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Potential and prospects of Kiwifruit production in the state of Arunachal Pradesh

Authors:
  • ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture

Abstract

Northeastern states in general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular, kiwifruit has bright prospects. Kiwifruit has been assessed as one of the important future profitable fruit crops in mid hills of Himalayas. Since it provides a high return per unit area and the farmers can earn about Rs. 4 to 5 lakhs per hectare annually. As per the economic Survey of Arunachal Pradesh 2016-17 reports, 3379 ha of land under kiwi producing 6047 tons of fresh fruit production. Arunachal Pradesh contributes more than 50% to the total kiwi production in the country. Despite having huge potential of kiwifruit in the region, the various limitations faced by the farmer are the non-availability of quality planting material, skilled labours, lack of awareness regarding its cultural practices and management especially training and pruning as well as pollination management. Consequently, the kiwifruit produced in Arunachal Pradesh is of small size with inferior quality and thus is not able to compete with the kiwi imported from New Zealand, Australia, Italy, and other countries. Marketing is also the main obstacle due to the non-availability of cold storage and processing unit and other infrastructure for the promotion of kiwifruit in the region.
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The Pharma Innovation Journal 2021; SP-10(12): 1749-1751
ISSN (E): 2277- 7695
ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.23
TPI 2021; SP-10(12): 1749-1751
© 2021 TPI
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 25-10-2021
Accepted: 27-11-2021
Wasim H Raja
ICAR-Central Institute of
Temperate Horticulture Old
Airfield, Rengreth, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Mihin Noomphy
ICAR-Central Institute of
Temperate Horticulture,
Regional Station, Dirang, West
Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh,
India
Gamter Bam
ICAR-Central Institute of
Temperate Horticulture,
Regional Station, Dirang, West
Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh,
India
Sajad UN Nabi
ICAR-Central institute of
Temperate Horticulture Old
Airfield, Rengreth, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
OC Sharma
ICAR-Central Institute of
Temperate Horticulture Old
Airfield, Rengreth, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
JI Mir
ICAR-Central Institute of
Temperate Horticulture Old
Airfield, Rengreth, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
M Abbas Shah
ICAR-Central Institute of
Temperate Horticulture Old
Airfield, Rengreth, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Madhu GS
ICAR-Central Institute of
Temperate Horticulture Old
Airfield, Rengreth, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Corresponding Author
Wasim H Raja
ICAR-Central Institute of
Temperate Horticulture Old
Airfield, Rengreth, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Potential and prospects of Kiwifruit production in the
state of Arunachal Pradesh
Wasim H Raja, Mihin Noomphy, Gamter Bam, Sajad UN Nabi, OC
Sharma, JI Mir, M Abbas Shah and Madhu GS
Abstract
North-eastern states in general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular, kiwifruit has bright prospects. Kiwifruit
has been assessed as one of the important future profitable fruit crops in mid hills of Himalayas. Since it
provides a high return per unit area and the farmers can earn about Rs. 4 to 5 lakhs per hectare annually. As
per the economic Survey of Arunachal Pradesh 2016-17 reports, 3379 ha of land under kiwi producing 6047
tons of fresh fruit production. Arunachal Pradesh contributes more than 50% to the total kiwi production in
the country. Despite having huge potential of kiwifruit in the region, the various limitations faced by the
farmer are the non-availability of quality planting material, skilled labours, lack of awareness regarding its
cultural practices and management especially training and pruning as well as pollination management.
Consequently, the kiwifruit produced in Arunachal Pradesh is of small size with inferior quality and thus is
not able to compete with the kiwi imported from New Zealand, Australia, Italy, and other countries.
Marketing is also the main obstacle due to the non-availability of cold storage and processing unit and other
infrastructure for the promotion of kiwifruit in the region.
Keywords: kiwifruit, North East, Arunachal Pradesh, limitation, prospects
Introduction
The kiwifruit or Chinese's gooseberry (Actinidia deliciosa Chev.) is a deciduous fruit native to
Yangtze River valley of south and central China. Kiwi is known as “China's miracle fruit” and
“Horticulture wonder of New Zealand”. The actual Origin of fruit is China, but its full
commercial potential has been exploited by the New Zealanders, which accounts for 70
percent of the world trade. Nevertheless, in other countries, the cultivation of kiwifruit picked
up momentum from 1960 onwards, and now its production is commercialized on large scale in
the USA, Italy, China, Japan, France, Germany, and Australia. Fruit of kiwi is rusty brown
with a hairy surface; the flesh is light green with a decorative pattern of lighter coloured rays
radiating from the center and embedded with many small, soft, and dark seeds. The fruit has a
refreshing, delicate flavor and delightful aroma. It has tremendous nutritive and medicinal
value, is a magnificent source of Vitamin C and E (twice that of orange and more than Guava,
Tomato, and Avocado), and is low in calories. It has higher potassium content than banana or
citrus fruits. Kiwi is locally known as ‘anteri’ though being introduced very lately in the year
2000, is gaining popularity in the mid-hill parts of Arunachal Pradesh. In recent years, Kiwi
fruit has shown enormous potential in Arunachal Pradesh and has gained huge popularity and
preference among the growers as well as consumers due to its favourable attributes for easy
maintenance besides its high nutritional and medicinal values. It has attained commercial
identity not only in the local markets but also in national markets. The cultivation of kiwifruit
has a significant benefit over other fruits that it comes in the market from October to December
when practically no other fresh fruit is available to compete with it. What makes the land of
Arunachal Pradesh ideal for the production of Kiwi is its altitude which is about 1500- 2000
meters high in some parts of the state including the Ziro valley along with the cool climate of
the become state which experiences winters for more than 8-9 months of the year.
Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh is the first in the country to obtain an Organic
Certification for Kiwi under Mission Organic Value Chain Development Programme for North
East Region (MOVCDP-NER). The state has immense potential for the development of the
horticulture sector.
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Area and Production
The total area under kiwifruit in India is 4000 Ha and
production is 12000 MT (NHB, 2018). Kiwi is one of the
most important fruit crops that are grown in Arunachal
Pradesh. Approximately, 56.5% of the total 6.47 thousand
tons of the kiwifruit produced in the country comes from the
state of Arunachal Pradesh. The State is the largest producer
of in India the total production, followed by Nagaland (2400
tons), Mizoram (1030 tons), Himachal Pradesh (260 tons),
and parts of Sikkim, Manipur, and Jammu Kashmir. Despite
being the largest Kiwi-producing State, the overall
productivity of Kiwi in Arunachal Pradesh is quite low (1.2
mt/ha) compared to other States such as 12mt/ha in
Nagaland, 3.4mt/ha in Mizoram, and 2.2 mt/ha in Himachal
Pradesh. Tawang, West Kameng and Ziro districts of
Arunachal Pradesh are the major production hubs of Kiwi in
the State. While Ziro Valley accounts for a major chunk of
production, the fruit is also found in West Kameng, Lower
Dibang Valley, Si-Yomi, Kamle, Papum Pare, and Pakke
Kessang districts of the state.
Varieties
Since it is a dioecious plant, it bears pistillate and staminate
flowers separately hence both male and female plants are
required for successful cultivation. Numerous varieties are
grown in India viz. Allison, Abbott, Bruno, Hayward,
Monty, and Tamuri, among which four major varieties are
generally grown in Arunachal Pradesh, namely Allison,
Bruno, Hayward, and Monty. Among the cultivars, the
female cultivars are Abbott, Allison, Bruno, Hayward, and
Monty. Whereas the cultivars which are mostly used as male
are Tamuri and Allison (Male). The Hayward variety has
tremendous demand and is considered to be the most liked
variety due to its large size, uniform shape, and colour.
However, In terms of taste, there is not much difference
among the varieties.
Soil and Climate
A well-drained sandy loam soil having pH 5-6.5 is ideal for
Kiwifruit cultivation. It is grown at mid-hills of Arunachal
Pradesh ranging from 800-1500 m above MSL with an
annual rainfall of about 1500 mm. For higher yield and
quality fruits, it requires 600-800 chilling hours below 7
C
to break its rest period. The summer temperature should not go
beyond 35 ̊C otherwise the fruits are injured by sunburn
Propagation
Kiwifruit can be propagated by seed, cutting, grafting and
budding.
Seed propagation
Seeds are first stratified by keeping them at low temperature 3-
4.4 °C for 4 weeks in the moist sand to break the dormancy.
Then they are sown 10 cm apart and 1-2 cm deep during late
winter. Germination starts 15-20 days after sowing. Then after
one year, it is transplanted in the field during the month of
Feb-Mar. As the plant is cross-pollinated, the seedlings are
highly heterozygous and undesirable for commercial fruit
production, however, these are commercially used as a
rootstock on which commercial cultivars are grafted and
budded.
Vegetative
propagation Cuttings
Different types of cuttings, such as hardwood, semi-
hardwood, and softwood are used for the propagation of
nursery plants of kiwifruit. Both hardwood and semi-
hardwood cuttings are generally preferred as they give better
rooting. The ideal cutting is of thickness 0.5 to 1.0 cm with
relatively short internodes i.e., 15-20 cm in length having at
least 3-4 buds. The cutting should be obtained from the
middle portion of the current season's growth during July for
semi-hardwood cuttings and a one-year-old shoot during
January-February for hardwood cuttings. Before planting,
cuttings are treated with 5000 ppm IBA (rooting hormone)
solution for 15-20 seconds and then planted in the mist
chamber for rooting.
Grafting and budding
Kiwifruit is commercially propagated through grafting and
budding on a seedling rootstock. The seedling becomes ready
for grafting and budding normally at the end of the first
growing season, when the stem diameter is about 8-10 mm.
The scion wood is obtained from the one-year-old shoot for
dormant season grafting, whereas current seasons growth for
summer budding. Among the different methods of grafting,
tongue grafting has been found the most suitable as it gave up
to 95% success.
Planting and pollination
Flowering begins after 2-3 years of planting but sizeable crop
are borne only after 4-5 years. Planting is done with a spacing
of 4m to 5m between rows and 5m to 6m between plants in
the month of December- January. Since Kiwifruit is a
dioecious plant, interplanting of the male plant is essential for
fruit production. One male is planted for every nine female
plants for proper pollination. Insect pollination is, therefore,
necessary for the production of marketable fruits.
Training and Pruning
Kiwifruit vine requires skeletal support for commercial
production. Supporting frames should be established
immediately after planting or even before planting. Numerous
training structures like Kniffin, T-bar trellis, and Pergola
systems are used for training a vine, but the most popular and
commonly used training systems are T-bar and pergola.
Pruning is done to maintain excessive vegetative growth and
obtain a high yield. Pruning is done twice a year during the
summer and winter seasons to maintain a balance between
vine growth and fruit production.
Thinning
Thinning is beneficial to maintain the size of the fruit.
Generally, 8-10 fruits are kept per bunch.
Fertilizer requirement
For a healthy crop 20 Kg FYM and 850-900 g Nitrogen, 500-
600g Phosphorus, 800-900g Potash should be for a full-grown
vine after five years of planting. Two third of Nitrogen should
be applied in January-February and the remaining after fruit set
in April-May.
Maturity and Harvesting
For obtaining optimum quality and maximum storage life the
fruit should be harvested when they have attained at least 6.2
T.SS and are still hard. The delay in harvesting also
deteriorates storability. Kiwi vine starts bearing from 4-5,
years while commercial production starts only after 7-8 years.
The harvesting season starts from October and continues till
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Mid-December, the peak being November to mid-December.
Yield
A well-managed plant can give an average fruit yield of 25-
80/90 kg/vine with an average of about 50-60 Kg/ vine.
Pests and Diseases
In kiwifruit, no serious pests and diseases attack have been
observed, thus it has a better scope to become commercial
eco-friendly fruit crop of the country. Due to hard nature of
the fruit with hairy skin surface, the fruits are not damaged by
any bird and even not by the monkeys. It has a longer shelf-
life and can be stored for one month in open at room
temperature and for 4-6 months in cold storage.
Post-harvest handling
Post-harvest management practices play a very crucial role in
deciding the economic value of the product in the market. The
harvested fruits are sorted, graded, and packed at the farm
level. As mentioned earlier, the graded produce is designated
as A+, A, B, C, and D based on weight. It has a longer shelf-
life and can be stored for one month in open at room
temperature and 4-6 months in cold storage.
Packing
There is no standard package for kiwi fruits. Cardboard boxes
of 3-4 kg. Capacity is generally used for packing. Polythene
liners inside storage cases which are very effective in
maintaining high humidity and can be used to maintain fruits
in good condition for a longer period.
Processing and value addition
Kiwifruits are mostly eaten as fresh, although some kiwifruits
are also processed into juices, fortified drinks, purees, candies,
frozen, dehydrated, and lyophilized products, kiwifruit
leathers, wines, distilled spirits, kiwifruit preserved in syrups
and candies, etc. In Arunachal Pradesh, two kiwifruit wineries
have been established at Ziro in Lower Subansiri district and
Dirang in West Kameng district. Once these are fully
operational would create more demand for kiwifruit. In fact,
with the present level of kiwi production in the state, these are
unable to utilize their established capacity.
Constrains of kiwi cultivation in State
Kiwifruit Cultivation has not gained momentum in Arunachal
Pradesh due to;
Lack of awareness about its Improved Package of
practices.
Lack of Availability of good quality planting material to
the farmers of the region.
Lack of packaging facilities, Storage and marketing
network for farmers.
Fig 1: Kiwifruit Cultivation
Conclusion
India is currently importing 4,000 tones of kiwis from New
Zealand. Despite huge potential, congenial climatic, and soil
conditions, the kiwi cultivation in the region has not picked up
to a great extent. The State Government should take initiatives
to provide incentives to the farmers for the promotion of
kiwifruit production in the area which includes the
development of certified Nurseries for the production of quality
planting material for area expansion. Besides improved
production practices feasible for the region should be
developed to increase productivity and quality. Further
availability of CA storage facilities should be created for better
profitability. Processing industries should be set up near the
production areas for utilizing the inferior quality fruit that will
surely give impetus to the production of kiwi fruit in the state.
Reference
1. Chavai AM, Habung A, Patil RL. Constraints
Encountered by Kiwifruit Growers of Arunachal Pradesh.
Contemporary Research in India 2018;8:2231-37
2. Gyanendra M, Ashish K, Azimul H. Kiwi value chain in
Arunachal Pradesh issues and prospects. Agricultural
Economics Research Review 2018; 31:123-30.
3. Singh A, Patel RK, Verma MR. Popularizing Kiwifruit
Cultivation in North East. Himalayan Ecology 2008;
16:18-22.
4. Thejangulie A, Rupankar B, Anup C, Letngam T,
Badapmain M, Sikimoni B. Growing Kiwifruit as
Diversified fruit crop in the Mid Hills of Arunachal
Pradesh. Indian Farmer 2016; 3:695-98.
5. Pandey G, Tripathi AN. Kiwifruit A boon for
Arunachal Pradesh, Programme Coordinator, Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, Yachuli (Indian Council of Agricultural
Research), Govt. of. Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri
District-791120 (Arunachal Pradesh), 2014, 17(14).
6. Horticultural statistics at a glance, National Horticulture
Board, 2018-19.
7. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/79204933.
cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&
utm_campaign=cppst
... Currently, it is grown across more than 270,457 hectares worldwide [4]. In 2021, the global production of kiwifruit reached 4.47 million tonnes, with China, New Zealand, Italy, Greece, Iran and Chile leading the production [5,6]. Over the previous decade, its exports have seen an average increase of 20.1% among all exporting nations. ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Hermaphroditism in flowering plants refers to the presence of both male and female sex organs in a single flower. Actinidia, the kiwifruit is approximately 20 to 26 million years old, known widely for its dioecious nature. Androgyny which is also known as hermaphroditism has also been found to exist in its male inconstant type. Male parts of the flower in kiwifruit develop early during the third stage of (A)BCE model of floral development, whereas, the degeneration of these parts (pollens) in female plants occurs during later stages owing to programmed cell death. After exploring the sex-linked segment of the kiwifruit genome, the researchers have determined that the Y-encoded sex-determinant genes Shy Girl (SyGl) and Friendly Boy (FrBy) act independently as the suppressors of feminization and promoters of male factors, respectively. Non-expression of SyGl in males results in the formation of hermaphrodites; yet, masculine behaviour has been reported to develop in this fruit crop with the plunking of FrBy gene into the female plants. The study speculated that the manipulation of SyGl and/or FrBy can potentially change the dioecy of elite cultivars of kiwifruit to hermaphroditism. This would provide kiwifruit vines with high reproductive assurance, eliminating the need for pollinizers or pollinators. In the future, orchard productivity could be increased by planting only elite hermaphrodite vines, negating the need to plant any male vines that are fruitless. These findings have created new avenues for generating horticulturally important self-pollinating hermaphrodite vines, eliminating the need to waste orchard space on non-fruiting male varieties.
... At present, kiwifruit is commercially cultivated in entire high-altitude region in India (Pandey and Joshi 1997;Mania et al. 2018). India has approximately 4,000 ha area under kiwifruit cultivation (NHB 2018; Raja et al. 2021), which is far less than its demand in the country. Estimates revealed that India imports 75% of fresh kiwifruits for its domestic needs. ...
Article
PurposeKiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Allison) is an important fruit crop of Indian lower Himalayas which respond significantly to nutrient management. Therefore, we aimed to improve the biochemical composition and fruit productivity, and the economics of kiwifruit under three contrasting nutrient management systems viz. Chemical Fertilizer Based System (CFBS), Organic Farming Based System (OFBS) and the Subhash Palekar’s Natural Farming System (SPNFS) in Indian lower Himalayas. The OFBS system has various combinations of vermicompost (Vco), poultry manure (PM) and farmyard manure (FYM), SPNFS has application of Jeevaamrit (JM) and Ghana Jeevaamrit (GJ) with FYM, in contrast to application of NPK and FYM in CFBS.Methods We studied the changes in kiwifruit yields, biochemical composition, and soil properties and economics of fruit production under different nutrient management systems. The total kiwifruit yield (kg tree−1) was partitioned into three grades viz. grade-A (fruit weight > 70 g), grade-B (fruit weight 50–70 g) and grade-C (fruit weight < 50 g) and was analysed for biochemical quality attributes viz. titratable acidity (TA), total soluble sugars (TSS) and their ratio, total sugars (TS), reducing sugars (RS), non-reducing sugars (NRS), and ascorbic acid (AA). A change in macro-and micro-nutrients, and soil microbial and enzymatic activity in response to nutrient management systems was studied. The economics of kiwifruit production under three systems was appraised based on average cost of cash inputs, average gross returns, average net returns and the benefit–cost ratio (B:C ratio).ResultsThe results revealed a significantly (p < 0.05) highest kiwifruit yield (30.7 kg vine−1) under Vco400PM400 + FYM40 treatment of OFBS system, and was statistically at par with JM30GJ3 + FYM40 (28.7 kg vine−1) of SPNFS and N800P600K800 + FYM40 (29.2 kg vine−1) of CFBS. The proportion of Grade-A (fruit weight > 70 g) fruits, which fetch higher market price, was recorded highest (20.3%) in JM30GJ3 + FYM40 of SPNFS followed by Vco400PM400 + FYM40 treatment (19.6%) under OFBS and N800 P600 K800 + FYM40 (15.6%) of CFBS. The Vco400PM400 + FYM40 treatment of OFBS resulted in significantly higher TSS content (16.9°B), TS (11.8%), RS (8.3%), NRS (3.3%) and AA (81.6 mg 100 g−1), compared with the other treatments. Nutrient management in Vco400PM400 + FYM40 of OFBS resulted in significantly higher soil organic C content in surface (0–15 cm) soil layer; which was ~ 35% higher than the CFBS. Soil organic C content in SPNFS was higher by ~ 11–21% over CFBS. The soil organic C stocks were significantly higher in SPNFS followed by OFBS. There was a gain of 4.78 and 6.40 Mg ha−1 of C stocks of surface soils under Vco400PM400 + FYM40 of OFBS and JM30GJ3 + FYM40 of SPNFS, respectively over CFBS. These results revealed that CFBS was more profitable with a benefit-cost (B-C) ratio of 12.4:1, followed by JM30GJ3 + FYM40 of SPNFS (12.2:1), despite lower yields. The lowest B-C ratio for Vco400PM400 + FYM40 treatment of OFBS (~ 1/3rd of B-C ratio in CFBS) was ascribed to higher input costs.Conclusion These results showed that JM30GJ3 + FYM40 of SPNFS resulted in comparable economic returns profits and quality fruits to those produced under CFBS.
... The Hayward cultivar is in high demand and is considered the most popular cultivar owing to its large size, uniform shape, and attractive color. However, regarding taste, there is little difference among the cultivars (Raja et al., 2021). ...
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In recent years, India has consistently increased its production of small fruits. India is the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally, with a diverse range of small fruits grown across the country. Small fruits, such as kiwifruit and blueberries, are in high demand due to the growing popularity of healthier food options and increased awareness of their associated health benefits. However, the current status of small fruit production in India is substantially lower than that of other fruit crops. Nonetheless, there has been a growing interest in small fruit production, particularly in regions with suitable climatic conditions. Currently, only two types of small fruit are commercially produced in India: grapes and Indian jujube/ber. Three other fruit types, strawberries, blueberries, and kiwi, have production areas of less than 10,000 ha each. Despite the growing interest in small fruit production, several challenges, such as the lack of good planting materials, productivity issues, lack of packaging facilities, and marketing networks for farmers, need to be addressed to enhance the prospects for small fruit production in India. Future studies should focus on several areas to overcome these challenges. Firstly, it is crucial to understand the specific resource constraints that small fruit producers face and develop strategies to improve their access to essential resources, including planting materials, land, water, and financial support. Secondly, innovative marketing strategies tailored to the unique characteristics of small fruit production in India should be employed to expand domestic and international market opportunities. Lastly, adopting appropriate technologies and sustainable production practices is necessary to improve productivity and mitigate environmental impacts. Overall, the prospects for small fruit production in India appear promising, given the growing demand for healthier food options and the expanding domestic and international markets for small fruits.
Chapter
The horticulture industry is one of the most profitable and practical options for diversified farming. Through such ventures, bio-diversity conservation can be ensured in the north-east. Biodiversity loss has become a global concern, partly due to agricultural intensification. In such a scenario, the fruit growers wish to adopt environmentally friendly production techniques. To develop an environment favorable for beneficial living beings, they strive to restrict or reduce intense pesticide and chemical fertilizer usage, thereby improving organic management of the orchards. Horticulture is critical to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development region. Consequently, Kiwi farming is a sustainable method of land management as it is a good alternative for sloped land management that accustoms soil erosion reduction. It guarantees more effective land usage, lowers downstream flooding, makes pollen for bees easier to access, and promotes mixed farming, subsequently enhancing biodiversity. Also, the high-value crop itself promotes bio-diversity. Also, it enhances livelihoods by offering a source of monetary income.
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The balance and stability of the earth’s weather is significantly influenced by the cover of the tropical evergreen forest. This is especially relevant in the century of industrialization and modernization. These two profusely contribute to the worldwide increase in atmospheric CO2 content. The exponential deposit of atmospheric CO2 has increased the possibility of global warming and climate change. Thereby, tropical green forests provide hope and confidence to serve as potential sinks to mitigate overgrowing carbon dioxide imbalance in the atmosphere. Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary is a primary and tropical evergreen Forest in the East Jaintia Hills District of Meghalaya. This study stresses the application of various allometric equations and henceforth their best suitability for carbon stock and above-ground biomass estimation in Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary. For the study, eleven permanent plots of size 31.6 m2 have been set up inside the wildlife sanctuary. A total of 155 woody species and 746 trees were recorded from the permanent plots. The recorded trees were then grouped into two girth classes of 15–70 cm and above 70 cm. It was recorded that carbon content and biomass above ground were higher in trees with girths greater than 70 cm. Many allometric equations which have been derived in the past and in recent years have been justified to be the most suitable ones for forests of a particular country, state or province that falls under government-protected forests or privately-owned forests. It has been noticed that the best suitable model to estimate Biomass above ground in Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary is the Chambers model with an R2 value of 0.8038 and adjusted R2 of 0.8035. Incidentally, the model given by FAO has an R2 value of 0.5902 and an adjusted R2 value of 0.5897. Hence, it is the least suitable model due to its low R2 value.KeywordsAllometric equationCarbon stockBiomassWildlife sanctuary
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With nearly one third of the total geographical area of the state of Arunachal Pradesh falling under temperate climate. The state enjoys the unique advantage of growing temperate fruit crops especially kiwifruit in particular which had been a recent introduction in the state. At present, Arunachal Pradesh is emerging as India’s kiwifruit production state. The article focuses on the technical know-how about the scientific production technology of kiwifruit which can be a successful guide for the growers of the state who are engaged in hill orcharding as most of the growers are not aware about the scientific production technology for higher and quality produce which is the major limitation in the state.
Constraints Encountered by Kiwifruit Growers of Arunachal Pradesh
  • A M Chavai
  • A Habung
  • R L Patil
Chavai AM, Habung A, Patil RL. Constraints Encountered by Kiwifruit Growers of Arunachal Pradesh. Contemporary Research in India 2018;8:2231-37
Popularizing Kiwifruit Cultivation in North East
  • A Singh
  • R K Patel
  • M R Verma
Singh A, Patel RK, Verma MR. Popularizing Kiwifruit Cultivation in North East. Himalayan Ecology 2008; 16:18-22.
Kiwifruit -A boon for Arunachal Pradesh, Programme Coordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Yachuli (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Govt. of. Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District-791120
  • G Pandey
  • A N Tripathi
Pandey G, Tripathi AN. Kiwifruit -A boon for Arunachal Pradesh, Programme Coordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Yachuli (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Govt. of. Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District-791120 (Arunachal Pradesh), 2014, 17(14).
Horticultural statistics at a glance
Horticultural statistics at a glance, National Horticulture Board, 2018-19.