SOME TRADITIONAL TEREBINTH DISHES IN TURKEY AND THEIR HEALTH EFFECTS

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Badem / Journal of Gastronomy, Hospitality, and Travel, 4(2) – 2021
306
ISSN: 2619-9548 Journal homepage: www.joghat.org
Received: 22.06.2021
Accepted: 05.10.2021
Journal of Gastronomy, Hospitality and Travel, 2021, 4(2), 306-320
Research Article
SOME TRADITIONAL TEREBINTH DISHES IN TURKEY AND THEIR HEALTH EFFECTS
Abdullah BADEM1 (orcid.org/ 0000-0001-8518-6366)
1 Vocational School of Social Sciences, Department of Hotel, Restaurant and Catering
Services, Karaman, Turkey
Abstract
Terebinth (turpentine, P. terebinthus), is a tree that grows naturally in pine forests, on the slopes of rocks, in northern and southern
Anatolia, Marmara and, Mediterranean regions of Turkey. Terebinth is a very important tree fruit in terms of a high amount of
protein, fat, dietary fiber, unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, some mineral substances such as selenium and iron, and
bioactive components, which are important in human nutrition. Its fruit is especially rich in protein and fiber, with a remarkable
amount of protein (9.7%), fiber (10.9%), and ash (3.1%). It also contains many mineral substances (sodium, potassium, phosphorus,
calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium). It is used in traditional medicine due to its therapeutic effects such as anti-
tussive, diuretic, anti-rheumatic, anti-septic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial. The high rate of unsaturated fatty
acids and dietary fiber in its content reduces blood cholesterol levels, prevents coronary heart disease, obesity and diabetes. Various
dishes are made from terebinth grown in the world and certain regions of Turkey. It is used in making bread and pastry, its shoots
are used for salads, pickles, canned food, and also dried and consumed as a spice. In addition, it is used as animal feed and edible
oil, and Turkey-specific terebinth soap-med to determine the terebinth
dishes in Konya (Turkey) and within the scope of the qualitative research method, 33 participants selected by purposive sampling
method were interviewed. As a result of the research, it was determined that terebinth dishes such as helva--
pastry, sarma-rolling, pilav-    -paste are made in Konya. It has been determined that it is
consumed as herbal coffee, pickles, and soap in other regions of Turkey. From the literature review, it has been seen that terebinth,
which is used for traditional medicine among the people, has a preventive effect against diseases important in terms of health, as
well as rich in composition. It is thought that terebinth dishes made in Turkey should be evaluated in this respect and used as a
gastronomic element.
Keywords: Gastronomy, Terebinth, Turpentine, P. terebinthus, Traditional Turkish dishes, Traditional medicine, Health.
 Sorumlu yazar: abdullah_badem@yahoo.com
10.33083/joghat.2021.76

Badem / Journal of Gastronomy, Hospitality, and Travel, 4(2) – 2021
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1. Introduction
Terebinth is small, similar to pistachio, but much smaller, round and has a blue-brown-dark green color in
mature seed and a pink-
Terebinth (turpentine tree, Pistacia terebinthus) is cultivated in northern and southern Anatolia, Marmara, and
   
2020:2017). Terebinth photo is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Terebinth (left: green terebinth, right: dried terebinth)
-Konya-Turkey), terebinth has been used
menengiç¸
melengiç, çıtlık, çitlembik, çedene, çöğre, yabani fıstık, bıttım
       menengiç kahvesi, çedene kahvesi     
2012:882; Alt

bread, cake, buttermilk, animal seeds, pickles, salads, and spice (Abbaspour-



                
terebinth should be evaluated as a gastronomic element.

to Konya (Turkish) Cuisine. All of the researches on terebinth are evaluated in terms of nutrition. There is
limited information about the use of terebinth as a food or meal in the literature. With this study, both a
comprehensive evaluation in terms of health and the determination of the gastronomic location of terebinth
were made. In Addition, it is targeted to emphasize terebinth fruits, shoots and seeds can be used a food and
have a lot of positive health effects.
2. Composition of Terebinth and Its Importance for Health
          2004:517) and
     
ingredients such as protein, lipid, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid), and minerals (Na, K, P, Ca, Fe,
Mg, Zn, Cu, Se) 

(Table 1), physicochemical (Table 2), color (Table 3) properties, mineral content (Table 4) and fruit
dimensions (Table 5) of the terebinth are given below.
It is announced that a total of 36 minerals were found in the terebinth fruit and the soap and gummy extract
have 32 and 30 minerals, respectively. It is determined that a few minerals such as Al, Ba, Fe, K, and Si, in

that a total of 64 different (in fresh 57 and in roasted 62 whole terebinths) aroma compounds were detected
such as terpenes (34), acids (8), aldehydes (4), ketones (4), pyrazines (5), alcohols (5), pyrrole (1), furan (1),
lactone (1) and ester (1) (Amanpour, 2019:96), and a total of 83 different (in fresh terebinth fruits) volatile
     -  - -  -caryophyllene. The
-pinene,

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5-methylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, dimethylmetoxyfuranone and 3-methyl-2(5H)furanone (Gogus et
al., 2011:1258). The flavonoid contents are higher than their phenolic contents in terebinth extracts
s also rich in
vitamin E which has a strong antioxidant effect (Abbaspour-Gilandeh et al., 2020:2). There is a positive

et al., 2020:2022). Terebinth unsaturated fatty acids distribution is in the form of oleic (48,02-52,52%) and
linoleic acid (19,18-23,48%), and saturated fatty acid constituted for palmitic acid (21,30-23,67%) of total
 
Nuts can prevent cardiovascular diseases by their fatty acid, dietary fiber, and antioxidants, or by a combination
of these mechanisms (Blomhoff et al., 2006:56; Chang et al., 2016:88). The dietary fiber, tannin, phenolics,
vitamin E, and mineral substances of terebinth make it an important food for human nutrition. The dietary fiber
reduces blood cholesterol levels and lowers the risk of heart disease (Pritam & Shrawan, 2018:136). Phenolics
such as flavonoids and tannins act as potential cancer-preventive agents (Kour et al., 2020:34), and exert
protective effects against coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, cataracts, degenerative
diseases, and obesity (Rakin et al., 2012:385). Flavonoids have anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-
proliferation effects (Chen & Blumberg, 2008:330).
Table 1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Terebinth Fruits at Dry Matter Basis (M. Özcan 2004:519).
Property (%)
Value
Property
Value
Moisture
6.17
Weight of 1000 fruits (g)
59.73
Crude protein
9.67
Essential oil yield (%)
0.084
Crude oil
38.74
Crude energy (cal/g)
6189
Crude fiber
10.9

4.1
Ash
3.1
Width/length ratio
0.93
HCl-insoluble ash
0.0047
Table 2. Physicochemical Properties of Terebinth Fruit Oil (M. Özcan 2004:519).
Property
Value
Relative density (d20- 20)

Refractive Index (n20-D )

Acidity (oleic %)

Peroxide value (meq/kg)

Saponification number

Unsaponifiable matter (g/kg)

Carotenoid content (mg/kg)

Iodine value

Table 3. Color Characteristics of Terebinth Fruits and Seeds (Altuntaş et al. 2020:1523).
Color characteristics
Fruit
Seed
L*


a*
-

b*


Chroma


Hue angle
-

Table 4. Mineral Contents of Terebinth Fruits at Dry Matter Basis (M. Özcan 2004:520).
Mineral
Concentration
(mg/kg)
Mineral
Concentration
(mg/kg)
Sodium (Na)

Selenium (Se)

Potassium (K)

Cadmium (Cd)

Phosphorus (P)

Cobalt (Co)

Calcium (Ca)

Chrome (Cr)

Iron (Fe)
0.84
Strontium (Sr)

Magnesium (Mg)

Titanium (Ti)

Zinc (Zn)

Vanadium (V)

Copper (Cu)

Silver (Ag)

Manganese (Mn)

Aluminum (Al)

Lithium (Li)

Arsenic (As)

Nickel (Ni)

Boron (B)


Badem / Journal of Gastronomy, Hospitality, and Travel, 4(2) – 2021
309
Lead (Pb)

Barium (Ba)

Sulfur (S)

Bismuth (Bi)

Table 5. Terebinth Dimensions at 6% Dry Basis (Aydın & Özcan, 2002:99).
Length

Geometric mean diameter

Thickness

Sphericity

Width

Mass

Terebinth as the form of its leaves-shoots, resins and seeds is used for ethnopharmacological traditional
medicine in Anatolia to treat diseases such as gastralgia, ulcer, eczema, rheumatism, diarrheic, jaundice
disease, throat infections, cough, asthma, bronchitis, other respiratory and urinary system diseases, diabetes,
stomach ache and against wounds and burns. It affects as anti-tussive, diuretic, stimulant, astringent, anti-
rheumatic, anti-septic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial; antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral

817). The essential oil of terebinth help
to preven         
destroys bacteria on the scalp, reduces hair loss and dandruff, strengthens hair, is good for acne, and achieves
).
3. Terebinth Foods and Other Products
3.1. Terebinth Coffee
Terebinth coffee has been widely consumed for centuries in the Southeastern Anatolia Region, especially
Hatay, Mersin, and Gaziantep provinces  and also in the Central Anatolia Region in Turkey
(Amanpour et al., 2019:96; Saltan & Kaya, 2018:280). When terebinth fruits ripen, their color turn dark blue-
green. The ripe terebinth is picked and roasted, then its paste is obtained by crushing it in a mortar or by
grinding it in a machine like a blender. Terebinth coffee is made with the method of making Turkish coffee

Gaziantep (Turkey), it was determined that 24,8% of the hot drinks served in restaurants and hotels consisted
       . The geographical indication has been taken for the
 Gaziantep Menengiç Kahvesi – Gaziantep Terebinth Coffee
Metropolitan Municipality (registration number: 627, date: 16.12.2020). The critical stage in the production
of terebinth coffee is the roasting stage. At this stage, volatile compounds are formed by the Maillard reaction
between amines and carbonyls, and the characteristic aroma of the coffee, as well as the antioxidant activity
effect, also occurs at this stage (Amanpour et al., 2019:96).
3.2. Terebinth Pickles
Terebinth sprouts, marjoram, and thyme are collected, cleaned, washed in the Mediterranean region in Turkey.
All herbs are finely chopped and mixed together. After adding a little salt, the herb mixture is tightly filled in
a jar and a slice of lemon is placed on it and the lid is tightly closed. This bottled food can be stored at room
temperature for up to one year without spoiling k, 2015:179).
3.3. Terebinth Oil and Paste
The red (semi-mature) of terebinth which is collected in autumn, especially in September-October, is used as
animal feed, while the dark green ones are consumed as a paste by crushing. Mature terebinth is pounded in a
mortar and formed into a dough and can be stored in the refrigerator for a long time. It is consumed by putting
it on bread at breakfast. In addition, terebinth fruits oil is extracted and used as cooking oil (Tekerkaya,
2020:109).
3.4. Terebinth as Snack
Terebinth, which is previously collected and dried, is roasted in a pot or pan, and consumed as a snack, called
menengiç kavurgası
Turkey to celebrate the arrival of a diş duğdayı-dental wheat
addition of terebinth on bulgur (Aslan et al., 2019:232, 233).
3.5. Terebinth Soap

Badem / Journal of Gastronomy, Hospitality, and Travel, 4(2) – 2021
310
For the production   Siirt bıttım sabunu 
stone mills and extracting the oil. In the first stage, wood ash is added to the boiling water and terebinth oil is
added gradually. With boiling, the water of the mixture is evaporated. When the desired consistency is
achieved, it is molded to the desired shape or formless crumbles .
3.6. Terebinth Gum (Resins)
It is a kind of resin found in the thick branches of the terebinth tree. It is still used for medical purposes among
the public (Tekerkaya, 2020:111). It is known that the gum is used by chewing, wrapping on the wound, or
swallowing.
3.7. Terebinth Extract Syrup
Preferably, terebinth extract syrup is prepared by crushing fresh terebinths and mixing them with hot water
and honey. For this, 250 grams of terebinth fruit, 200 ml of hot water, 2 tablespoons (40-50 grams) of honey
are required (Tekerkaya, 2020:113).
4. Method
With this study, a comprehensive list of terebinth dishes was created. How terebinth foods are prepared and
where they are prepared has been determined, and more common consumption has been suggested by
emphasizing their importance in terms of health. In this study, the qualitative research method was used. For

terebinth meals are widely cooked and terebinth trees are common, were determined as the universe. In the
first stage, the village headmen of these 3 districts (37 out of 88) were interviewed. People were determined
by the purposive sampling method from villages. In the second stage, 33 volunteers were interviewed between
April 2021 and May 2021. The interviews took place in the form of e-conversation / conversation for 45-60
minutes and audio and/or video recording (with the consent of the participants) was taken. The interviews were
terminated when the saturation point was reached (Baldwin, 2017:10; Patton, 2014:167). The collected data
are transcribed, edited, interpreted, and given below. The descriptive analysis method was preferred in the data
processing. The ethics committee permission document required to collect the data used in this study was

number 49 decision/number.
5. Results and Discussion
The answers to the question and the demographic information of the 33 participants are given in Table 6.
Table 6. Demographic İnformation of the Participants.
Demographic and descriptive
characteristics
Number of participants (n)
Frequency
(%)
Gender
Male
18
54,5
Female
15
45,5
Age
25-40
5
15,15
41-50
7
21,21
51-60
9
27,28
61-70
4
12,12

8
24,24
In the research, the findings obtained from the answers to the questions asked in the following order are
arranged and given below.
The question 
and information about the foods made for terebinth is given collectively in Table 7. In addition, some


Kömbebatırık, a kind of


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According to the information obtained from the interviews with the participants, the following recipes were
created, dishes were cooked and photographs were taken.
Tablo 7. Participants’ Responses About The Dishes Made With Terebinth.
Participants
Gender
Birthdate
Helva
Coffee
Snack
Katık / paste
Börek / katmer
Pilaf
Soup
Sarma (rolling)
Other meals
Gum (resins)
P1
F
1945
x
x
x
x
P2
F
1947
x
x
P3
F
1939
x
x
P4
F
1942
x
x
P5
F
1967
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
P6
F
1956
x
x
P7
M
1939
x
x
x
P8
F
1968
x
x
x
P9
M
1974
x
x
x
x
P10
M
1962
x
P11
F
1950
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
P12
F
1950
x
x
x
x
x
P13
M
1977
x
x
x
x
P14
F
1965
x
x
x
x
P15
M
1979
x
x
P16
M
1981
x
x
x
x
P17
F
1984
x
x
x
P18
M
1980
x
x
x
x
x
x
P19
M
1973
x
x
x
x
P20
M
1959
x
x
x
x
x
P21
M
1976
x
x
P22
M
1972
x
x
x
x
x
P23
M
1962
x
x
x
P24
M
1965
x
x
x
x
x
P25
M
1981
x
P26
F
1959
x
P27
M
1978
x
P28
M
1990
x
x
x
x
x
P29
F
1968
x
P30
M
1953
x
P31
F
1965
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
P32
F
1969
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
P33
M
1943
x
x
x
x
x
5.1. Terebinth Helva-Halva
Terebinths are roasted in a pan over medium heat, stirring constantly, until the oil comes out. After cooling,
the terebinths are thoroughly beaten in a mortar. Grape molasses is boiled in a pot or pan. Wheat flour and
crushed terebinth are added to the boiling molasses and mixed a little. If desired, the mixture is passed through
a metal strainer and separated from the hard parts of the terebinths. If the terebinths are well crushed, it may
not be necessary to strain. The filtered mixture is taken back to the pan or pot. The helva is roasted/cooked
over medium heat, stirring continuously until it does not stick to the pan/releases itself (P1-P14,P31-P33).
Terebinth helva image is given in Figure 2.

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Figure 2. Terebinth Helva.
5.2. Terebinth Bulgur Pilaff And Soup With Terebinth And Bulgur
Two glasses of bulgur are put in a pot or pan, and 2 glasses of crushed terebinth are diluted in water. Water is
filtered into the pilaf and the terebinth shells are separated. If it is cooked until the water is drained, it becomes
bulgur pilaf with terebinth. If the water is added too much and left watered, it becomes bulgur soup with
terebinth (P5,P11,P14,P17, P31, P32). If desired, 1 medium onion can be chopped, roasted with 1 tablespoon
of tomato paste, then bulgur/rice can be added and water with terebinth can be poured over it (P17). Bulgur
pilaf with terebinth image is given in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Bulgur Pilaf with Terebinth.
5.3. Terebinth Coffee
For each cup, one teaspoon of crushed terebinth and the same amount of water or milk as the number of cups
to be made are added into a pot, which is called cezve (Figure 4.1.), and the pot is put on fire. When it starts
to foam, the cooking process is ended (P5,P7,P9,P11,P18-P20,P23,P30-P33). If desired, a little sugar is added
to the coffee (P9). Terebinth coffee has been widely consumed for a long time (P5,P11,P13,P19,P20,P22,P23,
P28, P31, P32). Cezve-pot and terebinth coffee images are given in Figure 4.
bahar alatı  finely
chopped and pulled in the machine until it turns into powder. Terebinths are crushed in the mortar. They are
all mixed together. It is cooked like Turkish coffee with water. It tastes a bit bitter due to the cinnamon and
bahar alatıwas stated that this coffee was also made a lot in the past (P29).
5.4. Terebinth Börek / Katmer-Bread / Pastry
Two tablespoons of crushed terebinths and 3 medium-sized finely chopped onions is mixed in a bowl to make
is kneaded by mixing 2 cups of flour, 2 cups of water, 1 teaspoon of
salt. The dough is cut into small pieces, rested a little, and rolled out to the size of a plate (Figure 5.1.). The
mixture is put into the dough (Figure 5.2.). It is cooked on a sheet ca

(P5,P18-

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1.
2.
Figure 4. Cezve-Pot and Terebinth Coffee.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Figure 5. Terebinth Börek (4.-5.) and Terebinth Katmer (6.).
5.5. Terebinth Vineleaf Sarma – Vine Leaf Rolling With Terebinth Pilaff
Crushed or machine-ground terebinth is diluted with some water, and filtered through a strainer and cooked
bulgur pilaf as in the recipe above. Before cooking, finely chopped 1 medium onion, and spices such as mint,
and thyme are added. The mix is prepared and cooked. The mix is wrapped in a leaf, filled into a pot, a little
bit of terebinth water or normal water is poured on the bottom of the pot. Grape leaves rollings are cooked on
medium or low heat. It can be served with compote (P11,P14,P17). Also, if desired, 1 medium size onion can
be chopped, roasted with 1 tablespoon of tomato paste, then added with bulgur/rice and water with terebinth
can be poured over it (P17). Grape leaves rolling with terebinth image is given in Figure 6.
5.6. Balbeki, A Kind of Crushed Fruit Dessert
Terebinth is mixed with dried black grapes in one to one ratio and eaten after being thoroughly crushed in the
     balbeki- (P9), -honey- (P11), -balbaki-    
desired, it can be prepared with other nuts such as walnuts. In addition, chickpea /leblebi, carob flour and
terebinth are mixed and roasted in a pan, and prepared -kavut- (P15). Balbeki image is given in Figure 7.

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Figure 6. Terebinth Vineleaf Sarma – Vine Leaf Rolling with Terebinth Pilaff.
Figure 7. Balbeki.
5.7. Snack
After the terebinth is gathered from the tree, it can be consumed fresh or dried with fruit or with other dried
nuts for snacks (P1-P5,P7-P9,P11-21,P23-P28,P31-P33). Terebinth fruits image is given in Figure 1.
5.8. Terebinth Katık/Ezme-Paste
Its paste is prepared by pounding the terebinth or by pulling it in a machine such as a blender. This paste is
often eaten at breakfast or whenever desired, by putting it between yufka-flatbread/bread. Foods such as
breakfast cheese and olives be    katık  
(P1,P5,P8,P11,P12,P16,P18,P20,P22,P24,P28,P31-P33). Terebinth paste image is given in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Terebinth Ezme / Katık-Paste.
5.9. Kömbe with Terebinth, A Kind of Sweety Pastry or Bread with Terebinth
One kg of potatoes, 1 kg of onion, and 1-

shells are peeled, chopped, and fried in a small amount of oil. The roasted potato, onion, and terebinth paste
are mixed in a bowl with adding the desired spices, (especially red pepper and black pepper) and salt. The
dough is prepared with flour, water, salt, and baking powder. The dough, which is opened the size of a tray, is
laid in a tray greased with vegetable oil or butter. The mixture is put on it. The second opened dough is spread
and the mixture is put on again. With this method, 6-7 layers are made. It is baked in the oven for half an hour
(P18,P19,P31,P32). If you want to cook it as it was cooked once upon a time, a wood grove is prepared to put

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it under the tray. The wood grove is filled into the sheet placed on the tray (Figure 9.1.). Thus, it is ready to be
cooked. Instead of terebinth and potatoes, 1.5-
-
n Figure 9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Figure 9. Kömbe with Terebinth (1.-3.) and Kömbe with Walnut (4.).
5.10. Terebinth Gum (Resins)
The terebinth gum collected from the trees can be chewed or swallowed for medical purposes or arbitrarily. It
occurs all the time in every terebinth tree. Like the resin of a pine tree, it is in the form of a white yellow gum.
Either from the trees or those that have dropped on the ground can be collected (P1,P5,P6,P12,P24,P33).
Terebinth resins and extract syrup are given in Figure 10.
1.
2.
Figure 10. Terebinth Resins (1) and Extract Syrup (2).

   - 


      
 


who want to quit smoking because terebinth reduces the 
Terebinth is still used in the making of various dishes among people. It is seen that terebinth has been consumed
as food for at least 3 generations in Konya, and it has existed in Anatolia for 10,000 years according to the
                  
(rolling), helva and beverage groups, which have an important place in traditional Turkish dishes. However, it

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316
is thought th
Its cooking has decreased considerably. The food form that is still widely consumed is terebinth coffee, paste,
and snack. There is no record of terebinth dishes and other uses in Turkish Cuisine. Therefore, with this study,
besides the determination of the use of terebinth in terms of health among the people and the preparation of
local dishes will also be recorded and published.
Terebinth has been used for treating diseases since the past, and it is known to cure many diseases. It has been
confirmed from both the answers given by the participants and the literature information that terebinth is used
against many diseases. It is also stated that it contains substances that prevent important health problems. The
health effects of terebinth and the diseases it affects positively are given in Figures 11 and 12.
Figure 11. Terebinth Effects on Human Health.
Figure 12. Diseases in Which Terebinth Has a Positive Effect to Cure.
Terebinth contains remarkable nutritional elements in its composition and contains bioactive substances such
as dietary fiber, protein, lipid, mineral substances, and antioxidants, which are important in human nutrition.
Its high content of unsaturated fatty acids and dietary fiber provides an effect of reducing blood cholesterol
levels, preventing coronary heart disease, obesity and diabetes (Anosova et al., 2020:2; Pritam & Shrawan,
2018:136). The high percentage of lipid (38.74%), linoleic acid (8.52%) and protein (9.67%) in the
composition of terebinth make it a good source of energy and also provide a significant amount of
recommended daily intake nutrients for the human body. The daily intake of important nutrients and rates of
providing with terebinth are given in Table 8, according to the values given in Table 4. The amount of selenium
in terebinth is much higher than the amount required in the daily diet, and if providing rate is calculated
according to the value (0.185 mg/100g) determined in another study, a very high providing rate (336.36%) is

deficiency, myalgia, cardiac myopathy, poor growth, abnormal sulfur metabolism diseases occur. Due to the
relatively limited selenium resources (oysters, tuna, meat, poultry, fish, cereals, Brazil nuts) (Gropper et al.,

Badem / Journal of Gastronomy, Hospitality, and Travel, 4(2) – 2021
317
2018:481), terebinth gains importance in this respect. While low levels of selenium in serum promote an
increased risk of cancer, there is no evidence that high selenium intake prevents cancer; on the contrary, high
doses of selenium have been reported to have toxic effects (Gropper et al., 2018:523).
Selenium, which is high in terebinth, seems likely to act as an anti-cancer. Anemia, fatigue, impaired work
performance, decreased resistance to infection occur with the deficient intake of iron, which is the other
mineral substance relatively high in terebinth. Food sources of iron can be counted as organ meats (liver),
meat, molasses, clams, oysters, nuts, legumes, green leafy vegetables, dried fruits, enriched/whole grains
(Gropper et al., 2018:481). The absorption of iron, which is frequently deficient due to digestion/absorption
difficulty, and so terebinth fruit in the diet seems worth investigating. Linoleic acid, which makes up about
half of the terebinth oil, is an essential substance because it cannot be synthesized in the human body, and it
must be taken regularly from outside for a normal metabolism at all ages (Gropper et al., 2018, pp. 128, 160).
When evaluated from this point of view, it is thought that terebinth fruit can be easily consumed as a snack
and herbal coffee at all times to get linoleic acid.
Table 8. Rates of Providing The Recommended Daily Intake of Terebinth (Adapted from Gropper et al., 2018:
A, B).
Nutrient
Quantity
Explanation
Rate of providing
(%)
(100g terebinth)
Protein
56 / 46
RDA* (g/day, 31-50 years, male/female)
17,27 / 21,02
Linoleic acid
17 / 12
AI* (g/day, male/female, 31-50 years)
44,71 / 63,33
Sodium
1500
AI (mg/day)
6,04
Potassium
4700
AI (mg/day)
2,90
Calcium
1000
RDA (mg/day)
9,24
Phosphorus
700
RDA (mg/day)
11,46
Iron
8 / 18
RDA (mg/day, male/female, 31-50 years)
52,25 / 23,22
Magnesium
420 / 320
RDA (mg/day, male/female, 31-50 years)
7,58 / 9,95
Zinc
11 / 8
RDA (mg/day, male/female, 31-50 years)
2,82 / 3,88
Copper
0,90
RDA (mg/day)
14,44
Selenium
0,055
RDA (mg/day)
1127
6. Conclusion
Since the first civilizations lived in the world and Anatolia, people have used cereal grains and tree/plant fruits
or seeds for nutrition. Today, it is understood that fruits/seeds rich in composition such as terebinth is an
advantage in terms of human nutrition. The positive effect of high protein in terms of health and the high
amount of fat; energy, and long-term feeling of full support this. Terebinth has a very rich content with regard
to selenium and iron minerals, which is thought to have an anti-cancer effect, and it is thought that more
detailed research is required to benefit from terebinth. Other nutrients in the composition of terebinth also have
a protective effect on many diseases. In this study, it is seen that terebinth is used in the dishes in a few of food
groups in Turkish Cuisine, and terebinth pilaf, paste and coffee are still widely consumed. Terebinth helva has
also been found a very unique dessert. Spreading the use of this extremely valuable plant fruit without letting
the terebinth dishes to be forgotten, perhaps with the introduction of new types of terebinth meal, will benefit
people in terms of nutrition and health. Instead of coffee and tea, whose excessive consumption has a negative
effect on human health, it should be consumed as an alternative beverage. Terebinth should be investigated in
more detail in terms of gastronomy, food science and nutrition. Although many studies have been conducted
on terebinth, there is no study on the content of vitamins except vitamin E (tocopherol). In addition, it is
thought that the absorption conditions of the iron contained in terebinth should be investigated and more benefit
should be made from it. Also, the terebinth dishes such as helva--pastry, sarma-rolling,
pilav-pila -          -paste are used as an
gastronomic element. Terebinh dishes should definitely be featured in food festivals, cooking competitions or
traditional food promotions.
6. Acknowledgements
Author would like to thank Tuba Badem and Yasemin Altunay for their contributions in meal making.
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