview on biobased adhesives from a chemical and technical perspective, sustainability aspects as well as consumers' view on them.
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Bioproducts have attracted much attention in recent years due to the increasing environmental concerns about petroleum products. In this study, we aimed to explore potential environmental impacts and economic feasibility of pressure sensitive bio-adhesive (PSA) produced from the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization process. A detail process model of pressure sensitive bio-adhesive was developed in order to thoroughly understand both economic and environmental impacts of this production process. Life cycle assessment results showed that the overall environmental impacts of bio-adhesive was ~30% lower compared to the petro-adhesive’s production process. The minimum selling price for this pressure sensitive bio-adhesive was calculated as $3.48/kg. Sensitivity analysis results indicated that raw materials costs had the most significant impact on pressure sensitive bio-adhesive’s selling price, followed by total capital investment. Electricity sources had larger environmental impacts to the overall bio-adhesive production process compared to transportation distance and product yield. These results highlight the environmental advantage and potential economic competency of this pressure sensitive bio-based adhesive.
Das Basiswissen für das Grundstudium in den Agrarwissenschaften Dieses Buch ist für den ersten Studienabschnitt im Bachelor-Studiengang Agrarwissenschaften konzipiert. Acker- und Pflanzenbau sowie die Pflanzenzüchtung werden in kompakter Form dargestellt. Teil 1, Ackerbau, nimmt Bezug auf den Acker als Pflanzenstandort sowie Bodennutzungssysteme, Grunddüngung, Unkrautkontrolle und nachhaltige Entwicklung des Landbaus. Aufbauend auf den biologischen und agrotechnischen Grundlagen konzentriert sich Teil 2, Pflanzenbau, auf die Anbauverfahren landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen des gemäßigten Klimas. Teil 3, Pflanzenzüchtung, beinhaltet die Domestikation der Kulturarten und das Sortenwesen. Nach den biologisch-genetischen und quantitativ-genetischen Grundlagen werden biotechnologische Eingriffsmöglichkeiten und die Zuchtmethodik leicht verständlich erklärt.
The addition of thermal energy storage and natural gas as a complementary energy source improves the flexibility, reliability, and value of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. Nevertheless, due to the transient nature of solar energy, transitions from solar-only mode and natural-gas mode to hybrid solar-natural gas mode is quite challenging, especially when the plant is equipped with thermal storage. Thus, it is important to develop proper dynamic modeling and control schemes to accurately simulate such transitions. The objective of this study is to address this subject by demonstrating a dynamic model with reliable control schemes for a highly integrated hybrid parabolic trough-natural gas plant equipped with thermal energy storage. The specific goal is to study the dynamics of adding thermal storage to the hybrid plant. It is found that the developed control schemes assist smooth transitions between different operational modes and effective utilization of thermal storage and natural gas to maintain steady power production and steam mass flow rates under different solar conditions. The results demonstrate that the integration of storage regulates power production by solar energy and natural gas during the day time. It also enables an increase in the solar fraction of the hybrid plant while it causes a small decrease in thermodynamic efficiency. The analysis shows that the hybrid plant with the storage has a substantially lower specific CO2 emission (0.320 tonne/MWh) than single natural gas plant (0.413 tonne/MWh) although it has a higher levelized cost of electricity (74.92/MWh). The hybrid plant with storage demonstrates a promising potential for reliable and clean production of electricity, although research and development should be conducted to lower its cost.
Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin is one of the most widely used adhesives in wood-based composites. The major concerns of the resin utilization are free formaldehyde release and poor water resistance. In this study, based on life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis, a “greener” adhesive composed of UF resin and cottonseed meal was successfully prepared via a common synthetic process of pure UF resins. The raw materials (urea and formaldehyde) of UF resins were replaced by cottonseed meal with up to 40% on weight basis. The effect of the cottonseed meal on the rheological property, mechanical strength, chemical structure, thermal stability, and glue line features of these “greener” adhesives was investigated. The adhesive showed an improved mechanical strength as compared to pure UF resins in the tensile shear strength of bonded wood specimens, especially on the water soaked strength. It also showed similar chemical structures, thermal stabilities, and even better rheological properties than pure UF resins. Cottonseed meal resulted in good dispersions in these adhesives with up to 30% portion. It acted as a reinforcement for the adhesive other than a filler or an additive. This “greener” adhesive improved the performance of pure UF resins while retained its outstanding features, suggesting the feasibility of using it as UF resins in current manufacturing lines for wood-based composites is there.
This book is a uniquely pedagogical while still comprehensive state-of-the-art description of LCA-methodology and its broad range of applications. The five parts of the book conveniently provide: I) the history and context of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with its central role as quantitative and scientifically-based tool supporting society's transitioning towards a sustainable economy; II) all there is to know about LCA methodology illustrated by a red-thread example which evolves as the reader advances; III) a wealth of information on a broad range of LCA applications with dedicated chapters on policy development, prospective LCA, life cycle management, waste, energy, construction and building, nanotechnology, agrifood, transport, and LCA-related concepts such as footprinting, ecolabelling,design for environment, and cradle to cradle. IV) A cookbook giving the reader recipes for all the concrete actions needed to perform an LCA. V) An appendix with an LCA report template, a full example LCA report serving as inspiration for students who write their first LCA report, and a more detailed overview of existing LCIA methods and their similarities and differences.
This book offers a detailed presentation of the principles and practice of life cycle impact assessment. As a volume of the LCA compendium, the book is structured according to the LCIA framework developed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)passing through the phases of definition or selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterisation models (Classification): calculation of category indicator results (Characterisation); calculating the magnitude of category indicator results relative to reference information (Normalisation); and converting indicator results of different impact categories by using numerical factors based on value-choices (Weighting).
Chapter one offers a historical overview of the development of life cycle impact assessment and presents the boundary conditions and the general principles and constraints of characterisation modelling in LCA. The second chapter outlines the considerations underlying the selection of impact categories and the classification or assignment of inventory flows into these categories. Chapters three through thirteen exploreall the impact categories that are commonly included in LCIA, discussing the characteristics of each followed by a review of midpoint and endpoint characterisation methods, metrics, uncertainties and new developments, and a discussion of research needs. Chapter-length treatment is accorded to Climate Change; Stratospheric Ozone Depletion; Human Toxicity; Particulate Matter Formation; Photochemical Ozone Formation; Ecotoxicity; Acidification; Eutrophication; Land Use; Water Use; and Abiotic Resource Use. The final two chapters map out the optional LCIA steps of Normalisation and Weighting.
Um der steigenden Nachfrage nach Bio-Klebstoffen nachzukommen bieten nachwachsende Rohstoffe eine neue Rohstoffbasis, zum Beispiel für thermoaktivierbare Polyurethandispersionen. Im Rahmen des durch die Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe geförderten Projekts »Thermoaktivierbare Bio-Klebstoffe« wurde erstmals eine ökologische Bewertung biobasierter thermoaktivierbarer Klebstoffe für Anwendungen in der Automobil-, Möbel- und Schuhindustrie durchgeführt.
de Die prognostizierten Marktchancen entscheiden über die Umsetzung eines innovativen Produktes in die Produktion. Die Aussichten verbessern sich bei attraktiven Herstellkosten. Der errechnete Marktpreis ergibt sich aus den Herstell‐ sowie den Einzel‐ und Gemeinkosten des Unternehmens unter Addition einer Gewinnmarge. Eine ergänzende Methode zur Ermittlung des Marktpreises stellt das Zielkostenmanagement dar. Es beruht auf Angebot und Nachfrage und nutzt den Preismeter der Marktforschung. Der festzulegende Marktpreis berücksichtigt zusätzlich die Neuheit und Produktqualität, die Markenstärke und den Wettbewerb.
Abstract
en The predicted market opportunities determine the implementation of an innovative product into production. The prospects are improving at attractive manufacturing costs. The calculated market price results from the manufacturing and the direct and indirect costs of the company by adding a profit margin. A complementary method for determining the market price represents the target cost management. This method is based on supply and demand and uses the price meter of market research. The final market price also takes into account the novelty and product quality, brand strength and competition.
Purpose:
Occupational asthma (OA), a common respiratory disorder in Western countries, is caused by exposures at the workplace. It is part of a broader definition of work-related asthma (WRA) that also includes pre-existing asthma aggravated by substances present in the workplace environment, and it is potentially preventable. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate preventive measures for occupational asthma by case studies.
Methods:
In three case studies we discuss preventive measures that have been associated with reductions in incidence of occupational asthma from natural rubber latex and from diisocyanates as supported by published literature. We also discuss challenges in relation to asthma from cleaning products in healthcare work.
Results and conclusions:
Several preventive measures have been associated with reduction in incidence of occupational asthma from natural rubber latex and from diisocyanates, and may provide lessons for prevention of other causes of occupational asthma. Cleaning products remain an unresolved problem at present with respect to asthma risks but potential measures include the use of safer products and safer applications such as avoidance of spray products, use of occupational hygiene methods such as improving local ventilation, and when appropriate, the use of personal protective devices.