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International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: on the history of the Russian translation
Abstract
An urgent need to use a unified nomenclature for cultivated plants was indicated at the beginning of the 20th century by R.E. Regel, A.I. Malzev, K.A. Flyaksberger. Half a century later, an appendix to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Stockholm, 1952) published the first formulated rules for naming cultivated plants, which provided a basis for the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants issued as a separate edition in 1953. The primary goal of the Code was to eliminate confusion, promote order and uniformity in the naming of new varieties and the use of accepted variety names, i.e. to establish unified nomenclature rules. The main categories of the nomenclature for cultivated plants (cultivar, group, grex) do not represent a hierarchical system. So far, nine editions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants had been published, of which four were translated into Russian (1953, 1958, 1961 and 1969). The prepared translation of the ninth edition is going to be published in the Vavilovia journal.
... Для аутентификации эталоном служат гербарные образцы как носители исходной генетической информации. Согласно правилам Международного кодекса номенклатуры культурных растений (Chukhina et al., 2021), номенклатурным стандартом назначается гербарный образец, максимально приближенный по времени к созданию сорта. Информация, хранящаяся в виде гербарного образца, не устаревает со временем и создает основу для проведения различных исследований, включая молекулярно-генетические. ...
... Номенклатурный стандартгербарный образец, который отражает таксономические признаки сорта, заверенный экспертом, законно опубликованный и бессрочно хранящийся в международно признанной научной гербарной коллекции. Изготовление номенклатурного стандарта осуществляется в соответствии с Международным кодексом номенклатуры культурных растений (Chukhina et al., 2021;International Code…, 2021a, 2021b, 2021c, 2021d, 2021e, 2022. ...
Improving the standards of collecting and maintaining valuable genetic resources accessions and information about them is currently of crucial importance for the successful development of the world viticulture in the light of the challenges caused by the spread of grape diseases and climate change. This review briefly characterizes the global grapevine gene pool, approaches to its conservation, including base and duplicate conservation techniques, and the current status and prospects of the progress in in vitro and cryogenic preservation methods. The genetic potential of grape wild relatives is assessed focusing on particular species as sources of resistance genes to biotic and abiotic stressors. Achievements in the application of gene editing technologies to increase grape resistance to diseases are discussed. It is noted that a common practice at this stage is to knock out the genes responsible for grapevine susceptibility to diseases, whereas a more advantageous approach in the future will be to make targeted changes in the grape genome based on the knowledge of resistance genes in its wild relatives. Therefore, grape wild relatives need to be studied thoroughly using modern methods of forward and reverse genetics. Regarding the issues of grape genetic diversity conservation and expansion at the current technological stage, the status and significance of the plant germplasm and herbarium (WIR) collections held by VIR are scrutinized in detail. Authentication of grape germplasm accessions is marked as important, along with the role of the WIR herbarium, a unique collection incorporating physical carriers of reference genetic information on the national grapevine gene pool. Promising trends in the development of the WIR herbarium are outlined in connection with the establishment and preservation of nomenclature standards for domestic grape cultivars.
Th e great diversity of national and foreign raspberry varieties grown in nurseries poses great risks of variety confusion. Th e risks can be eliminated by introducing the standards of varieties. Th ese include nomenclature standards which are instrumental in comparing morphological characteristics, and, if necessary, genetic identifi cation that con- fi rms the identity of the selection product. To date, the nomenclature standards include seven raspberry varieties selected by the Lisavenko Research Institute of Horticulture for Siberia, ten varieties of raspberry selected by the Sverdlovsk Breeding Station of Horticulture and Novosibirsk Zonal Gardening Station. Th e breeders of the Federal Scientifi c Breed- ing and Technological Center for Horticulture and Plant Nursery in partnership with scientists of the Federal Research Center “N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources” have created nomenclature standards for fi ve raspberry breeding varieties under Contract No. 592-223-GR dated May 30, 2022 on the scientifi c project “National net- work collection of plant genetic resources for eff ective scientifi c and technological development of the Russian Federa- tion in the fi eld of genetic technologies.” Th e created varieties are represented by herbarium specimens consisting of four herbarium sheets of the Meteor (WIR-98342) and Peresvet (WIR-98349) varieties, three herbarium sheets of the Atlant (WIR-98341) and Podarok Kashinu (WIR-98400) varieties, as well as two herbarium sheets of the Poklon Kazakovu va- riety (WIR-98402). Th e herbarium sheets also include photographs of fl owers, fruits and canes. All nomenclature stand- ards are deposited in the Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weed plants (WIR) of the Federal Research Center “N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources,” and registered in the database “VIR herbarium (WIR).” Th e paper contains descriptions of morpho-biological and economic features and properties of these varieties, as well as a brief history of raspberry breeding in the Federal Scientifi c Breeding and Technological Center for Horticulture and Plant Nursery.
The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants promotes uniformity, accuracy, and stability in the naming of agricultural, forestry and horticultural plants. It governs the nomenclature of such categories as Cultivar, Group and Grex, and provides stability in the rules of their naming avoiding or rejecting the use of names that may cause errors or ambiguities. The first edition of the Code was published in 1953. Currently, the ninth edition of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants is relevant (International Code…, 2016).
The first translation of the Code into Russian was made on behalf of the All-Union Botanical Society by Professor Ya.I. Prokhanov and published in 1957. The work on the Russian translation of the ninth edition of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants was initiated by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. The scientific translation was carried out by I.G. Chukhina (VIR), S.R. Miftakhova (VIR), and V.I. Dorofeyev (BIN RAS). All parts of the Code, including the Preamble, Principles, Rules, Recommendations, Examples and Appendices, are published in the five issues of the Vavilovia journal.
Prior to publication of the first edition of the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) some 50 years ago, the only rules governing the naming of cultivated plants were those that also dealt with plants in the wild, the forerunners of the present International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). Even today, the Preamble to the ICBN states that its "rules and recommendations apply to all organisms traditionally treated as plants", but also goes on to say that the ICNCP "deals with the use and formation of names for special plant categories in agricultural, forestry, and horticultural nomenclature." The need for the ICNCP and the way in which the two Codes interact are addressed. The progressive independence of plant nomenclature from taxonomy, the theory and practice of classification, is outlined from Linnaeus's development of the binomial to the adoption of the type method. In general, the ICBN makes no assumptions as to the methods, principles or purposes of taxonomy, save one, that the units of taxonomy, the taxa being named, are in some way nested in a hierarchy of ranks. Variation at and below the species level, whether in wild or cultivated plants, is not readily accommodated in a hierarchical structure. On the other hand, the need to communicate and hence name the enormous diversity of cultivated plants at such levels is manifest. The ICNCP provides the rules by which this can be achieved. Cultivated plants fall under the provisions of the ICBN in so far, but only in so far, as they fall within the general system of classification of plants; beyond that the provisions of the ICNCP, which do not require an extensive and obligatory hierarchy of entities, and do not presume that desirable groupings are necessarily non-overlapping, apply.
The first edition of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants was published in June 1953 by the Royal Horticultural Society as a preprint from the Report of the Thirteenth International Horticultural Congress held in London, September 1952, and has undergone a total of six editions, the last being in 1995. This presentation sets the scene for discussions on nomenclature issues which form one of purposes of this Symposium by reviewing past editions of the Code and illustrating a few of the problems confronting the formulation of a new edition. The need for international co-operation between statutory and non-statutory bodies in the various acts of nomenclature and taxonomy is highlighted.
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Международный кодекс номенклатуры культурных растений: к истории Русскоязычного перевода
Прозрачность финансовой деятельности: авторы не имеют финансовой заинтересованности в представленных
материалах или методах.
Конфликт интересов отсутствует.
Для цитирования:
Чухина И. Г., Мифтахова С. Р., Дорофеев В. И.
Международный кодекс номенклатуры культурных растений: к истории Русскоязычного перевода.
Vavilovia. 2021;4(1):48-54.
DOI: 10.30901/2658-3860-2021-1-48-54