Complementary Building Concept: Wooden Apartment Building: The Noppa toward Zero Energy Building Approach

Abstract

Increasing the construction of wooden apartment buildings has its place as part of preventing climate change. This chapter aims to explore the possibilities of expanding the construction of wooden apartment buildings on plots owned by the City of Helsinki in the Mellunkylä area by developing a series-produced wooden apartment building concept suitable for complementary construction—The Noppa concept. The sustainability of this approach is considered from the perspective of materials, construction methods, adaptability of the designed spaces, and housing design flexibility. In this study, the Noppa wooden apartment building concept with cross-laminated timber (CLT) elements has been developed varying in its facilities and architectural design features through architectural modeling programs to be used for complementary construction. The research findings are based on a theoretical approach that has not yet been practically tested but is proposed considering existing construction practices that need further investigation. It is believed that this chapter will contribute to the spread of wooden apartments to achieve a low-carbon economy as one of the key tools in tackling climate change problems. Particularly, proposed architectural design solutions will contribute to decarbonization of buildings as well as zero energy building (nZEB) approach.

Full text

Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index
in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI)
Interested in publishing with us?
Contact book.department@intechopen.com
Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected.
For more information visit www.intechopen.com
Open access books available
Countries delivered to Contributors from top 500 universities
International authors and editor s
Our authors are among the
most cited scientists
Downloads
We are IntechOpen,
the world’s leading publisher of
Open Access books
Built by scientists, for scientists
12.2%
137,000
170M
TOP 1%
154
5,600


Chapter
Complementary Building Concept:
Wooden Apartment Building:
The Noppa toward Zero Energy
Building Approach
MarkkuKarjalainen, Hüseyin EmreIlgın, MarieYli-Äyhö
and AnuSoikkeli
Abstract
Increasing the construction of wooden apartment buildings has its place as part of
preventing climate change. This chapter aims to explore the possibilities of expanding
the construction of wooden apartment buildings on plots owned by the City of Helsinki
in the Mellunkylä area by developing a series-produced wooden apartment building con-
cept suitable for complementary construction—The Noppa concept. The sustainability
of this approach is considered from the perspective of materials, construction methods,
adaptability of the designed spaces, and housing design flexibility. In this study, the
Noppa wooden apartment building concept with cross-laminated timber (CLT) ele-
ments has been developed varying in its facilities and architectural design features
through architectural modeling programs to be used for complementary construction.
The research findings are based on a theoretical approach that has not yet been practi-
cally tested but is proposed considering existing construction practices that need further
investigation. It is believed that this chapter will contribute to the spread of wooden
apartments to achieve a low-carbon economy as one of the key tools in tackling climate
change problems. Particularly, proposed architectural design solutions will contribute to
decarbonization of buildings as well as zero energy building (nZEB) approach.
Keywords: apartment building, zero energy buildings (nZEB), architectural design,
timber/wood, CLT, Finland
. Introduction
“Net Zero Energy Buildings” will be the next big frontier for innovation and
competition in the world’s real estate market and can be promptly scaled in Europe
as in North America [1]. In this sense, European energy policies introduced the
net zero energy building (nZEB) target [2] to promote the energy transition of the
construction sector. EU programs, especially “Horizon 2020,” introduce the nZEB
design as well as its evolution to positive energy building (PEB) model [3]. Especially

Zero-Energy Buildings

the construction industry is one of the main reasons for this problem due to excessive
emissions to the environment [4] resulting from the processes of buildings’ heating
and cooling systems.
Until recently, Finnish building codes were only an incentive to construct low-
energy buildings, and Finland had no legislation or guidelines on life-cycle emis-
sions. However, like other Scandinavian countries working toward regional carbon
neutrality, Finland targets carbon neutrality by 2035 and is developing policies,
including low-carbon construction legislation [5]. Additionally, the Finnish Ministry
of Environment has set a target for building life-cycle legislation to account for
CO2 emissions by 2025 [6]. The aim is to influence the total carbon footprint of the
construction and the building heating carbon footprint of the energy used through
financial incentives [7, 8]. The Finnish Ministry of Environment is considering
financial controls over the life cycle of the building to reduce CO2 emissions, 50years
building life is a set of target control plans [9, 10]. Like Finland’s national goal, the
Helsinki-Uusimaa Region aims for climate neutrality by 2035 [11].
In this sense, bio-based materials such as wood come to the fore with many advan-
tages such as good indoor air quality, thermal insulation [12]. Bio-based materials are
generally hygroscopic; that is, they retain water molecules until an equilibrium state of
water content is reached for the relative humidity of the ambient air [13], which posi-
tively affects indoor air quality. The performance of these materials can significantly
contribute to microclimate comfort by managing energy and mass (vapor) transfer.
Furthermore, wood acts as a thermal insulator while also providing a suitable internal
surface temperature. Timber also protects from thermal bridges, as it is one of the very
few available materials capable of both load bearing and insulation. Wood’s volumetric
change due to heat is minimal; therefore, for example, in solid wood structures, in
glued arrangements, it is considered a good structural material in many cases [14].
Wood construction stands out as one of our best allies in solving the climate crisis,
thanks to its positive environmental characteristics such as low carbon emissions during
processing and significant carbon storage in use. Additionally, according to life cycle
assessment–based research in the literature [15–17] the selection of wood-based materi-
als has a substantially lower impact on CO2 emissions in comparison with non-wood-
based materials as in the study on the life-cycle assessment of a wooden single-family
house in Sweden [18]. Wood construction also supports the Finnish government’s bio-
economic strategy for a carbon-neutral society by 2035 and addresses European climate
policy [19]. In particular, engineered wood products (EWPs) such as cross-laminated
timber (CLT) are being used in increasingly demanding applications [20] to meet the
sustainable construction challenge [21–23]. The many advantages of CLT include low
carbon and high thermal insulation, excellent in-plane and out-of-plane strength, high
strength-to-weight ratio, and large-scale and high-rise buildings to be built [24, 25].
On the other hand, Finnish residents generally welcome timber construction and
multistory timber apartment buildings [26]. They attributed the features of timber
apartment building residence such as good sound insulation, good indoor climate,
beauty, warm atmosphere, and coziness. Furthermore, they wish for more wood as a
visible surface material inside the building and more timber apartment buildings.
Thus, wood-based solutions have traditionally held a strong position in Finland’s
construction industry, with wood accounting for 40% of all building materials, and
about 80% of single-family homes are timber-framed. About 12 million cubic meters
of sawn wood were produced in Finland in 2018, and about four-fifths of the sawn
wood was used for construction. Moreover, the National Wood Building Programme
(2016–2022) in Finland aims to increase wood use and long-term carbon storage in


Complementary Building Concept: Wooden Apartment Building: The Noppa toward Zero…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101509
wood structures by promoting the growth of internationally competitive industrial
wood building knowledge and production [27].
The Noppa concept will be implemented in the New Housing Forms—
Integration of Living Suburbs (AsuMut) project in collaboration with Tampere
University and the City of Helsinki. This project is part of a suburban program
managed and funded by the Finnish Ministry of Environment. Three of the cities
in the Helsinki suburban program relate to the urban reform area, Malminkartano-
Kannelmäki, Malmi, and Mellunkylä. The Helsinki suburban program is con-
nected in addition to several strategic programs of the City of Helsinki, such as the
Helsinki City Strategy for 2017–2022, Carbon neutral Helsinki 2035 action program,
and Implementation program for housing and related land use [28]. The City of
Helsinki aims for carbon neutrality by 2035 and uses wood instead of the concrete
structure to achieve this. Changing the segregation of existing residential areas to
strengthen their attractiveness creates prosperity for the present and future resi-
dents of the area. By increasing the construction of wooden apartment buildings
in complementary constructions, the naturalness of wood can bring comfort and
humanity to the suburbs.
The focus of the study is the wooden structure development of an apartment
concept, where complementary construction projects of mass-produced wooden
apartments can be designed. Using the concept, it is possible to design wooden build-
ings in Helsinki and others in the growth centers of our country with an architectural
environment that differs in building stock and additional site requirements. This
study targets Mellunkylä, one of the Helsinki-owned plots where the possibility of
complementary construction is being considered.
In this context, architectural design has an important opportunity to support
sustainable development [29]. In Finland, this will also be promoted toward the end
of 2020, graduating from the architectural policy program proposal of the Ministry
of Education and Culture as well as the Ministry of the Environment [30], with the
main theme being combating climate change and sustainability toward sustainable
architecture. In this sense, architects can make a great contribution to a constructive
building culture by ensuring the ecological quality and sustainability of the living
environment.
On the other hand, it is worth mentioning here that as the population concen-
trates in cities and available land is depleted, housing flexibility is becoming an
essential feature in the transformations of our daily lives [31]. Housing flexibility,
which is associated with different typologies, provides the opportunity to change
buildings spatially or structurally to meet the needs of building occupants by adapt-
ing to technological, cultural, and economic changes that have occurred over time
[32]. Housing resilience is based on sustainable consumption in line with building life
extension, recycling, and waste management [33]. Today, the need for flexibility in
the housing field has become very urgent, which is a fundamental feature of archi-
tecture [34]. In this study, housing flexibility is also considered an important archi-
tectural design input and contributes to the nZEB approach in terms of its resilient
features such as recycling.
Overall, this chapter aims to create higher value-added circular economy opportu-
nities to promote the competitiveness of large-scale industrial timber construction at
the local level and to support European climate policy as part of a low-carbon econ-
omy. It is believed that this study will help the dissemination of wooden apartment
buildings for different and innovative architectural applications as one of the key tools
to contribute to decarbonization of buildings and nZEB approach.

Zero-Energy Buildings

. Research method
This study was carried out with architectural modeling methods used in the solu-
tion of research and design problems in architectural activities. This method enables
architects to think, write, discuss, and disseminate as a bridge from theory to practice
[35]. It is widely used in architectural design research where architects use it as a tool
for research methodology [36, 37].
Additionally, at present, there is no single approach to making the object and
subject of architectural activity, which inevitably leads to significant differences in
research methods and architectural design of objects, especially at such important
levels of solving this problem [38]. On the other hand, the precise operation of text
and project interaction in architectural design research remains a highly debated and
relatively unformed topic [39–42].
Therefore, in this study, main business applications such as AutoCAD, SketchUp,
parametric modeling and information modeling methodology of buildings, and com-
plex object modeling methods used in modern architectural design applications (e.g.,
[43, 44]) were employed. Here, creative proposals are realized through a mix of draw-
ings and models as visual representations to encourage a fresh and lively approach to
architectural research. Figure  shows the architectural design steps used in this study
as the research method with numerous background variables (e.g., client/user needs
and aspirations, project philosophy, design idea and inspiration, marketing, project
management, material research, operation management).
Starting points were prepared for the Mellunkylä region (Figure ) to establish
the design principles, which have been approved by the City of Helsinki’s Urban
Environment Board as a basis for further planning in September 2020. The aim of
SITE
(Site aributes & constraints)
VISION
PROJECT CONCEPT
INITIAL DESIGN
CITY PLANNING ISSUES
BUILDING APPROVAL
APPLICATION
CONSTRUCTION
DOCUMENTATION
PROJECT
COMPLETION
Figure 1.
Architectural design steps used in this study as the research method.


Complementary Building Concept: Wooden Apartment Building: The Noppa toward Zero…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101509
the urban reform is to increase the attractiveness of the region by boosting housing
and employment, improving accessibility, and enhancing the district public service
network together with reducing CO2 emissions and contributing to nearly zero-energy
buildings. According to the design principles in complementary constructions, the
aim is to preserve the typical features of the site, as well as their natural environment.
The objective of Noppa approach, the solid house frame apartment concept to be
produced in series, is to be a step toward a smoother wooden apartment construc-
tion. The starting point of the Noppa concept is to provide functional, aesthetic,
and affordable housing facilities with efficient wooden design solutions for different
construction site conditions.
As its construction principles, the Noppa approach has a narrow frame and is
suitable for its size for well-finished construction sites. If there is space beyond the
additional site building, the Noppa apartment building can be converted into an apart-
ment building with two or multiple stairs connecting the short side of the house. The
Noppa apartment has a clear basic framework, and its facilities and layout are highly
adaptable, where efforts have been made to select feasible structural solutions that are
as simple as possible. Standardized structural solutions allow different collaboration
of actors in construction chips, and the construction concept can be developed and
implemented by several interested parties. The building plan meets the requirements
of current legislative building codes in Finland such as the Finnish fire code.
In apartments’ floors, volume elements placed on the base layer have 10 apart-
ments of varying sizes (from 53 to 134m2) and types. The living areas of the apart-
ments are of reasonable size, and the smallest residences allowed in the regulations
cannot be found in the selection of 20m2. Adequate sizing of dwellings increases
living comfort, the ability of the building to adapt to changing housing needs, and
thus longevity. The goal in the design is the premises of the apartment flexible space
solutions for functional use. The plan focuses on enabling a diverse mix of housing
and transformative spaces within the residences, thereby increasing the value of the
Figure 2.
Mellunkylä region as a district of Helsinki.

Zero-Energy Buildings

building in the long run. For ground floors, three different options (Figure ) are
provided with all necessary technical services, while many different types of apart-
ments’ living floors (Figure ) are proposed.
Figure 3.
Ground floor alternatives: (a) with warehouse/civil protection; (b) no shelter; and (c) with sauna and no shelter.


Complementary Building Concept: Wooden Apartment Building: The Noppa toward Zero…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101509
The choice of gable roof supports practical functionality in water management,
which is essential for the longevity of a timber-framed apartment building (Figure ).
Besides natural ventilation, the use of gravity as a basic solution also requires the shape
of the roof to create the height difference necessary for gravity ventilation to be created.
The Noppa basic solution has four gable roof options that affect the architecture of
the building, for example, the upper tiers space arrangements. There are three balcony
solutions, a flat and shaped balcony area across the entire facade, and freestanding,
self-contained balcony towers (Figure ).
Figure  shows 3D views and typical floor plans of four different alternatives for
the Noppa basic solution.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
Figure 4.
Living floor alternatives (a–h).

Zero-Energy Buildings

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5.
Gable roof alternatives: (a) symmetrical gable roof; (b) inverted gable roof; (c) partitioned gable roof; and (d)
asymmetrical gable roof.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 6.
Balcony alternatives: (a) full facade balcony; (b) shaped balcony; and (c) individual balconies.


Complementary Building Concept: Wooden Apartment Building: The Noppa toward Zero…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101509
. Conclusion
This chapter aimed to search for the possibilities of expanding the construction of
wooden apartment buildings in the Mellunkylä region by developing a mass-produced
wooden apartment concept suitable for complementary construction—“The Noppa
concept.” The sustainability of this concept was considered from the perspective
(a)
(b)
Figure 7.
Different design alternatives for the Noppa basic solution (a–d).

Zero-Energy Buildings

of materials, construction methods, the adaptability of the designed spaces as well
as design flexibility. The results were the architectural design proposals based on a
theoretical approach considering contemporary applications in the wooden apartment
construction market, but further research such as life-cycle assessment will be done as
part of other studies.
As a country with a sustainable social structure, a well-educated population, and a
high level of technological expertise, Finland has an excellent opportunity to rebuild
itself in line with the principles of sustainable development and zero energy building
as in the case of Mellunkylä region. Advances in research and product development
related to (engineered) wood products with high processing value and long carbon
storage times, sustainable use of industry side streams, and ensuring transparency
and efficiency in the timber market will contribute to this sustainable development.
Furthermore, encouragement of wood structures to function as carbon storage, endors-
ing material neutrality in fire regulations to reduce the need for double fire protection of
wood buildings, and industries and other private investors’ contributions to sustainable
development by focusing on improving existing processing technologies and making
them more resource and energy-efficient play a critical role in this progress.
In this sense, it is believed that this chapter will contribute to the spread of wooden
apartments to achieve a low-carbon economy as one of the key tools in tackling climate
change problems. In particular, the proposed architectural design solutions will sup-
port the decarbonization of buildings and a zero-energy building approach.
Funding
Based on Marie Yli-Äyhö’s MSc thesis (Tampere University), this project was
funded by Finland’s Ministry of Environment and ARA (The Housing Finance and
Development Centre of Finland) as a part of the AsuMut (New forms of housing—
Unifying neighborhoods) project.

Complementary Building Concept: Wooden Apartment Building: The Noppa toward Zero…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101509

Author details
MarkkuKarjalainen1, Hüseyin EmreIlgın1*, MarieYli-Äyhö1 and AnuSoikkeli2
1 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
2 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
*Address all correspondence to: emre.ilgin@tuni.fi
© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.

Zero-Energy Buildings

References
[1] Shady A. Net Zero Energy Buildings
(nZEB)—Concepts, Frameworks
and Roadmap for Project Analysis
and Implementation. Amsterdam,
Netherlands: Elsevier; 2018
[2] European Commission. Nearly
Zero-Energy Buildings. 2021. Available
from: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/
energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-
buildings/nearly-zero-energy-buildings_
en [Accessed: October 25, 2021]
[3] BPIE (Buildings Performance Institute
Europe). Positive Energy Buildings. 2014.
Available from: https://www.bpie.eu/
event/positive-energy-buildings-wishful-
thinking-or-built-reality/ [Accessed:
October 25, 2021]
[4] Magrini A, Lentini G, Cuman S,
Bodrato A, Marenco L. From nearly zero
energy buildings (nZEB) to positive energy
buildings (PEB): The next challenge—
The most recent European trends with
some notes on the energy analysis of a
forerunner PEB example. Developments
in the Built Environment. 2020;:100019.
DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2020.100019
[5] Kuittinen M, Häkkinen T. Reduced
carbon footprints of buildings: New
Finnish standards and assessments.
Buildings and Cities. 2020;(1):182-197.
DOI: 10.5334/bc.30
[6] Kivimaa P, Kangas H, Lazarevic D,
Lukkarinen J, Åkerman M, Halonen M,
Nieminen M. Transition Towards Zero
Energy Buildings Insights on Emerging
Business Ecosystems, New Business
Models and Energy Efficiency Policy
in Finland, Finnish Environment
Institute. 2019. Available from:
https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/
handle/10138/293607/SYKEju_5_
Transition-towards-zero-energy-
buildings.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed:
October 25, 2021]
[7] Salo M, Nissinen A. Finnish
Environment Institute Consumption
choices to decrease personal carbon
footprints of Finns, Reports of The
Finnish Environment Institute 30. 2017.
Available from: https://media.sitra.
fi/2017/10/23144245/Consumption_
choices_to_decrease_personal_carbon_
footprints_of_Finns.pdf [Accessed:
October 25, 2021]
[8] Finland has an excellent opportunity to
rebuild itself in line with the principles of
sustainable development, Carbon neutral
Finland, Finnish Government. 2021.
Available from: https://valtioneuvosto.
fi/en/marin/government-programme/
carbon-neutral-finland-that-protects-
biodiversity [Accessed: October 25, 2021]
[9] Reform of the Climate Change Act.
Finnish Ministry of Environment.
2021. Available from: https://ym.fi/en/
the-reform-of-the-climate-change-act
[Accessed: October 25, 2021]
[10] Integrated Reporting on
Greenhouse Gas Policies and
Measures and on Projections under
Article 18 of Regulation (EU) No
2018/1999 and Articles 36, 37 and
39 of Commission Implementing
Regulation (EU) No 2020/1208,
VN/4694/2021. European Commission.
2021. Available from: https://tem.
fi/documents/1410877/2132096/
Integrated+reporting+on+PAMs_
Finland_2021.pdf/26c216d7-
85ef-d7b5-ce99-67e1283fa0f0/
Integrated+reporting+on+PAMs_
Finland_2021.pdf?t=1616157896988
[Accessed: October 25, 2021]
[11] Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council.
Climate Neutral Helsinki-Uusimaa 2035.

Complementary Building Concept: Wooden Apartment Building: The Noppa toward Zero…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101509

2021. Available from: https://www.
uudenmaanliitto.fi/en/development_
and_planning/regional_programming/
climate_neutral_helsinki-uusimaa_2035
[Accessed: October 25, 2021]
[12] Sandak A, Sandak J, Brzezicki M,
Kutnar A. Designing building skins with
biomaterials. In: Bio-Based Building
Skin. Environmental Footprints and
Eco-design of Products and Processes.
Singapore: Springer; 2019. DOI:
10.1007/978-981-13-3747-5_3
[13] ASHRAE Standard. Thermal
Environmental Conditions for Human
Occupancy. Atlanta: American National
Standards Institute; 2004
[14] Herzog T, Natterer J, Schweitzer R,
Volz M, Winter W. Timber Construction
Manual. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2012
[15] Liang S, Gu H, Bergman R,
Stephen SK. Comparative life-cycle
assessment of a mass timber building
and concrete alternative. Wood and Fiber
Science. 2020;(2):217-229
[16] Anwar S. Life Cycle Analysis and
Comparison of Different Construction
Materials of Residential Buildings for
Sustainable Construction Choice, HTW
Berlin—(Hochschule für Technik und
Wirtschaft Berlin). Berlin, Germany:
University of Applied Sciences; 2020
[17] Liang S, Gu H, Bilek T, Bergman R.
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of A Mass-Timber
Building: Methodology and Hypothetical
Case Study. Madison, WI: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest
Products Laboratory; 2019. pp. 1-11
[18] Petrovic B, Myhren JA, Zhang X,
Wallhagen M, Eriksson O. Life cycle
assessment of a wooden single-family
house in Sweden. Applied Energy.
2019;:113253. DOI: 10.1016/j.
apenergy.2019.05.056
[19] Wood Building Programme. Finnish
Ministry of Environment. 2020. Available
from: https://ym.fi/en/wood-building
[Accessed: October 25, 2021]
[20] Stepinac M, Šušteršic I, Gavric I,
Rajcic V. Seismic design of timber
buildings: Highlighted challenges
and future trends. Applied Sciences.
2020;:1380
[21] Brandner R, Flatscher G,
Ringhofer A, Schickhofer G, Thiel A.
Cross laminated timber (CLT): Overview
and development. European Journal of
Wood and Wood Products. 2016;:
331-351. DOI: 10.1007/s00107-015-0999-5
[22] Gasparri E , Lucchini A, Mantegazza G,
Mazzucchelli ES. Construction management
for tall CLT buildings: From partial
to total prefabrication of façade
elements. Wood Material Science and
Engineering. 2015;(3):256-275. DOI:
10.1080/17480272.2015.1075589
[23] Lukacs I, Björnfot A, Tomasi R.
Strength and stiffness of cross-laminated
timber (CLT) shear walls: State-of-the-
art of analytical approaches. Engineering
Structures. 2019;:136-147
[24] Shahnewaz M, Tannert T, Alam MS,
Popovski M. In-plane stiffness of cross-
laminated timber panels with openings.
Structural Engineering International.
2017;:217-223
[25] Sikora KS, McPolin DO, Harte AM.
Effects of the thickness of cross-laminated
timber (CLT) panels made from Irish
Sitka spruce on mechanical performance
in bending and shear. Construction and
Building Materials. 2016;:141-150
[26] Karjalainen M, Ilgın HE. The change
over time in finnish residents’ attitudes
towards multi-story timber apartment
buildings. Sustainability. 2021;:5501.
DOI: 10.3390/su13105501

Zero-Energy Buildings

[27] The Finnish Ministry of Agriculture
and Forestry. Wood Construction is
Being Promoted in Finland. Available
from: https://mmm.fi/en/en/forests/use-
of-wood/wood-construction [Accessed:
October 25, 2021]
[28] The City of Helsinki. Suburban
Regeneration. 2021. Available from:
https://www.uuttahelsinkia.fi/en/
sustainable-urban-development/
suburban-regeneration/suburb-
programme [Accessed: October 25, 2021]
[29] Feria M, Amado M. Architectural
design: Sustainability in the decision-
making process. Buildings. 2019;:135.
DOI: 10.3390/buildings9050135
[30] Ministry of Education and Culture.
Apoli2020: New Architectural Policy
Programme. 2020. Available from:
https://minedu.fi/en/apoli2020
[Accessed: October 25, 2021]
[31] Paris SRD, Lopes CNL. Housing
flexibility problem: Review of recent
limitations and solutions. Frontiers of
Architectural Research. 2018;(1):80-91.
DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2017.11.004
[32] Canepa S. Living in a flexible
space. IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering. 2017;. DOI:
10.1088/1757-899X/245/5/052006
[33] Gilani G, Türker ÖO. Assessing
flexibility in real estate mass housing.
Arquitetura Revista. 2020;(1):154-175.
DOI: 10.4013/arq.2020.161.09
[34] Magdziak M. Flexibility and
adaptability of the living space to
the changing needs of residents. IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science
and Engineering. 2019;:072011. DOI:
10.1088/1757-899X/471/7/072011
[35] Fraser M. Design Research in
Architecture: An Overview. London:
Ashgate; 2013
[36] Akšamija A. Research Methods for
the Architectural Profession. New York,
NY: Routledge; 2021
[37] Short CA. What is ‘architectural
design research’? Building Research and
Information. 2008;(2):195-199. DOI:
10.1080/09613210701811015
[38] Vasilenko NA. General system
principles of architectural systems
formation. IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering.
2020;
[39] Luck R. Design research, architectural
research, architectural design research:
An argument on disciplinarity and
identity. Design Studies. 2019;:152-166.
DOI: 10.1016/j.destud.2019.11.001
[40] Gao Y. Design research in
architecture: An overview edited by
Murray Fraser. The Design Journal.
2015;(2):291-294. DOI: 10.2752/175630
615X14212498964439
[41] Eilouti B. Scenario-based design:
New applications in metamorphic
architecture. Frontiers of Architectural
Research. 2018;(4):530-543. DOI:
10.1016/j.foar.2018.07.003
[42] Luck R. Participatory design in
architectural practice: Changing practices
in future making in uncertain times.
Design Studies. 2018;:139-157. DOI:
10.1016/j.destud.2018.10.003
[43] Bhooshan S. Parametric design
thinking: A case-study of practice-
embedded architectural research. Design
Studies. 2017;:115-143. DOI: 10.1016/j.
destud.2017.05.003
[44] Fu F. Design and Analysis of Tall
and Complex Structures. Oxford and
Cambridge: Butterworth-Heinemann,
Elsevier; 2018