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Researches Regarding Vegetal Associations Specific to a Mountain Meadow
Abstract
The present study is focused on a volcanic mountain area of Maramures (Gutai Mountains) with specific vegetation that requires identification and analysis. The flora of these meadows has a natural character. The phytosociological study was performed and there was found vegetal associations belonging to classes Nardo - Callunetea Prsg. 1949, Molinio - Arrhenatheretea R. Tx. 1937 and Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939. The revealing species of the associations indicate a relatively poor floristic composition; great coverage has Nardus stricta, mainly due to acid substrate and to the bryophytes layer developed. Each vegetal association is described by analysis of the bioforms, of the floristic elements, geoelements, ecological indices and economic value. In all the vegetal associations hemicryptophytes exceeds other categories of bioforms, and considering the geoelements, the greatest rate is held by the Eurasian elements. From the point of view of the ecological character prevails mesophilic plants, micro-mesotherms and euritherms, euriionics and acidophilus. Meadows have a very low nutritive value and a low productivity, especially because of excessive grazing. Mosaic distribution of phytocoenosis is due to the uneven distribution of the climatic factors depending on the exhibition and on the degree of slope inclination.
... The climate of the Gutai Mountains is generally cool with the annual average temperature of 2-4 0 C and relatively high rainfall. Acid pH soils generally predominate (districambosol) and the floristic composition is relatively meager, the nardet having the largest share, especially due to the acid substrate and developed muscinal layer (Voşgan et al. 2011(Voşgan et al. , 2012. These ecological conditions and zooanthropic action have an effect on the frequent diploid and polyploid species of the studied area. ...
This paper presents karyology aspects of the diploid and polyploid species frequency on the mountain pastures in the southwestern Gutai Mountains as well as the calculation of the diploid index. The phytocoenosis of the five plant associations identified on pasture were studied: Violo declinatae-Nardetum, Simon 1966, Agrostietum stoloniferae, (Ujvárosi 1941) Burduja et al. 1956, Scirpetum sylvatici, Ralski 1931, Maloch 1935 em. Schwick 1944, Calthetum laetae, Krajina 1933, Campanulo abientinae-Vaccinietum myrtilli, (Buia et al. 1962) Boşcaiu 1971. Karyotypes were taken for all encountered vegetal species to achieve an accurate cytoaxonomic analysis. The frequency of polyploid species was found in the five vegetal associations that were identified and studied in karyology terms. The number of polyploids, comprised between 52.94-75%, is ahead of the diploids number comprised between 25-43,75%, in the vegetal associations phytocoenosis of the mountainous region. Diplo-polyploid plants and those with an unknown karyotype have lower participation. The calculated value of the diploid index decreases with the increasing of the altitude, with subunit values between 0.33 - 0.82. Diploid index (DI) indicates instable character of vegetal formations of above-mentioned area, reflecting completely station conditions of the grassland. The genetic structure of the phytocoenosis and vegetal associations studied seen from the perspective of karyotypes, indicates a drop in the dioloid index value with the increasing of the anthropo- zoogen factor (excessive grazing).
On the occasion of certain vegetation research made in the superior area of Luncavat River (Valcea County), between 1997-2004, we found 3 vegetal associations as being part of class Nardo-Callunetea Prsg. 1949, that will present in this paper: Poetum mediae Csuros 1956, Scorzonero roseae-Festucetum nigricantis (Puscaru et al. 1956) Coldea 1987, and Violo declinatae-Nardetum Simon 1966. As part of identified associations description, referring to sinchorology, physionomy and floral composition and to the importance of those associations, too.
Based on our recent research from the Apuseni and Rodnei Mountains and on existing phytocoenotic data from the literature, we describe the following new syntaxa from the Romanian Carpathians: Gentianello lutescentis – Nardetum strictae ass. nova, Bruckenthalio-Vaccinietum ass. nova and Swertio perennis – Caricetum bicoloris ass. nova. The first two associations contain phytocoenosis from acidophile and oligotrophic grasslands, which places them in the order Nardetalia, while the third association contains subalpine, hygrophile and poorly basiphile pioneer coenosis with a clear relict character, and for this reason we place it in the order Caricetalia davallianae. have facilitated the identification and description of three new syntaxa, specific to our geographic position. They are different compared to similar syntaxa from neighboring regions (J. Kliment, M. Valachovici 2007, Krahulec F., Chytry M. et Härtel H. 2007, V. Roussakova 2007, T. Ellmauer 1993) as they contain carpathic or carpathic-balcanic species. The newly described associations discussed here belong to different habitats. Two are included in the alliance Violion caninae and Genistion from the order Nardetalia, and one is part of the alliance Caricion bicolori – atrofuscae from the order Caricetalia davallianae. Material and Method In the paper we present our relevés, collected using the Braun-Blanquet (1964) method. For the species present in the tables, the first number/grade represents cover, and the second number/grade the total frequency of the species, which is a biostatistical parameter introduced in phytocoenology by Al. Borza (1934). In order to establish the correct syntaxonomic position of the newly described associations, we have compared their floristic structure with the structure of other phytocoenosis described in our country under different names and we have applied the necessary changes imposed by the phytosociological nomenclature code. Because of this, for some associations we mention the most important synonym syntaxa.
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