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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Background and context 2
2 Monitoring Plan Scope and results 4
2.1 Environmental Monitoring 4
2.2 Benthos, Fish and invertebrates 4
2.3 Substrate Impact 7
2.4 Marine Debris 7
3. Social Monitoring 7
4. Structural Monitoring 12
5 Conclusion 13
6 Appendices 15
Appendix 1: Underwater Art Visitor Experiences in the Great Barrier Reef 15
Appendix 2. Condition report for annual monitoring of underwater sculptures 18
Appendix 3. General Incident response form 31
Appendix 4. Fish Survey Results 2021 32
1
1. Background and context
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) including a monitoring plan was provided to
GBRMPA on 25 October 2019 as part of the Operational Environmental Management Plan.
The social and environmental values in this monitoring plan have been drafted based on the
above EMP, lessons learned from similar underwater art installations such as the Museum of
Underwater Art’s Coral Greenhouse and discussions between GBRMPA, Reef Ecologic and
Whitsundays Regional Council.
A total of six sculptures have been installed: Two at Manta Ray Bay, Two at Langford Reef,
one at Blue Pearl Bay and one at Horseshoe Bay (Figure 1, 2)
Figure 1. Location of six underwater sculptures in the Bowen- Whitsundays region
2
Figure 2. Six underwater sculptures, Turtle Dream, Maori Wrasse, Migration of the
Mantas, Manta Ray, Bywa and Anthozoa were permanently installed in the Great
Barrier Reef Marine Park.
A brochure describing the details of the sculptures including location, depth has been
prepared (Figure 3) and is online at
https://reefecologic.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2020-03-Draft-Brochure-Digital-v5-Low-
Res.pdf
3
Figure 3. Brochure of underwater sculptures
2 Monitoring Plan Scope and results
This report is based on methods outlined in the monitoring plan designed by Reef Ecologic
Pty Ltd and Whitsundays Regional Council which clarifies monitoring activities for the
underwater sculptures at Manta Ray Bay, Blue Pearl Bay, Langford Reef and Horseshoe
Bay.
Monitoring will comprise 3 primary elements below:
1. Environmental,
2. Social and
3. Infrastructure monitoring of the installed sculptures.
For a detailed outline of methods and results from year 1 please see the “Whitsundays reef
recovery and public art. Social and environmental values monitoring plan and results from
year 1” (Link). environmental, social and infrastructure results for year 1 in the report and
Appendices. Assessments are conducted by Reef Ecologic staff annually and results for
year two are included in this report.
2.1 Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring encompasses an assessment of the benthic, fish and invertebrate
communities.
2.2 Benthos, Fish and invertebrates
Benthos, fish and invertebrate monitoring was done by a SCUBA diver using the underwater
visual census method. The diver recorded the abundance and diversity of fish using a roving
point count (swimming around, above and looking inside and under the sculpture).
Underwater video and photographs was used to assist with species identification (Appendix
4).
All of the sculptures are located on sand so the benthic cover we monitored is on the actual
artworks (Appendix 2). The BYWA artwork in Horseshoe Bay has a number of algae
species growing on it including Sargassum,Padina and turf algae. All other sculptures have
4
turf algae growing on them and no sign of encrusting invertebrates. The only invertebrates
we recorded on the sculptures are barnacles growing on BYWA.
Fish surveys undertaken in September 2021 showed an increase in both fish abundance
and number of species from the 2020 monitoring. We recorded a total of 427 individual fish
from 25 species at the six sculptures (Appendix 4). The most abundant species were the
Chinese demoiselle (Neopomacentrus bankieri) and Yellowtail Fusilier (Caesio cuning).
Larger numbers of fish and higher numbers of species were observed on, around, under and
inside the larger sculptures: Turtle dream and Anthozoa at Langford Reef. Figure 4 shows
the comparison of fish abundance and total number of species between the 2020 and 2021
monitoring.
Figure 4. A comparison of fish abundance and number of species on six sculptures
between 2020 and 2021
Examples of hard coral that has settled on the sculptures and a Wobbegong shark are in
Figures 5 and 6.
5
Figure 5. A hard coral that has settled on the sculptures
Figure 6. Photos of wobbegong shark observed at Bwya, Horseshoe Bay
6
2.3 Substrate Impact
Substrate monitoring was conducted by qualified marine scientists with experience in
monitoring underwater structures, Nathan Cook, Kailash Cook and Al Songcuan undertook
visual assessments on 24 June 2021 and 24 September 2021. Substrate impact monitoring
shows there has been minimal accretion, scouring, movement or subsidence over the last
12 months. All structures were visually assessed, photographed and no significant erosion or
accretion of substrate around structures was observed. Detailed condition reports have been
completed for each sculpture (see Appendix 2). Additionally video footage of the installations
is available at the following link
(https://www.dropbox.com/s/0rx4ime3mxpp9ft/2021%20Whitsundays%20UW%20Art%20Sur
vey%20Assessment.mp4?dl=0) . An RPEQ from Whitsunday Regional Council will be
consulted if significant sand is washed away from beneath the sculptures.
2.4 Marine Debris
Monitoring for marine debris is to check that marine debris (such as fishing line, plastic, other
rubbish) is not being captured or entangled in the underwater sculptures. To ensure any
marine debris is observed and addressed rapidly, marine debris will be reported in
a) required annual ecological monitoring
b) Social surveys by visitors and citizen scientists.
No marine debris was reported or observed at any of the sites throughout the year 2021.
3. Social Monitoring
Since installation of the sculptures we have updated the social survey methodology in
partnership with research partner CSIRO and are working with tourism partners for
implementation. (see survey tool at Appendix 1). Reef Ecologic has administered surveys
during research trips in the Whitsundays and has shared with tourism operators. Social
surveys are available electronically on social media and websites for recreational users that
access the sculptures to inform views of users other than tourists.
The survey tool has a series of open and closed ended questions predominantly using
responses using a 10 point likert scale to measure experiences with 1= strongly disagree
and 10 = strongly agree. To visualise the data, scores were grouped into categories.
‘disagree’ signifying scores between 1-3, ‘neutral’ signifying 4-7, and ‘agree’ signifying 8-10.
17 social monitoring surveys were collected from snorkelers who visited the underwater art
at Manta Ray Bay. Respondents were participants of expeditions with Explore Whitsundays
in June and September 2021.
In response to the question “The underwater artwork contributed to an improved visitor
experience of the Great Barrier Reef”, the survey participant results in 2021 were 7.7/10 with
a standard deviation of 1.99. There was no significant difference between scores for visitor
experience between 2019 and 2021 (Figure 7).
7
Figure 7. Comparison of tourists satisfaction with the underwater art experience
between 2019 and 2021
A limitation of our survey data is we do not have a large sample size due to COVID-19 and
lack of opportunity for field trips, however, we aim to do more social surveys in the future to
continue to monitor people's perceptions over time.
Reef Ecologic have completed multiple social media posts and had positive feedback with
shares and likes regarding the underwater artwork. During one interaction in June 2021 Reef
Ecologic staff member Nathan Cook had a conversation with visitors on a recreational vessel
that were in the area specifically to see the underwater art.
“At Blue Pearl Bay we got talking with a family that were there snorkeling and they had
actually found the Maori wrasse sculpture. They told me they came here specifically to see
that because it was in the 100 Magic Miles guide, so really cool to see that it's being
promoted, but it's also nice to see that these attractions are something that's sought out by
people to see. We gave them a bit of background on the project which they were grateful for
the additional information.”
Conflict is another potential aspect that may affect social values of the location. Reef
Ecologic has not received any complaints through email, social media or direct
communications.
Reef Ecologic received several requests for information or comments on the underwater art
between July 2020 and 30 June 2021 tabled below
Table 1. Public engagement and request for information on underwater art in the
Whitsundays
8
Date
Person
Subject
11 June 2021
Dr Amy Clarke, University of
Sunshine Coast
Request for photos for book
Australia’s Big Things
28 May 2021
Dr Bronywn Jewell,
Department of Tourism,
Innovation and Spor
Growth of corals on
sculptures
27 November 2020
Nicole Hitchcock, QPWS
Plans for 5 small public
moorings near sculptures
7 August 2020
Olivia Broadhurst,
Whitsundays Local Marine
Advisory Committee
Request for presentation.
Replica version on shore?
Interpretive signage
Reef Ecologic shared two specific social media posts on the underwater art in September
2020 and June 2021.
9
10
11
4. Structural Monitoring
As part of initial monitoring, Reef Ecologic and the artists engaged Registered Professional
Engineer of Queensland (RPEQ) engineers to ensure the structures were designed in
accordance with Design or As Constructed Drawings.
Annual monitoring was conducted using visual surveys to assess the structural integrity and
overall condition of the sculptures, which will be given an overall assessment rating as either
poor, fair or good (Appendix 2 reports & Table 2 Summary). In 2021 all installations were
rated as ‘good’ with no structural integrity issues.
The Whitsunday Regional Council RPEQ engineer will review video footage and will be
required to certify that the installed structures have been installed in accordance with Design
or As Constructed Drawings and maintain their structural integrity and suitability to remain in
the marine environment.
Table 2: Summary of Underwater Art Assessment Ratings
Reef Ecologic Structural Monitoring Summary Report
Sculpture
Image
Assessment Rating
Maori Wrasse
Good- see detailed report in
Appendix 2
Migration of the Mantas
Good- see detailed report in
Appendix 2
Turtle Dream
Good- see detailed report in
Appendix 2
12
Manta Ray
Good- see detailed report in
Appendix 2
BYWA
Good- see detailed report in
Appendix 2
Anthozoa
Good- see detailed report in
Appendix 2
5 Conclusion
The sculptures have been underwater for two years and the marine environment has
changed them from shiny aluminium, stainless steel and concrete to biomorphic sculptures
with living algae, invertebrates, coral and surrounded by reef fish. Benthic and fish surveys
were quantitative and indicated an increase in the abundance and diversity of fish between
2020 and 2021. There were other observations by citizen scientists and tourists during
2020-21 including a small wobbegong shark photographed on the base of the Bywa
sculpture at Horseshoe Bay.
The condition of all six sculptures was assessed as good. There was no marine debris
recorded on any sculptures. There were no public complaints. There were discussions about
public moorings to increase access to the sculptures.
13
A small number of social surveys (17) of tourists indicated a high level of satisfaction with
their interaction with the underwater art (7.7/10). There was no significant difference in
ratings over the period 2019-2021.
14
6 Appendices
Appendix 1: Underwater Art Visitor Experiences in the Great Barrier Reef
15
16
17
Appendix 2. Condition report for annual monitoring of underwater sculptures
Assessment Rating Scale
Overall assessed condition of each of the sculptures is based on the following rating scale.
Poor
The sculpture is broken at attachment points; the integrity of the structure is
compromised and parts of the sculpture are moving in the current. There is
evidence that the underwater sculptures are moving (scarring on the seafloor).
Urgent attention (maximum time 3 months from surveyed date) required to
improve the condition of the sculptures to ‘Good’.
Fair
The sculpture is showing signs of wear at anchor points and/or other joints or
points of connection. There is no movement of the structure however
consultation is required to consider medium term actions required.
Good
The sculpture is showing minimal signs of wear at anchor points and/or other
joins or points of connection. There is no movement of the sculpture and
structural integrity remains high.
18
Reef Ecologic
Condition Report for Underwater Sculptures
Surveyor Name:
Nathan Cook
Location:
Manta Ray Bay, Hook
Island
Date:
9/06/2021
Sculpture Name:
Manta Ray
Time:
12.00pm
Tide (L/M/H)
M
Depth:
6m
23oC
This form is to be used to assess the condition of the underwater art at each location. Surveys
should be conducted annually. One form should be used for each sculpture
Please answer the following questions.
Yes/No
Comments
Sculptures are intact and stable. No part of the sculpture is loose or
moving. No marine debris or entanglement.
Yes
Structurally
sound.
Anchors are secure, no dislodgement is evident nor are anchor bommies
(where relevant) moving (no evidence of scarring on sea floor)?
Yes
Settlement of marine life on structure? If yes, please describe and take
photographs
Yes
See notes below
If yes for the question above, is settlement compromising the integrity of
the sculpture?
No
Interactions with marine life? If yes, please describe and take
photographs
Yes
See notes below
and fish data.
Is there any marine debris entangled around the sculpture? If yes, is it a
potential hazard to marine life or visitors?
No
Overall assessed condition (Poor, Fair or Good)*
Good
Other Comments:
The sculpture has a thick coating of turf algae on the exterior. A number of encrusting organisms
have taken residence inside the sculpture including encrusting sponges and soft coral recruits (Xenia
spp). A large school of yellowtail fusiliers (Caesio cunning) were noted around the sculpture as well
as parrotfish (Scaridae sp)
19
Underside of Manta Ray with a thick coating of
turf algae growing on the sculpture’s exterior
and encrusting barnacles.
Marbled sea cucumber feeding on the exterior
of the Manta Ray sculpture.
Diverse benthic community growing in the
underside.
Footing of sculpture where it connects to the
base with encrusting orange sponge.
Manta Ray sculpture surrounded by fusiliers
(Caesio cuning) and coral restoration in the
foreground (left) and parrotfish (Scaridae sp)
seen by the sculpture (right).
20
Reef Ecologic
Condition Report for Underwater Sculptures
Surveyor Name:
Nathan Cook
Location:
Manta Ray Bay, Hook Island
Date:
9/06/21
Sculpture Name:
Manta Ray Migration
Time:
12.00pm
Tide (L/M/H)
M
Depth:
4m
23oC
This form is to be used to assess the condition of the underwater art at each location. Surveys should be
conducted annually. One form should be used for each sculpture
Please answer the following questions.
Yes/No
Comments
Sculptures are intact and stable. No part of the sculpture is loose or
moving. No marine debris or entanglement.
Yes
Anchors are secure, no dislodgement is evident nor are anchor bommies
(where relevant) moving (no evidence of scarring on sea floor)?
Yes
Settlement of marine life on structure? If yes, please describe and take
photographs
Yes
Turf algae, hard and soft
corals (see notes below)
If yes for question above, is settlement compromising the integrity of the
sculpture?
No
Interactions with marine life? If yes, please describe and take
photographs
Yes
Is there any marine debris entangled around the sculpture? If yes, is it a
potential hazard to marine life or visitors?
No
Overall assessed condition (Poor, Fair or Good)*
Good
Other Comments:
Lots of oysters and barnacles encrusting onto cement bases of the sculptures. The sculptures
themselves contain a thick layer of silt and turf algae. A number of soft coral recruits ~20 have
settled on the sculptures (Xenia spp) and 1 hard coral (Leptastrea sp) has settled on the top of one
of the sculptures.
21
Soft coral (Xenia sp)recruits on the tail of the
sculptures.
Diversity of benthic organisms on the underside of
the sculpture including turf algae, sponges and
barnacles.
Featherstar (Crinoidea sp) living in the underside of
the sculpture.
Parrotfish (Scaridae sp) seen by the sculpture.
Base of the sculpture shown sitting above the
rubble showing no signs of movement or
subsidence.
Soft coral (Xenia sp)recruits on the tail of the
sculptures.
22
Reef Ecologic
Condition Report for Underwater Sculptures
Surveyor Name:
Nathan Cook
Location:
Horseshoe Bay- Bowen
Date:
21/09/2021
Sculpture Name:
BYWA
Time:
12.00pm
Tide (L/M/H)
M
Depth:
0-3m
23oC
This form is to be used to assess the condition of the underwater art at each location. Surveys should be
conducted annually. One form should be used for each sculpture
Please answer the following questions.
Yes/No
Comments
Sculptures are intact and stable. No part of the sculpture is
loose or moving. No marine debris or entanglement.
Yes
See notes below.
Anchors are secure, no dislodgement is evident nor are
anchor bommies (where relevant) moving (no evidence of
scarring on sea floor)?
Yes
The sculpture is in good
condition with no
subsidence evident or
scouring of the anchor
Settlement of marine life on structure? If yes, please describe
and take photographs
Yes
Algae is growing on the
sculpture
If yes for question above, is settlement compromising the
integrity of the sculpture?
Yes
Settlement is not
compromising the
sculpture
Interactions with marine life? If yes, please describe and take
photographs
Yes
Yes, see fish data
Is there any marine debris entangled around the sculpture? If
yes, is it a potential hazard to marine life or visitors?
Yes
Overall assessed condition (Poor, Fair or Good)*
Good
Other Comments and Images:
Sculptures are intact however it appears 3 sections
on the top of the sculpture have been damaged,
likely due to people climbing on it at low tides. The
broken sections are stable, are not sharp and do
not compromising the overall integrity of the
structure.
23
Wobbegong Shark (Orectolobidae spp) at the base of
the structure
Damaged sections on top of the sculpture
Young coral and sponge living in the sculpture.
Barnacles and other encrusting organisms living
near the top of the structure.
Base of the sculpture is shown sitting on sand
showing no signs of movement or subsidence. A
variety of coral recruits are visible.
Macroalgae growing near the base of the structure
24
Reef Ecologic
Condition Report for Underwater Sculptures
Surveyor Name:
Nathan Cook
Location:
Blue Pearl Bay - Hayman Island
Date:
21/06/2021
Sculpture Name:
Maori Wrasse
Time:
2.30pm
Tide (L/M/H)
M
Depth:
6 m
23oC
This form is to be used to assess the condition of the underwater art at each location. Surveys should be
conducted annually. One form should be used for each sculpture
Please answer the following questions.
Yes/No
Comments
Sculptures are intact and stable. No part of the sculpture is loose or
moving. No marine debris or entanglement.
Yes
Anchors are secure, no dislodgement is evident nor are anchor bommies
(where relevant) moving (no evidence of scarring on sea floor)?
Yes
Settlement of marine life on structure? If yes, please describe and take
photographs
Yes
Hard and soft corals,
barnacles, algae. See
notes below.
If yes for question above, is settlement compromising the integrity of
the sculpture?
No
Interactions with marine life? If yes, please describe and take
photographs
Yes
Is there any marine debris entangled around the sculpture? If yes, is it a
potential hazard to marine life or visitors?
No
Overall assessed condition (Poor, Fair or Good)*
Good
Other Comments: This sculpture is in the sand and is secure. The sculpture is covered in turf and filamentous
algae. There is substantial growth of encrusting orange sponge and >50 soft coral (Dendrophyllia spp)
recruits, 2 x Acropora spp recruits wedged between the metal plates. A number of barnacles have recruited
to the sculpture and its base.
25
Soft coral on the side of the sculpture.
Example of sponge growing on sculpture
Branching Acropora Recruits on structure
Gorgonian colony growing inside structure
Base of the sculpture shown sitting above the
rubble showing no signs of movement or
subsidence.
Soft coral (Xenia sp) on the side of the sculpture.
26
Reef Ecologic
Condition Report for Underwater Sculptures
Surveyor Name:
Nathan Cook
Location:
Langford Island
Date:
9/06/21
Sculpture Name:
Turtle Dream
Time:
1.45pm
Tide (L/M/H)
M
Depth:
7m
This form is to be used to assess the condition of the underwater art at each location. Surveys should be
conducted annually. One form should be used for each sculpture
Please answer the following questions.
Yes/No
Comments
Sculptures are intact and stable. No part of the sculpture is loose
or moving. No marine debris or entanglement.
Yes
Anchors are secure, no dislodgement is evident nor are anchor
bommies (where relevant) moving (no evidence of scarring on sea
floor)?
Yes
Settlement of marine life on structure? If yes, please describe and
take photographs
Yes
Hard and soft corals,
sponge and CCA. See
notes below.
If yes for question above, is settlement compromising the integrity
of the sculpture?
No
Interactions with marine life? If yes, please describe and take
photographs
Yes
Is there any marine debris entangled around the sculpture? If yes,
is it a potential hazard to marine life or visitors?
No
Overall assessed condition (Poor, Fair or Good)*
Good
Other Comments:
TThe sculpture is stable in the sand with no movement evident. The sculpture has a thick layer of turf algae and
sediment overlying it. Numerous benthic organisms have begun encrusting the sculpture including >50 hard
and soft coral recruits. These consist of hard corals (Pocillopora spp (10+), Massive Porites sp, Favid and
unidentified encrusting sp), and soft corals (Sarcophyton sp >5+, Dendrophyllia kunginger >5+) and multiple
species of encrusting sponges. on the interior, a substantial amount of encrusting sponge and coralline crustose
algae (CCA) has recruited to the underside/interior of the sculpture.
27
Soft coral on the side of the sculpture.
Example of a sponge growing on the head of the
sculpture. Batfish (Platax spp) swimming out of
frame.
Branching Acropora Recruits on structure
Surgeonfish (Paracanthurus spp) sighted near
the structure.
Tube Coral (Tubastrea spp) growing on the
underside of the structure.
Acidian growing on the underside of the structure
28
Reef Ecologic
Condition Report for Underwater Sculptures
Surveyor Name:
Nathan Cook
Location:
Langford Island
Date:
9/06/21
Sculpture Name:
Anthozoa
Time:
1.30pm
Tide (L/M/H)
M
Depth:
3-8m
This form is to be used to assess the condition of the underwater art at each location. Surveys should be
conducted annually. One form should be used for each sculpture
Please answer the following questions.
Yes
Comments
Sculptures are intact and stable. No part of the sculpture is loose or
moving. No marine debris or entanglement.
Yes
Anchors are secure, no dislodgement is evident nor are anchor bommies
(where relevant) moving (no evidence of scarring on sea floor)?
Yes
Settlement of marine life on structure? If yes, please describe and take
photographs
Yes
Turf Algae Only
If yes for question above, is settlement compromising the integrity of
the sculpture?
No
Interactions with marine life? If yes, please describe and take
photographs
Yes
Is there any marine debris entangled around the sculpture? If yes, is it a
potential hazard to marine life or visitors?
No
Overall assessed condition (Poor, Fair or Good)*
Good
Other Comments:
TThe sculpture is in the sand, is stable and sound. The external surface of the sculpture has turf algae and a
coating of CCA is growing. A number of hard (Pocillopora spp recruits >20+) and soft corals (Dendrophyllia
kuninger >10+), barnacles (100+) as well as a number of transparent tunicates/sea squirts (>10)
29
Soft coral on the side of the sculpture.
Sponge growing on the sculpture.
Branching Acropora Recruits on structure
Batfish (Platax spp) congregated around
structure
Base of the sculpture shown sitting above the
rubble showing no signs of movement or
subsidence.
Coral Trout (Plectropomus spp) inside the structure
30
Appendix 3. General Incident response form
Incident details
Incident type
Environment Infrastructure Safety Injury Legal
Incident date, time and location
Date:
Time:
Describe the specific location of the incident? (please provide words, photographs or a sketch of
the incident)
Description of the incident (please provide words, photographs or a sketch of the incident)
Person or business reporting the incident
Name
Phone
Email
Address
Describe of any actions taken immediately following incident
Please email this form to reefecologic@gmail.com
Please also note other specific incident forms may apply for the Great Barrier Reef Marine
Park Authority and Work Health and Safety
31
Appendix 4. Fish Survey Results 2021
Fish Surveyed
Underwater Art Sites
Scientific name
Common name
Manta Ray
Migration
of the
Mantas
Turtle
Dream
Anthozoa
Bywa
Maori
wrasse
Platax teira
Longfin batfish
1
1
3
7
Pomacanthus
sexstriatus
Six-banded angelfish
1
Siganus doliatus
Barred rabbitfish
2
3
Chrysiptera
unimaculatus
Onespot demoiselle
47
Neopomacentrus
bankieri
Chinese demoiselle
110
65
11
Acanthurus blochii
Ringtail surgeonfish
12
Plectropomus
maculatus
Coastal coral trout
1
1
Plectropomus
leopardus
Leopard coral trout
1
Choerodon
schoenleinii
Blackspot tuskfish
1
1
Thalassoma lunare
Crescent wrasse
2
Labroides dimidiatus
Cleaner wrasse
2
2
Chelmon rostratus
Longnosed Butterflyfish
1
Cheilinus trilobatus
Tripletail Wrasse
1
3
Halichoeres
melanurus
Melanurus Wrasse
5
4
Epinephelus
hexagonatus
Hexagon Grouper
1
1
Scolopsis bilineata
Yellow/Blue Bream
1
Chrysiptera parasema
Damsels
4
Caesio cuning
Yellow Tail Fusilier
50
15
26
15
Synodontidae
Lizardfish
1
Plectropomus laevis
Blue Spotted Coral Trout
1
Plectropomus
leopardus
Red Leopard Coral Trout
1
Scaridae
Parrotfish
2
5
10
Neoglyphidodon
melas
Black Damsel
2
Scarus schlegeli
Yellowbar Parrotfish
1
Crinoidea
Featherstar
1
Pomacentrus
simsiang
Blueback Damsel
3
Total species
7
11
5
9
5
6
Total number
60
33
127
154
29
25
428
Total
32