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Espeletia ocetana (Millerieae, Asteraceae), a New Tall Caulirosula from Colombia
Abstract
A new species, Espeletia ocetana (Asteraceae), from about 3500 m a. s. l. in Páramo de Ocetá, Mongua, Boyacá department, Colombia, is described and illustrated. The new species exhibits a caulescent rosette habit (0.7–1.8 m tall), sessile leaves, elliptic leaf laminae
with greyish indumentum, robust bracteate thyrsoid capitulescences spreading laterally from rosette, each holding 16–37(–69) capitula, external phyllaries 14.2–31.1 mm long, and ray florets 13.9–21.3 mm long arranged in 2.0–2.9 series. It is markedly different from the majority of other members of the genus, and only slightly similar to E. jaramilloi, from which it can be easily distinguished by its taller stems, wider leaves with a smaller length/width ratio, and longer sheaths. Furthermore, E. ocetana has capitula with ray florets arranged in fewer series, and with longer phyllaries, ray corollas, ray corolla limbs, ray styles, ray style branches, disc florets, and disc styles. In addition, E. ocetana is distributed
allopatrically in regard to E. jaramilloi, and differs as well in its ecological preference for humid to very humid shrubby páramos. Espeletia ocetana is rather abundant in its type locality, which is a relatively well-conserved páramo located within the limits of Parque Natural Regional Siscunsí-Ocetá. However, it is absent from road margins, abandoned agriculture fields, and other areas impacted by human activities. Further studies will be necessary to know appropriately the extent of the geographic distribution of E. ocetana, its ecological requirements and its phylogenetic affinities with other species.
... In fact, the taxonomic knowledge of Colombian Espeletia is in constant change as numerous species are continuously being described from this country. For instance, 24 out of the 26 Becerra and Mav arez 2021). This trend probably reflects a delay in taxonomic research that is being rapidly remedied with improvements in road infrastructure and better personal safety conditions in Colombia. ...
... To test whether Saboy a Espeletia is conspecific with E. incana or E. murilloi we performed uni-and multivariate morphometric analyses of several leaf, capitulescence, and capitulum traits with great taxonomic importance in Espeletia (Cuatrecasas 2013;Becerra and Mav arez 2021). Our results clearly show that the Saboy a population does not belong to either of the two mentioned species. ...
... Morphological Analyses-Statistical analyses followed the procedures described in Becerra and Mav arez (2021). In short, the data for each trait were averaged per individual, log10 transformed, and their normality and homocedasticity verified using Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively (no deviations found). ...
Espeletia saboyana, a new species from Páramo de Saboyá, Boyacá department, Colombia, is described and illustrated. It is a caulescent rosette up to 5 m tall, with whitish-cinereous appearance, sessile leaves with elliptic laminae, cymose capitulescences with aphyllous unbranched portion and 3-5 capitula, 5-13 phyllaries, the external ones 17.4-26.0 mm long, 49-92 ray florets 13.0-18.4 mm long, and 162-347 disc florets 8.2-12.2 mm long. Espeletia saboyana is similar to E. incana, but with longer laminae, bigger foliar area, and fewer ray floret series. It is also similar to E. murilloi, but with longer ray tubes, ray paleae, disc corollas, disc styles, disc anther appendages, and disc paleae. In addition, E. saboyana is distributed allopatrically in regard to E. incana and E. murilloi. This species is informally proposed to be listed as IUCN Critically Endangered (CR), since it is restricted to a single population with extent of occurrence = 1.83 km 2 and area of occupancy = 0.48 km 2. Besides, this population is severely fragmented into 40-50 demes, the largest one covering only 34,000 m 2. Most demes are found in humid soils and wetlands submitted to continuous habitat deterioration as water is drained for use in agriculture. Espeletia saboyana is rare or absent in these newly drained areas, which are either colonized by other species that thrive on drier soils or transformed into pastures for cattle grazing. Furthermore, analyses of size class distributions show that recruitment rates of E. saboyana are significantly lower in small demes, which, if not reversed, can further reduce population size in the near future.
Se nominan, describen e ilustran cuatro especies nuevas de Espeletiinae propias de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. La de Espeletiopsis Cuatrec. es propia del Santuario de Fauna y Flora Guanentá Alto Río Fonce en el departamento de Santander; las otras tres pertenecen al género Espeletia Mutis ex Humb. & Bonpl. y provienen respectivamente de los páramos de Rabanal en Ráquira, Parque Nacional Natural Pisba en Socotá y La Cortadera en Siachoque en el departamento de Boyacá.
Se nominan, describen e ilustran siete especies nuevas de Espeletia Mutis ex Humb. & Bonpl, una nueva variedad de E. curialensis Cuatrec. y una nueva especie de Espeletiopsis Cuatrec. Los nuevos taxones se concentran en la Cordillera Oriental, particularmente en el Parque Nacional Natural de Pisba en territorio del Departamento de Boyacá así: cinco especies en los páramos del municipio de Socotá y tres en el llamado corredor biológico Pisba-Cocuy, páramo de los Venados en el municipio de Chita; la nueva variedad prospera en el flanco oriental de la Serranía del Cocuy en jurisdicción del departamento de Casanare.
In this work a taxonomic revision is made of the nomenclature, distribution, and conservation status for the 84 species in the Colombian clade of Espeletia. Taxonomic changes include five new combinations for taxa at the species level that are transferred to Espeletia. Seventy-three species are endemic to the Colombian Cordillera Oriental (including four extending into the Venezuelan side of Páramo de Tamá), six are found in the Colombian Cordillera Central (four endemic to this range, one extending into Ecuador, and one shared with the Colombian Cordillera Occidental), three are endemic to the Colombian Cordillera Occidental, and two are endemic to Sierra de Perijá (including one yet to be found within Colombian borders). Geographic distributions at the páramo massif level are given for all species and subspecies. The IUCN Red List category is listed for each species, with suggestions for recategorization of some species with small distribution areas, low number of populations, and threats to their habitat extent and quality. In all, about 60 species in the Colombian Espeletia clade must be classified within a threatened category. When species belonging to the Venezuelan Espeletia clade that are found within Colombian borders are included, the current estimate of total diversity of Espeletia in this country is 90 species.
PREMISE: Events of accelerated species diversification represent one of Earth’s most celebrated evolutionary outcomes. Northern Andean high-elevation ecosystems, or páramos, host some plant lineages that have experienced the fastest diversification rates, likely triggered by ecological opportunities created by mountain uplifts, local climate shifts, and key trait innovations. However, the mechanisms behind rapid speciation into
the new adaptive zone provided by these opportunities have long remained unclear. METHODS: We address this issue by studying the Venezuelan clade of Espeletia, a species rich group of páramo-endemics showing a dazzling ecological and morphological diversity. We performed several comparative analyses to study both lineage and trait diversification, using an updated molecular phylogeny of this plant group. RESULTS: We showed that sets of either vegetative or reproductive traits have conjointly diversified in Espeletia along different vegetation belts, leading to adaptive syndromes. Diversification in vegetative traits occurred earlier than in reproductive ones. The rate of species and morphological diversification showed a tendency to slow down over time, probably due to diversity dependence. We also found that closely related species exhibit significantly more overlap in their geographic distributions than distantly related taxa, suggesting that most events of ecological divergence occurred at close geographic proximity within páramos. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide compelling support for a scenario of small-scale ecological divergence along multiple ecological niche dimensions, possibly driven by competitive interactions between species, and acting sequentially over time in a leapfrog pattern.
Routine use of the virtual herbarium of the collections in COL (Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia) revealed the presence of an as yet undescribed species of Senecio amongst the material of Senecio adglacialis and S. leucanthemoides . Following subsequent herbarium studies and fieldwork, Senecio scapioides (Compositae: Senecioneae: Senecioniinae), from the Departamento de Boyacá, in Andean Colombia, was recognised and is described and illustrated; it is compared with S. adglaciali s and S. leucanthemoides . Notes on its distribution and habitat, conservation status, phenology, and etymology are also provided, and the distribution of the three species mapped.
A new species Espeletia ramosa (Espeletiinae, Asteraceae) is described and illustrated. This species is not apparently allied to any other, however its morphological relationships with the most similar Espeletia species are discussed. It is currently only known from a small subpáramo area near “Laguna de Tota”, Boyacá department, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. Espeletia ramosa is the only Colombian species growing as a compact colony of rosettes branched near the ground, and harbours an array of morphological traits relatively plesiomorphic in comparison with other Espeletiinae members, which make it one of the living species phenotypically closest to the presumed ancestor of the subtribe. In addition, E. ramosa represents a notable addition to the diversity of Espeletia growth forms in Colombia, a country where Espeletia spp. with consistently and profusely branched rosettes were so far unknown. Unfortunately, E. ramosa must be considered as an “Endangered” or even “Critically Endangered” species, since its only known population occupies an area < 0.2 km2. Moreover, the ensemble of areas with relatively undisturbed habitats potentially suitable for the species in the same mountain range likely represents < 10 km2, is already highly fragmented and seriously threatened by the expansion of the agricultural frontier. Published on-line www.phytologia.org Phytologia 101(4): 222-230 (Dec 21, 2019). ISSN 030319430.
Subtribe Espeletiinae (Asteraceae) represents the best example of morphological and ecological diversification in the Northern Andes high-elevation ecosystem known as páramo. These plants, formerly considered as belonging to a single genus, Espeletia,
were later referred to eight genera defined mainly according to their habit, branching pattern, and inflorescence position and
structure. However, several molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that this classification system is artificial since the larger
genera, regrouping ca. 85% of the species, are polyphyletic. Here, a return to the previous classification system of the subtribe at
the generic level is proposed, adopting the view that only Espeletia should be recognized, with the other seven genera considered as
(heterotypic) synonyms. At the species level, a taxonomic revision is made of the nomenclature, morphology, and distribution of the taxa
in the Venezuelan clade of Espeletia, one of the two major clades that compose the genus. Fifty-four species are accepted, 48 entirely
endemic to the Venezuelan Cordillera de Mérida, 2 broadly distributed in this range and nearby areas in Colombia and Venezuela, and
4 endemic to the northern section of the Colombian Cordillera Oriental and Sierra de Perijá. Distribution maps for all species are
proposed, along with brief morphological descriptions and lists of diagnostic features that facilitate their identification against similar
species. Thirteen hybrid taxa and their putative parental species are also given, eight of them proposed here for the first time.
A multivariate morphometric study of the Solidago uliginosa complex of Solidago subsect. Maritimae was conducted to assess the morphological differences among Solidago austrina as “outgroup,” S. simulans, and S. uliginosa (including S. humilis, S. klughii S. linoides, S. neglecta, S. purshii, S. terrae-novae, and S. uniligulata). An analysis of a matrix of 320 specimens by 37 traits of subsect. Maritimae was performed initially, then multiple analyses of the S. uliginosa complex with species limits defined in multiple ways to assess which taxa should be recognized and at what taxonomic rank within the S. uliginosa complex. Support was found for recognizing S. simulans and S. uliginosa and for recognizing 3 varieties within S. uliginosa: var. uliginosa, var. peracuta, and var. terrae-novae. A key to all species in Solidago subsect. Maritimae is included.
Microlicia (Melastomataceae) is a Neotropical genus nearly restricted to southeastern Brazil, and the Guiana Shield in Venezuela, with a few species in some places in the Andes of Bolivia and Peru. A new species of Microlicia endemic to the mountains of eastern Andes of Colombia is described and illustrated. Its affinities with other morphologically similar species from Venezuela are also documented. This novelty is the first record of the genus for Colombia and the northern Andes. It is argued that this disjunct distribution of the genus is attributable to the phenomenon of long-distance seed dispersal by wind.
The subtribe Espeletiinae (Asteraceae), endemic to the high-elevations in the Northern Andes, exhibits an exceptional diversity of species, growth-forms, and reproductive strategies. This complex of 140 species includes large trees, dichotomous trees, shrubs and the extraordinary giant caulescent rosettes, considered as a classic example of adaptation in tropical high-elevation ecosystems. The subtribe has also long been recognized as a prominent case of adaptive radiation, but the understanding of its evolution has been hampered by a lack of phylogenetic resolution. Herein, we produce the first fully resolved phylogeny of all morphological groups of Espeletiinae, using whole plastomes and about a million nuclear nucleotides obtained with an original de novo assembly procedure without reference genome, and analyzed with traditional and coalescent-based approaches that consider the possible impact of incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization on phylogenetic inference. We show that the diversification of Espeletiinae started from a rosette ancestor about 2.3 Ma, after the final uplift of the Northern Andes. This was followed by two independent radiations in the Colombian and Venezuelan Andes, with a few trans-cordilleran dispersal events among low-elevation tree lineages but none among high-elevation rosettes. We demonstrate complex scenarios of morphological change in Espeletiinae, usually implying the convergent evolution of growth-forms with frequent loss/gains of various traits. For instance, caulescent rosettes evolved independently in both countries, likely as convergent adaptations to life in tropical high-elevation habitats. Tree growth-forms evolved independently three times from the repeated colonization of lower elevations by high-elevation rosette ancestors. The rate of morphological diversification increased during the early phase of the radiation, after which it decreased steadily towards the present. On the other hand, the rate of species diversification in the best-sampled Venezuelan radiation was on average very high (3.1 spp/My), with significant rate variation among growth-forms (much higher in polycarpic caulescent rosettes). Our results point out a scenario where both adaptive morphological evolution and geographical isolation due to Pleistocene climatic oscillations triggered an exceptionally rapid radiation for a continental plant group.
Background
The páramo ecosystem, located above the timberline in the tropical Andes, has been the setting for some of the most dramatic plant radiations, and it is one of the world’s fastest evolving and most diverse high-altitude ecosystems. Today 144+ species of frailejones (subtribe Espeletiinae Cuatrec., Asteraceae) dominate the páramo. Frailejones have intrigued naturalists and botanists, not just for their appealing beauty and impressive morphological diversity, but also for their remarkable adaptations to the extremely harsh environmental conditions of the páramo. Previous attempts to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this group failed to resolve relationships among genera and species, and there is no agreement regarding the classification of the group. Thus, our goal was to reconstruct the phylogeny of the frailejones and to test the influence of the geography on it as a first step to understanding the patterns of radiation of these plants.
Methods
Field expeditions in 70 páramos of Colombia and Venezuela resulted in 555 collected samples from 110 species. Additional material was obtained from herbarium specimens. Sequence data included nrDNA (ITS and ETS) and cpDNA (rpl16), for an aligned total of 2,954 bp. Fragment analysis was performed with AFLP data using 28 primer combinations and yielding 1,665 fragments. Phylogenies based on sequence data were reconstructed under maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The AFLP dataset employed minimum evolution analyses. A Monte Carlo permutation test was used to infer the influence of the geography on the phylogeny.
Results
Phylogenies reconstructed suggest that most genera are paraphyletic, but the phylogenetic signal may be misled by hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting. A tree with all the available molecular data shows two large clades: one of primarily Venezuelan species that includes a few neighboring Colombian species; and a second clade of only Colombian species. Results from the Monte Carlo permutation test suggests a very strong influence of the geography on the phylogenetic relationships. Venezuelan páramos tend to hold taxa that are more distantly-related to each other than Colombian páramos, where taxa are more closely-related to each other.
Conclusions
Our data suggest the presence of two independent radiations: one in Venezuela and the other in Colombia. In addition, the current generic classification will need to be deeply revised. Analyses show a strong geographic structure in the phylogeny, with large clades grouped in hotspots of diversity at a regional scale, and in páramo localities at a local scale. Differences in the degrees of relatedness between sympatric species of Venezuelan and Colombian páramos may be explained because of the younger age of the latter páramos, and the lesser time for speciation of Espeletiinae in them.
A new species of Espeletia from the Páramo de Presidente in northeastern Colombia is described. The species is named Espeletiapraesidentis after the name of the páramo, and it is dedicated to the President Juan Manuel Santos, for his persistent efforts in working for peace for Colombia. The new species is closely related to Espeletiadugandii, but differs in the shape and colour of the leaves and arrangements of the capitulescences. A large population was found, but its total extension is yet to be determine.
Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de Espeletiopsis conocida hasta ahora del Páramo de Tierranegra, sector de La Lejía, en la cordillera Oriental de Colombia. El nuevo taxón es afin a E. insignis (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., especie de la que se separa por presentar menor porte, hojas menores y con diferente forma, y ramas floríferas más cortas y con capítulos más grandes pero en menor número.
A new species of Espeletiopsis was found in two small páramos of Norte de Santander, Colombia. The species is named Espeletiopsis diazii honoring the contributions of Santiago Díaz-Piedrahita in recognition of his vast knowledge of the Compositae in Colombia. This is a very distinctive species, markedly different from most of the Espeletiopsis present in Colombia. The new species is closely related to Espeletiopsis caldasii and Espeletiopsis santanderensis, but differs in having (1-)4-6(-7) capitula, with very short peduncles, and capitula arranged in a compact or densely glomerate cyme. With a total distribution area of less than 75 km(2), this species is probably critically endangered or imperiled.
Understanding the processes that cause speciation is a key aim of evolutionary biology. Lineages or biomes that exhibit recent and rapid diversification are ideal model systems for determining these processes. Species rich biomes reported to be of relatively recent origin, i.e., since the beginning of the Miocene, include Mediterranean ecosystems such as the California Floristic Province, oceanic islands such as the Hawaiian archipelago and the Neotropical high elevation ecosystem of the Páramos. Páramos constitute grasslands above the forest tree-line (at elevations of c. 2800–4700 m) with high species endemism. Organisms that occupy this ecosystem are a likely product of unique adaptations to an extreme environment that evolved during the last three to five million years when the Andes reached an altitude that was capable of sustaining this type of vegetation. We compared net diversification rates of lineages in fast evolving biomes using 73 dated molecular phylogenies. Based on our sample, we demonstrate that average net diversification rates of Páramo plant lineages are faster than those of other reportedly fast evolving hotspots and that the faster evolving lineages are more likely to be found in Páramos than the other hotspots. Páramos therefore represent the ideal model system for studying diversification processes. Most of the speciation events that we observed in the Páramos (144 out of 177) occurred during the Pleistocene possibly due to the effects of species range contraction and expansion that may have resulted from the well-documented climatic changes during that period. Understanding these effects will assist with efforts to determine how future climatic changes will impact plant populations.
A multivariate morphometric study of the Symphyotrichum boreale – S. nahanniense – S. welshii complex was undertaken to assess the morphological differences between members of the complex and compare them with specimens of S. lanceolatum, a close relative. Discriminant analyses of a matrix of 119 specimens including the S. nahanniense – S. boreale – S. welshii complex and Symphyotrichum lanceolatum, provided significant statistical support for recognizing four distinct taxa. Within the S. nahanniense – S. boreale – S. welshii complex itself, discriminant analysis of 103 specimens reinforced treating the three groups as separate species. The analyses also revealed useful morphological traits that could be used to identify each taxon within the complex. Furthermore, comparisons were made among the four known populations of S. nahanniense. The results also indicated that the range of S. welshii is larger than previously reported and includes Utah, western Wyoming, and rarely further north in Montana and Idaho. Chromosome numbers are reported for Symphyotrichum boreale (2n = 16, first report for Wyoming; 2n = 48, first report for this taxon), S. lanceolatum subsp. hesperium (2n = 64, first reports for Northwest Territories, Canada), S. nahanniense (2n = 16, first reports for this taxon), and S. welshii (2n = 16, first reports for this taxon).
AbstractThe páramos and high Andean forests of the tropical Andes are largely dominated by frailejones (Nomen nudum Cuatrec., Nomen nudum). These plants are ecologically and culturally essential for both ecosystems and local inhabitants. The frailejones have been studied for over two centuries, but the taxonomic knowledge is still sparse and incomplete. The inedited monograph by Cuatrecasas contains only ca. 70% of the species known today, and publications in the last decade disagree regarding the number of taxa within the group, with estimates ranging from 3 genera and 90 species to 8 genera and 154 species. Moreover the literature contains inexact information about their distribution. As part of a study of the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of the group, a thorough revision of the nomenclature was needed as a first step. Currently the subtribe has 8 recognized genera, 141 species, 17 subspecies, 22 varieties, 8 forms, 33 recognized hybrids, 142 synonyms and 5 invalid names, for a total of 368 names (autonyms not counted). The most current list of taxa is presented here, along with some notes and Spanish names. Tamananthus crinitus V.M.Badillo is not included within the subtribe. Various previous species or infraspecific taxa (i.e. Carramboa tachirensis (Aristeg.) Cuatrec., Espeletia algodonosa Aristeg., Espeletia aurantia Aristeg., Espeletia brassicoidea var. macroclada, Espeletia brassicoidea var. pedunculata,
Espeletia garcibarrigae Cuatrec. and Espeletiopsis cristalinensis (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec.) are proposed or confirmed as hybrids. Two new records for Colombia are mentioned: Ruilopezia cardonae (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., which is the first report of Ruilopezia for that country, and Espeletia steyermarkii Cuatrec. Observations regarding the frequency of hybrids in the subtribe are also given.
A multivariate morphometric study of Solidago subsection Glomeruliflorae (Torr. & A. Gray) Nesom was undertaken on a matrix of 45 characters by 368 plants to assess the morphological differences among the members of the complex and to determine their appropriate taxonomic ranks. The numbers of a priori groups tested were based on taxa recognized in floristic literature, examination of type specimens and 3214 herbarium specimens, and observations of plants in the field and greenhouse. Analyses were performed to determine statistical support for eight a priori species level groups: Solidago albopilosa E.L. Braun, Solidago caesia L., Solidago curtisii Torr. & A. Gray, Solidago flexicaulis L., Solidago glomerata Michx., Solidago lancifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Chapm., Solidago macrophylla Pursh, and Solidago ouachitensis C.E.S Taylor & R.J. Taylor. Additional analyses were preformed to determine statistical support for varietal level a priori groups within S. caesia and S. curtisii. Statistical support for recognizing all 10 a priori groups varied, although in all analyses. the P values were always well below a of 0.05. Based on the results of the discriminant analyses, the following taxa are recognized: S. albopilosa, S. caesia var. caesia, S. caesia var. zedia, S. curtisii var. curtisii, S. curtisii var. flaccidifolia, S. flexicaulis, S. glomerala, S. lancifolia, S. macrophylla, and S. ouachitensis.
Abstract: The phenotypic structure within and between plant populations is generally influenced by their distribution patterns in space and time; therefore, the study of their divergence is a central issue for the understanding of their microevolutive processes. We boarded the hypothesis that three populations of Espeletia pycnophylla show phenotypic divergence as one of the possible implications of their geographic isolation in the Southern Colombian Andes. We used the Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (leaf shape) and traditional leaf morphometry (leaf size) of 347 leaves to measure inter and intra-population variation and a comparison between a paleogeographic reconstruction with an actual estimate of the distribution areas of E. pycnophylla in order to identify their main changes during the last 14 000 years. The three populations showed significant differences in leaf morphometry and a positive correlation between the matrices of morphometric and geographic dissimilarities, indicating that the inter-population divergence increases between further populations, so that the morphometric structure reflects their spatial distribution. The geographical and paleogeographical estimates evidenced a conspicuous process of reduction and fragmentation of the distribution area of E. pycnophylla since the Late-Glacial until the Holocene. We suggest that these results support possible scenarios of vicariance events, which allow us to approach the divergence of these populations in terms of their historic biogeographic relations. However, genetic analyses are still needed to support these results.
An intensive exploration of the páramos ecosystem on northwestern Colombia allowed the discovery of a new species of Espeletia (Millerieae: Asteraceae), E. restricta. Espeletia is an endemic taxon to the páramos of Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, generally found above 3000 m of elevation. Espeletia restricta has a very narrow distribution limited to the northern Central Cordillera of Los Andes. The new species is similar to Espeletia occidentalis, species occurring in the Central and Western Cordillera, from which it differs in the size of its synflorescences relative to the rosette length (less than 1.5 times longer than the rosette vs. 2–3 times longer than the rosette) and indument colour (yellowish vs. greenish-white). The new species was assessed Critically Endangered (CR) due to the small size of its population and the restricted nature of its occurrence, which makes this taxon of great conservation concern.
A new species of Neobartsia endemic to the eastern Andes of Colombia is described, illustrated, and compared with related species. This species belongs to section Orthocarpiflorae and morphologically it is characterized by having floral bracts light green with glandular hairs, corolla yellowish green, the galea cucullate, longer than the lip, retrorsely glandular-puberulous, the lip three-lobed, glabrous and the corolla tube decurved. Currently, it is only known from two localities in the Colombian department of Boyacá, where it grows in the páramo ecosystem between 3528 and 3639 meters above sea level on rocky soil with grassy vegetation.
Espeletia jaramilloi: Colombia. -BOYACÁ: in the road between Socha and Sacama, P aramo de Pisba, 3550-3650 m a. s. l., Jaramillo-Mej ıa
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3500-3550 m a. s. l., Cuatrecasas & Jaramillo-Mej ıa 28738 (COL)
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Atlas de los P aramos de Colombia
- M Morales
- J Otero
- T Van Der Hammen
- A Torres
- C Cadena
- C Pedraza
- N Rodr Iguez
- C Franco
- J C Betancourth
- E Olaya
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