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Invasive Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), dominates Southeastern Caribbean Sea island estuary

Authors:
  • Vitapro S.A.
  • Mikolji Corp

Abstract and Figures

Some structural and population aspects of the fish community of Laguna de Los Mártires, a small positive estuary (1.9-25 PSU), located on Isla de Margarita, in the Southeast Caribbean Sea, were studied. During a year of monthly sampling at five stations, only 10 fish species were recorded. Of these, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters 1852), was the only one caught in all seasons throughout the year, with higher abundance (39.8%) and relative biomass (54.3%), frequency of occurrence (100%) and Importance Valuation Index (194.1). The invasive success of this species was also evidenced by a high abundance of juveniles (65%), continuous reproduction and rapid growth. Its effects on the native fish community was also observed in the ecological indices, with low values of Species Richness (S: 1-6 species), Diversity (H: 0-0.94) and Equity (J: 0.13-0.54), and high Community Dominance Index (CDI: 0.4-0.9). A high anthro-pogenic impact was also observed in the Laguna de Los Mártires, due to the contamination of the waters and physical modification of the habitat. This characterizes a highly deteriorated ecosystem, with a poor fish community, product of the synergy between the dominance of O. mossambicus over the native fish community, as well as the alteration of the habitat (invasive meltdown). Systematic extraction of the population of this invader in the lagoon is recommended to improve the environmental conditions of this ecosystem and the recovery of the biota. Cite as: Rodríguez, E. E. Ron, I. Mikolji, J. L. Fuentes, & O. M. Lasso-Alcalá. (2021). Invasive Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), dominates Southeastern Caribbean Sea island estuary. Memoria De La Fundación La Salle De Ciencias Naturales, 79(188), 75–104. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801302
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ISSN: 0037-8518 Versión impresa
ISSN: 2443-4698 Versión electrónica
Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, 2021, 79(188): 75-104
Artículo
Invasive Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus),
dominates Southeastern Caribbean Sea island estuary
Eliaira Rodríguez, Ernesto Ron, Iván Mikolji, José L. Fuentes and Oscar M. Lasso-Alcalá
Abstr act.                      
     !"#  $  
%&&  '  (       )   * )
 '  +  Oreochromis mossambicus ! , # '   
'&-,.#&
 /-.#0**.#$1$2/#3
' &  &  45 .#
'$)'&
''675#(87**/#
90:7*-;* /#%($2%($7*/*#<
'&
'&3=
'&'O.mossambicus
         '           &      '# 
 2          
&
Keywords7 $ > & > & >  '>
>)>1=
.
LainvasivatilapiademozambiqueOreochromismossambicus,dominaunestuarioinsular
enelsurestedelMarCaribe.
Resumen       &    
0?  !"#&
  $     %&(  ?    
  *(Oreochromismossambicus
!, #     ?   &
-,.# & /-.#    **.# $@ 1
  $/#  92   &   
   & 4 5 .#      
)A& &A
&460=7;5#(87*;*/#90:7*-;* /#
 ( $(%7*/;*# 3& &    
 )A&9
=      &
O.mossambicus&
A& #2 
&      A = &   4 
&&
Pal abras clave7 9 >  & >    &>
  >1=
76
Invasive tilapia in Caribbean island estuary

         

e.g.
    e.g.     
 ! "##$% &' etal."##$  ! "##( ) etal."##*
+ etal,  "##* ) "##-% .! / etal."#$"%01 etal."#$-
) etal."#$2 3 etal. "#$4 ) etal, "#"# +1etal."#"#
5etal. "#"$,
  /
6etal,"#$"3+/"#$"5etal."#"#,7

     ,
8
          
       61etal."#$$
)3"#$93etal."#$45etal,"#"#,
5e.g. : etal, "###61etal,"#$$&etal.
"#"$
;$ 
          % "     
        <  
     ( /  
',=

,       
         
 >>   
>>?01$444,
        1       /          
            
3+/"#$",
@)A
3/"4
;    1 
 <   8 @B!/3 "##$ &'etal."##$6
"##* !etal."#$$@/ "#$"3etal."#$9 !etal.
"#$4@/ etal."#"$,&

  
 )' $4-* A  . $4C*   )'
$4C- )! $4-- ) $44# D  +!/ "##" +/  )
"##"etal."##9 !etal."##*"##2 !+
"#$# !etal."#$$"#$4A/etal."#$4)/etal."#"#,
     ?/<  Oreochromismossambicus
+$2*"/
77
Mem. Fund. La Salle Cienc. Nat., 2021, 79 (188)
)+etal.
"##(+!/etal."##-,
D A Oreochromismossambicus
<<$$"
 $#$  $(  E"*  
"(  &  ("    3/   
 $42" $42( : $422
)etal."##* 6"#$4 6etal."#"$,7    

         8  
   /   
/
 )etal.
"##* ) etal."#$2 : "#$4        $##
etal."##9,
)A?/<Oreochromismossambicus
8
              + + 
5   )         ?/   
6   .  )
3/    )' $4C- ) $44# )  ?!/ $44(
A! / etal."##$D+!/ "##"?B!etal."##(@/etal."##*
. "##2 6 etal. "#$# A/ etal. "#$4, 1   
  
)A )F5"##(%7etal."##2,
7)A
                
<
,      /   
   Oreochromismossambicus   
';
$/"
   <
  3     
                  / 
(    /       A
 A 5 7 E<G ) 5  )5
9  /    O.mossambicus     
*
8,
78
Invasive tilapia in Caribbean island estuary
??
Studyarea
')
G. ?!
     ? 3/   A ) A
$$H #*I"#,9*>$$H#*I(-,((>D-(H*2I"$,9C>-(H*CI9$,94>:
=$,  $CC E
$,*@"##(,
   8   J A  @ +
K5+DH",*(*$,422
@! 3/$422,
Sampling
=
  8        
G5"##-=$,8
  ",*$# 
        ,    
            
     B! E  )   ?
E) ?   J  & J5&    , 
    in situ     
   LA  ((   LA  *C  
7 DD 74#"977,
Figure 1. Map of the Southeastern Caribbean Sea (Northeast Venezuela), showing: A) Isla de Margarita,
B) Laguna de Los Mártires. The circles (1-5) indicate the locations of samplings. Source: Modified
from Google Earth 2006 base map.
79
Mem. Fund. La Salle Cienc. Nat., 2021, 79 (188)
DataAnalysis
   8        
 /   $4C# @!  $4C2  $42"
$42(%)!  $44$$44($449 $44-)!  etal.$44"A1$44(
? "###'"##9 !"##2
A!/5 "#$$       , 
         $#M
      = )    
B!  E) ?J5&,  8      
3etal,"#"$,
)    @  @ ;   
@6@6;=<&=&;
/L! / $42#, 3
3@ @6=&
etal."##9"##2 !etal."##2,6=&

 
;=&;NC$M=&;
($M    C#M                    =&; O ($M
 / L!/  $42#, 1  
AA?$42#A
:57E<E<G6K$4CC0
$424)5)5;?D$4-2
+ A$,9(7etal."##$,
                

01:A1@$44*,
         / 
? $4-C @ $4-C 6) $4C-  $42* 6) 
?$422)! $44$$44($449$44-:$44- etal."##"
' "##9 :   "##C  !   "##2
 !"#$$A!/5"#$$,
    L! P /  $4C2; $ + ;
  1    /1  
 %"A;
8
<8%
();8
,
A     Oreochromismossambicus 
/
     , =   
A          :          ,
 A    :       
:QaA
b
;
80
Invasive tilapia in Caribbean island estuary
:Q  aR b A%   8 a b  
,
AS >>
A1@$44*T('N(
O(@1$4C*,0
;0Q::: :
)$4*$,
                 
1+ A
$,9(7etal."##$,
@
PhysicochemicalparametersoftheLagunadeLosMártires
         
/,
    2,** U 9,"# +AJ, A     

G.,5
$$$,**U*,*#+AJ9-,2$
U",4$+AJ*C,$#U(,$*+AJ
 ,         
A$-,*("*,##+AJ"$
G$,4",##+AJ(9=",
Figure 2. Monthly variation of the physicochemical parameters in the Laguna de Los
Mártires, Isla de Margarita, Southeast Caribbean Sea, during January to December
2006
.
81
Mem. Fund. La Salle Cienc. Nat., 2021, 79 (188)
@  C,29U ",$4 
C,"CU#,2(92,-$U",(9",
8
$",#2U",92 =",
714,"(U#,C4
4,$$U$,$(*4,((U$,$(",
2,#*U#,(2 &  $#,#2 U #,9#
?=",
="2,*4U",$"H),
6        $ (#,(2 U $,"( H) 
*"C,44U$,**H)8<
     
A&=",
Figure 3. Absolute Frequency (AF) and Cumulative Frequency (CF) of the species
captured in the Laguna de Los Mártires, Isla de Margarita, Southeast Caribbean Sea,
during January to December 2006.
Speciescompositionandcommunitystructure
=(
 <        
 ?! ,    $" /     
       C#M       8
"##-,
      
  , 7     &  D
         $#  / 
  5,   
,
  )         
$,
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
123456789101112
Species
Months
A F
CF
82
Invasive tilapia in Caribbean island estuary
Taxonomic Category
Specimens RA (%) Absolute
weight (g) RB (%)
samples FO (%) IVI Residence
Category
Habitat
Use
Feeding
Habits
Trophic
Category
Class Actinopterygii
Order Elopiforme s
Family Elopidae
Elops saurus Linnaeus 1766 2 0.37 150.7 0.32 1 8.33 9.02 OV B/P CAR TOC
Family Megalopidae
Megalops atlanticus
Valenciennes 1847 30 5.62 11143.28 23.63 9 75 104.25 PR P CAR TOC
Order Aulopiformes
Family Synodontidae
Synodus foetens
(Linnaeus 1766) 1 0.19 42.6 0.09 1 8.33 8.61 OV B CAR TOC
Order Gobiiformes
Family Gobiidae
Awaous banana
(Valenciennes 1837) 1 0.19 81.5 0.17 1 8.33 8.69 OV B OMN FOC
Order Carangiformes
Family Centropomidae
Centropomus undecimalis
(Bloch 1792) 3 0.56 709.9 1.51 2 16.66 18.73 OV B CAR TOC
Centropomus pectinatus
Poey 1860 1 0.19 37 0.08 1 8.33 8.6 OV B CAR TOC
Family Achiridae
Achirus lineatus
(Linnaeus 1758) 1 0.19 1.4 0.003 1 8.33 8.52 OV B CAR TOC
Order Cichliformes
Family Cichlidae
Oreochromis mossambicus
(Peters 1852) 290 39.8 18764.1 54.3 12 100 194.1 PR B OMN FOC
Order Mugiliformes
Family Mugilidae
Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 204 38.2 16215.52 34.39 9 75 147.59 PR P HER/DET FOC
Order Perciformes
Family Gerreidae
Eugerres plumieri
(Cuvier 1830) 1 0.19 3.7 0.008 1 8.33 8.53 OV B CAR/HER SOC
Table 1. Taxonomic categories, community parameters and ecological aspects of the ichthyofauna
in the Laguna de Los Mártires, Isla de Margarita, Southeast Caribbean Sea. The classifica-
tion and systematic order follows Van der Laan et al. (2021). RA: Relative Abundance (%),
RB, Relative Biomass (%), FO: Frequency of Occurrence (%). Importance Valuation Index
(IVI: RA + RB + FO = 1-300%). Residence Category: PR = Permanent Resident (FO > 71%),
OV = Occasional Visitor (FO < 31%). Habitat Use: B = benthic species, P = pelagic species.
Feeding Habits: OMN = Omnivore, CAR = Carnivore, HER = Hevibore, DET = Detri-
tivore. Trophic Category: FOC = First Order Consumer, SOC = Second Order Consumer,
TOC = Third Order Consumer.
83
Mem. Fund. La Salle Cienc. Nat., 2021, 79 (188)
Figure 4. Community parameters of the ichthyofauna in the Laguna de Los Mártires, Isla de Marga-
rita, Southeast of the Caribbean Sea. RA: Relative Abundance (%), RB: Relative Biomass (%),
FO: Frequency of Occurrence (%), IVI: Importance Valuation Index (IVI = RA + RB + FO).
  *(*        
9C$94,C2   ,       @
 (4,2M @ 6 *9,(M  =<  &
$##M  ?/<  Oreochromismossambicus   
 $   8
  3 3; $49,$M   
 $ = 9,       
Mugil liza  Megalops atlanticus 3; $9C,*4  $#9,"*M  @
(2,"*,-"M@6(9,(4"(,-(M=<
&C*MO.mossambicus$=9,
Variationofcommunityparameters
6  @ @      
@6@68
@ 0:QC,9#%N#,#*%@60:Q2,$4N#,#*,7
              
 @   0: Q "",2*%  O#,#*, 5    
 Oreochormismossambicus   
      Mugilliza Megalopsatlanticus
  
  =*,
        /    
      O.mossambicus- ,4  "#,2  A   
M.liza$#,*"-AM.altlanticus$9,*22A,
84
Invasive tilapia in Caribbean island estuary
Ecologicalaspects
 =<  &        
Oreochromismossambicus       
=& $##M   Mugilliza Megalopsatlanticus   
C*M,
? M.liza  G M.atlanticus   = *,  

2,($-,-M'
         &3  
$=9,
@      /     ?! 
2#M             $,

       8  5 
,
&
8$,
,
Figure 5. Number of specimens (A) and absolute weight (B), of the species captured in
the Laguna de Los Mártires, Isla de Margarita, Southeast Caribbean Sea, during
January to December 2006.
85
Mem. Fund. La Salle Cienc. Nat., 2021, 79 (188)
Figure 6. Temporal variation of the ecological indices calculated for the fish community of
Laguna de Los Mártires, Isla de Margarita, Southeast Caribbean Sea, during January
to December 2006. S: Species richness, H: Diversity, J: Equitability, CDI: Community
Dominance Index.
  -#M  
88
& ), &    8  = & )
Oreochromismossambicus 
Mugilliza,
8Oreochromismossambicus8
 ?! 
 ,    8      
 8
,
  A;        8
     0: Q C,$(% N #,#*, 6    
  GOreochromismossambicus
?D88
0:Q"$,44%O#,#*=-,
7#G
$##MOreochromismossambicus #,49, 
A80: Q "*,2C%
O#,#*, <G #,$(     
#, *9    G                               
O.mossambicus     ,    
0:Q"*,9C%O#,#*,&
70:Q9,-$% N#,#*%<
G0:Q",9*%N#,#*=-,
86
Invasive tilapia in Caribbean island estuary
Figure 7. Comparative length frequency distribution of Oreochromis mossambicus, in Laguna de
Los Mártires, Isla de Margarita, Southeast Caribbean Sea, during 2006. A) January - March,
B) April - June, C) July - September, D) October - December
@ )5  )5 
   #,(          #,4 
5  4$,"(M         
Oreochromismossambicus, =- 
  0: Q ",$$% N #,#*   
0:Q"$,$%O#,#*,7$$
)5#,9
.etal.$422O.mossambicus,
PopulationaspectsofOreochromismossambicus
5Oreochromismossambicus?! 
    , &  "C(
$#"4*C-'
$;$,A-,4"#,2
    $$,(4 , E      
 , ?    -*M    $CC 
/-$"A,
       
5,@/
=C
--M8<GG
 2 $M       <  &  5 
8/, VW
/<G  A
C#M
$""#A=C,
87
Mem. Fund. La Salle Cienc. Nat., 2021, 79 (188)
Figure 8. Length-weight relationship of Oreochromis mossambicus, in Laguna de Los Már-
tires, Isla de Margarita, Southeast Caribbean Sea, during January to December 2006.
    /   
$$,*(*9,-
 --,$$ ,  AI       8
O#,###$:A
             , 5        
8      
  N#,#* 
<<;
:Q $,"$92 R",C2 * - A %
:Q #,#-$ A
",C2*-
   @
"
Q #,4-9(+O#,###$
=2,
=8+
 ) = 0    + N #,#*   
  $##,#4MU#,#9=4
?! ,
Figure 9. Condition factor (Kr) of Oreochromis mossambicus, in Laguna de Los Mártires, Isla
de Margarita, Southeast Caribbean Sea, during January to December 2006.
TW = 0.061 x SL
2.7856
R
2
= 0.9643
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 5 10 15 20 25
Total weight (TW g)
Standard length (SL cm)
88
Invasive tilapia in Caribbean island estuary
5A)JAA&D
                   
Oreochromismossambicus?! 
<
 ),      
8
          
6)$4C-$42"$42('"##96
"#$4%< 8
    ! etal,"#$9, 7
8 <    /  

,
 $#   ?!   
 $9M          ,  
?**4"
)! $4-- A$4-2 +! $4C-A /$4C2.! /$42$
6 $42* )!   .! / $42- G $422 @B!/3 $44$
$44( $449 $44-  "*       
./! /  3! /</ $449  $"      8 
Eetal."#$#,   
?!       Oreochromis
mossambicus  ,  $4-9 2##    
     '        ?/ @  1  
+)!E3
/         J  &
01$4-9%)'$4-*%$4C#,
C9M8
    1         
           )' $4C-
G!/$4CC,
?! ,
 <       Oreochromis
mossambicus      e.g. A! / etal, "##$
)etal."##*.! /etal,"#$")etal."#$2
  8          
<,
     O.mossambicus   
3
3 8    ?!, E  Mugil
liza Megalopsatlanticus C#M       
O"MO(M
,
 <       1   
,
89
Mem. Fund. La Salle Cienc. Nat., 2021, 79 (188)
?! e.g.&@5;etal.
"##9"##2"##42#M$,
+            
Oreochromismossambicus      C#M   
  ,&
         Mugilliza
Megalopsatlanticus   
         $;  , 
     
,77
@$42CMugilcephalus
     O.mossambicus     
,
1   =<  &     
=&;2,($-,-M
$=9,
   
= (, 7 
     
,A
Awaousbanana
!   "##2 Elopssaurus,Achiruslineatus Eugerresplumieri
?
$4-*)! .!/ $42-G$422@B!/3$44( $449
$44- @  ! /@' $44( E etal."#$#A/ etal."#$4 
     @B!/ $4C(  etal,"##9 "##2 "##4
 ! "#$$ ! etal,"##2A! /5
"#$$,
    >  >     
 8?!
 Oreochromismossambicus,
? $4C9         
$(,*0$424
<7;##,49%G;#,$(#,*9
         
)etal,"##$,=?
<7;$,4C(,*$%
G;#,9*$,#9

@B!/3$44$$44($449$44-,A
)5)5;#,9#,4
  ?!4"M
      O.mossambicus   
,  )5   #,9     
.etal,$422,?)5
#,* #,4    
90
Invasive tilapia in Caribbean island estuary
      Eucinostomusgula,E.argenteus,
Diapterusrhombeus,Eugerresplumieri,Gerrescinereus,Anchoa hepsetus, A.parva,
A. trinitatis, Anchoviacl uepoides , Cetengra ulis eden tulus, Lil e piquiti nga, Arch o-
sargus rhomboidalis, Sciades herzbergii, Xenomelaniris brasiliensis,Poecilia vivipara,
Strongylura marina  Mugil curema .! / $42$ @B!/3 $44$
$44($449 $44-?!8
,
 Oreochromismossambicus
?!       , = 
   -*M 8
/-$"A,
'       /   
     $"  $*  A !X< $44C  etal.
"##",     = C    ' 
-- 2$M        G G
&5
,       1    
1            
$42" $42( ' "##9 ) etal. "##* 6 "#$4,  < 
     
 "9(9H))etal,
"##*.!/etal,"#$",
1        Oreochromis
mossambicus)+etal."##(+!/etal,"##-
       
 /1   '       
<     8     ? $4-C
6) $4C-  $42* 6)  ? $422  etal."##"
:  "##C,  8     ) 
=& ?! 
Mugilliza@ $4-C)!  $44$  
8,1

           
G. ,
   ?!    8      
/=etal."#$#,
              
  0; = 4      
=2,
      ) $4*$ + etal."#$-,
E1
     Oreocrhomismossambicus   -*M
'?
  / -#M    
 0;C-M 0;22M,
91
Mem. Fund. La Salle Cienc. Nat., 2021, 79 (188)
 
 ,      
         
 J1"##C
?! ,
&          
e.g.;7  ,
?/<   /   1
   1     
1
$42(, 1   /  
 )+etal."##(
+!/etal."##-1,
       8     
#(-+AJ:86$4C4$42(,
     Oreochromismossambicus
?!$,4"*
+AJ,            

    ' (- +AJ 
     ?!    8    
)!  .! / $42-    , 7
   
     ? )!   .! / $42- @B!/
3$44$ $44($449$44- 
 '  (- +AJ     *-+AJ   ,  
8)! .! /
$42-,        I/
 '   1   ?G 
D       
$##(##"*(*H)
C*CCM
9,#*,#",#(,#
        (9(#  
  $#    )!   .! / $42- @B!/
3 $449 ! /?  .  "#$9% Y 
'"#$-,
78
?! 8
, 5    "##-     ?!
    '
     8       G
. ,1
     E     
5=G 
          R $     
92
Invasive tilapia in Caribbean island estuary
   G . 6   
,
1           
       1  
          ?, G    
?!
C,"C $",#2           
     ",$$ 9,"*  )!  
.! / $42- @B!/3$44( $449 ./! / 3!/</ $449, 
          $C,$#  
?!=etal."##4,
1
              
8
6?B!/ "##2 =etal."##4=etal."#$#Detal.
"#"#,7Detal,"#"##,"$
     
          
,
           8  
Oreochromismossambicus

      ,    
?!  
G. 
                ,  
     E
            G
.,           
         D  #,#29 
D#,(-4 (,9#(+$,#2#
      5 A (4*"*   
)$$##?+D$##=)9-#?+D$##
6 &5-C%C$,?!
         "##-    
8
     /  6  ?B!/
"##2=etal."##4=etal."#$#Detal."#"#,
       1
          
    0   "### @  &"##2
/  ? "#$$ =Z  etal."#$" A etal, "#$( 7 etal."#$*,

         
          A
"##-<6"#$2"#"#,
93
Mem. Fund. La Salle Cienc. Nat., 2021, 79 (188)
          
          
      )A  
, 1         
   Oreochromismossambicus     +  3
/01$4-9%)' $4-*%  $4C#  )'$4C-
G!/$4CC,
 )!           
 8 
etal."###+!/etal."##(Aetal."##9"##*"#$*A/
etal."#$2 "#$4, 
    8     )Caquetaia
kraussii CrenicichlageayiA etal."##9 A/etal. "##C "#$2 
    @   $44" AP   
$44(? "###,
3///Omobranchus
punctatus+
A.$4C* ! etal."##2"#$$)/
etal. "#"#,         1   
&@58
     +   etal"##9 
!"#$$,
+8  . ? 
Butiskoilomatodon1Gobiosomabosc ! etal.
"##* ! "#$$,
:<
Oreochromismossambicus      
    ,    
   : "#$4       (2  
         $9 
  O.mossambicus       
   , A      /
&Trichodina 
 +  3  , A    
8 Ascocotyle
  O.mossambicus   ?!  ? "##- 
 <   
 ,     Trichodina Ascocotyle 
 Eetal. "#"$,   
 /    O.mossambicus  
          
?! ,&/Trichodina
<<
?! 
      
KL"##-=etal."#$$,
94
Invasive tilapia in Caribbean island estuary
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=               
Oreochromismossambicus?! ,
     
E@,A
1  

'
    
<8,
Acknowledgments;8)'
!  J & +')-#($##$$""- #* )
@   ,   8      ?! 
       , 1   ) , 
 @ 6!  7)5),  @
&?)3A,5J=+!6/
1  ,&? ? 1  ?
7 D A @!  3 =!  A ) D 7
?,
95
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Eliaira Rodríguez
1
, Ernesto Ron
2
, Iván Mikolji
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Aim: To provide an overview of ecology and management of invasive species in riverine ecosystems. Key findings: ●Aquatic invasive species are a primary threat to streams and rivers across the globe, impacting biodiversity, disrupting key ecological functions, and compromising ecosystem services. ●Invasive species are those that are transported out of their native range, introduced into a novel location, establish self-sustaining populations by surviving and reproducing, spread to new locations, and have negative ecological and/or economic impacts in the recipient ecosystem. ●Species can enter a new region by being imported as or with a commodity associated with the direct human movement of goods, by hitchhiking on human modes of transport, and by dispersing unaided by themselves along infrastructure corridors. ●The likelihood of nonnative species to establish new self-sustaining populations depends on propagule pressure, biological attributes of the species, environmental characteristics of the ecosystem, and biotic interactions with recipient communities. ●The ecological impacts of aquatic invasive species are manifested at different scales from genes to ecosystems. ●Aquatic invasive species have caused enormous economic impacts associated with their management and mitigation of their damages. ●A diversity of management strategies and policy options are available to prevent, contain, control and eradicate aquatic invasive species. Conclusions: The future health of riverine ecosystems will depend on how societies manage current invasive species and whether the arrival of future invasive species can be successfully prevented, or their impacts minimized.
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