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1
Database: the Ethiopian public universities during the Tigray war
Authors: Teklehaymanot G. Weldemichel1, Emnet Negash2,3, Gebrekirstos Gebreselassie4,5, Amare Teklay5, Jan Nyssen2
1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
2 Ghent University, Department of Geography, Ghent, Belgium
3 Mekelle University, Institute of Climate and Society, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
4 Radboud University, Data Science group, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
5 Tghat.com
Version 5 (14 November 2024)
To be cited as: Teklehaymanot G. Weldemichel, Emnet Negash, Gebrekirstos Gebreselassie, Amare Teklay, Nyssen, J., 2024. Database: the Ethiopian public
universities during the Tigray war (Version 5) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792266
Abstract
In this database, we attempt to document the widespread involvement of Ethiopian public universities in the war in Tigray. In general, Ethiopian universities
have provided financial and material support to the Ethiopian army and allied forces, practiced discrimination of their students and staff members of
Tigrayan origin, including harassment and limitation of academic freedom. Infringements against human rights by the Ethiopian Ministry of Science and
Higher Education are also included.
Keywords: Ethiopia; Public universities; Human rights; Tigray war; Academic freedom; University diplomacy; University development cooperation
Context
2
This dataset aims at holding a comprehensive overview of infringements against human rights and academic freedom at Ethiopian public universities during
the Tigray war (2020-ongoing).
At the beginning of November 2020, an armed conflict emerged in Tigray, Ethiopia’s northernmost region, in the aftermath of a destructive locust plague and
in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In the conflict, the Ethiopian National Defence Force (ENDF) and its allies – formal and informal military
factions of the adjacent Amhara region, the Eritrean Defence Force – oppose the troops of the Tigray Regional Government. In an official communiqué on 29
November 2020, the Government of Ethiopia stated that the military operation in Tigray was completed, and Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed appointed an
“Interim Government of Tigray”. However, as from that moment, the armed conflict has continued at large scale for more than a year now, with the TDF
capturing Mekelle on 28 June 2021 and setting up a counter-offensive.
Reports systematically document massacres (Vanden Bempt et al., 2021), widespread sexual violence, the destruction of civilian infrastructure, mass looting,
or imprisonment of people of Tigrayan origin in concentration camps (Conley et al., 2021; Tewelde, 2021).
The Ethiopian Government is denying access to humanitarian actors, worsening the man-made famine conditions (Gesesew et al., 2021; Weldemichel, 2021;
Nyssen et al., 2021), the current situation is considered a siege by many. As a result of the conflict, many Tigrayans are in dire need of humanitarian aid, food
as well as medical supplies and health care services. Starting from July 2021, the blockade of the entire Tigray Region and other areas controlled by the Tigray
forces is nearly total, leading to the worst famine since a decade, worldwide. Full details are provided in “Tigray: Atlas of the Humanitarian Situation” (Annys
et al. 2021).
We have been alarmed by numerous informal reports of Ethiopian universities actively involving in warfare support, worse, carrying out human rights
infringements by themselves, such as contribution to imprisonment of their own staff of Tigrayan origin in concentration camps, organisation of hate
campaigns, active/passive contribution to/participation in mob lynching of professors, cancelling of diplomas, termination of salaries etc. The issue has been
touched upon by media in major university cooperation countries like Norway (Zachrisen, 2021) or Belgium (Dessein, 2021), yet no fully fledged inventory of
human rights infringements by Ethiopian universities during the Tigray war exists.
The aim in this work is to document and map as much information as possible about infringements against human rights and academic freedom at Ethiopian
universities during the Tigray war. It may serve as baseline documentation for qualitative analysis by human rights researchers, university diplomacy, and
decision makers on international university cooperation.
3
Limitations
Killing of university staff in warfare, and damage to campuses by shelling are not included in this database, which focuses strictly on the involvement of
academic authorities, and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MOSHE)
The human rights abuses are widespread at Ethiopian Universities, and academic freedom is also restricted, according to (relatives of) Tigrayan staff in
various Ethiopian institutions. Obviously, in absence of formal communication about this by university authorities, Tables 1 and 2 are very incomplete.
This is work in progress; new versions of the database will be published when further evidence becomes available. Thank you for signalling further human
rights abuses, when they become uncovered.
References
Annys, S., Vanden Bempt, T., Negash, E., De Sloover, L., Ghekiere, R., Haegeman, K., Temmerman, D., Nyssen, J., 2021. Tigray: atlas of the humanitarian
situation. Version 2.1. Ghent (Belgium): Ghent University, Department of Geography., accessed on 18/12/2021
Conley, B., de Waal, A., Mayersen, D., Nyseth Brehm, H., 2021. Atrocity alert - Tigrayan civilians and Oromo detainees in areas under Ethiopian
government control. International Association of Genocide Scholars, accessed on 18/12/2021
Dessein, J., 2021. [in Dutch] [The endless pain of T. from Tigray]. De Standaard, 4 November 2021., accessed on 18/12/2021
Gesesew, H., Berhane, K., Siraj, E.S. et al., 2021. The impact of war on the health system of the Tigray region in Ethiopia: an assessment. BMJ Global
Health 2021;6:e007328. , accessed on 18/12/2021
Nyssen, J., Negash, E., Annys, S., 2021. How Ethiopia’s conflict has affected farming in Tigray. The conversation., accessed on 18/12/2021
Tewelde, S., 2021: Mapmaking for memory’s sake: The Tigray genocide. Interactions, November-December 2021., accessed on 18/12/2021
Vanden Bempt, T., Annys, S., Negash, E., Ghekiere, R., Nyssen, J., 2021. Tigray: one year of conflict – Casualties of the armed conflict, 2020-2021 – Tigray
(Ethiopia). Ghent (Belgium): Ghent University, Department of Geography & London (U.K.): Every Casualty Counts., accessed on 18/12/2021
4
Weldemichel, T.G., 2021. Inventing hell: how the Ethiopian and Eritrean regimes produced famine in Tigray. Human Geography, in press., accessed on
18/12/2021
Zachrisen, G., 2021. Etiopia: Professor jobbet i byen i 40 år – så ble han henrettet foran huset sitt [in Norwegian] [Ethiopia: Professor worked in the
town for 40 years – then he was executed in front of his house]. Bistandsaktuelt, 23 November 2021., accessed on 18/12/2021
5
Table 1. List of Ethiopian public universities, with acronyms and region
1
, as well as known major infringements against academic freedom and cover-up
of human rights abuses
Region
University2
Acr.
Fact
Date
Source
OR
Adama Science & Technology
University
ASTU
AA
Addis Ababa Science and
Technology University
AASTU
AA
Addis Ababa University
AAU
Threatened to revoke academic degrees based on political
opinion; the university is also a safe place for genocidal
hate preachers Taye Bogale and Dagnachew Assefa
Media3; see also
Table 4
TI
Adigrat University*
ADU
TI
Aksum University*
AKU
OR
Ambo University
AU
The university is a safe place for genocidal hate preacher
Seyoum Teshome
See Table 4
SN
Arba Minch University
AMU
OR
Arsi University
ARSIUN
BG
Assosa University
ASU
1
Regions: AA Addis Ababa; AF Afar; AM Amhara; BG Benishangul Gumuz; DD Dire Dawa; GA Gambela; OR Oromiya; SO Somali; SN Southern Nations; TI Tigray
2
The physical location of some universities is not controlled by the Ethiopian and allied armed forces, according to the 15 December 2021 conflict map
(https://twitter.com/dhadelli/status/1471456001169756163/photo/1). These universities are indicated with *.
3
Addis Standard, 26 November 2021: Addis Abeba university warns to take measures against graduate academics supporting tplf; measures may include revocation of
academic degrees. https://addisstandard.com/news-addis-abeba-university-warns-to-take-measures-against-graduate-academics-supporting-tplf-measures-may-include-
revocation-of-academic-degrees/ . See also in Addis Ababa University’s official Facebook page https://archive.md/Bf5Xd
6
Region
University2
Acr.
Fact
Date
Source
AM
Bahir Dar University
BDU
Harassment of international collaborators who ask for an
end to the Tigray war; University officials went in a
support visit to the security forces that occupy Western
Tigray4
8 Oct 2021
Internal document5;
Media6
OR
Bule Hora University*
BHU
SN
Bonga University
Bonga
U
AM
Debre Berhan University
DBU
University officials went in a support visit to the security
forces that occupy Western Tigray7
8 Oct 2021
Media8
AM
Debark University
DKU
University officials went in a support visit to the security
forces that occupy Western Tigray9
8 Oct 2021
Media10
AM
Debre Markos University
DMU
University officials went in a support visit to the security
forces that occupy Western Tigray11
8 Oct 2021;
17/11/2021
Media12;
University’s
Facebook page
4
This visit occurred in the same period when alarm was sounded in international media about the human rights situation in Western Tigray, particularly Humera which the
officials visited as can be seen on the photos in the article. In Humera there are concentration camps, and people killed and thrown in the Tekeze river. The report of the
visit did not mention or allude that the officials used the opportunity to investigate the human rights situation in Humera.
5
Internal document at the hands of the authors.
6
Facebook page Amhara Media Corporation, 9 October 2021. የመንግሥት ዩኒቨርሲቲ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በግንባር ተገኝተው የጸጥታ ኃይሉን አበረታቱ። [government orders university
management should go to war fronts to encourage security forces] https://www.facebook.com/AmharaMediaCorporation/posts/1651446265030361, archived at
https://archive.md/tbFzt
7
For the context: see note regarding the same activity at BDU
8
Facebook page Amhara Media Corporation, 9 October 2021. የመንግሥት ዩኒቨርሲቲ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በግንባር ተገኝተው የጸጥታ ኃይሉን አበረታቱ።
https://www.facebook.com/AmharaMediaCorporation/posts/1651446265030361, archived at https://archive.md/tbFzt
9
For the context: see note regarding the same activity at BDU
10
Facebook page Amhara Media Corporation, 9 October 2021. የመንግሥት ዩኒቨርሲቲ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በግንባር ተገኝተው የጸጥታ ኃይሉን አበረታቱ።
https://www.facebook.com/AmharaMediaCorporation/posts/1651446265030361, archived at https://archive.md/tbFzt
11
For the context: see note regarding the same activity at BDU
12
Facebook page Amhara Media Corporation, 9 October 2021. የመንግሥት ዩኒቨርሲቲ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በግንባር ተገኝተው የጸጥታ ኃይሉን አበረታቱ።
https://www.facebook.com/AmharaMediaCorporation/posts/1651446265030361, archived at https://archive.md/tbFzt
7
Region
University2
Acr.
Fact
Date
Source
AM
Debre Tabor University
DTU
University officials went in a support visit to the security
forces that occupy Western Tigray13
8 Oct 2021
Media14
SN
Dilla University
DU
DD
Dire Dawa University
DDU
AA
Ethiopian Civil Service
University
ECSU
OR
Haramaya University
HRU
GA
Gambela University
GMU
SN
Hawassa University
HWU
SO
Jigjiga University
JJU
The university is a safe place for genocidal hate preacher
Muktarovich Ousmanova
See Table 4
OR
Jimma University
JU
OR
Madawalabu University
MWU
TI
Mekelle University*
MU
AM
Mekdela Amba University
MAU
OR
Mettu University
MeU
SN
Mizan-Tepi University
MTU
OR
Oromia State University
OSU
TI
Raya University*
RAYU
AF
Semera University
SU
13
For the context: see note regarding the same activity at BDU
14
Facebook page Amhara Media Corporation, 9 October 2021. የመንግሥት ዩኒቨርሲቲ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በግንባር ተገኝተው የጸጥታ ኃይሉን አበረታቱ።
https://www.facebook.com/AmharaMediaCorporation/posts/1651446265030361, archived at https://archive.md/tbFzt
8
Region
University2
Acr.
Fact
Date
Source
AM
University of Gondar
UoG
Revocation of Eleni Gabremadhin’s Honorary Doctorate
because of involvement for peace in Ethiopia; University
officials went in a support visit to the security forces that
occupy Western Tigray15
30 Nov 2021; 8
Oct 2021
Media16 ; Media17
BBC reported that UoG experts supervised a campaign of
disposal of evidence of massacres in Western Tigray18 in
April 2022. UoG denied, asked retraction of the article and
sanctioning of the journalist. BBC maintained the article
and published a summary of the UoG reaction19.
7 May 2022
BBC
SN
Wachemo University
WCU
SN
Wolaita Sodo University
WSU
SN
Werabe University
WRU
AM
Woldia University*
WDU
University officials went in a support visit to the security
forces that occupy Western Tigray20
8 Oct 2021
Media21
SN
Wolkite University
WKU
OR
Wollega University
WOU
AM
Wollo University
WU
University officials went in a support visit to the security
forces that occupy Western Tigray22
8 Oct 2021
Media23
15
For the context: see note regarding the same activity at BDU
16
Ethiopian Monitor, 1 December 2021: Gondar University Revokes Eleni Gabremahin’s Honorary Doctorates - https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2021/12/01/gondar-
university-revokes-eleni-gabremahins-honorary-doctorates/, archived at https://archive.md/8M6yD
17
Facebook page Amhara Media Corporation, 9 October 2021. የመንግሥት ዩኒቨርሲቲ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በግንባር ተገኝተው የጸጥታ ኃይሉን አበረታቱ።
https://www.facebook.com/AmharaMediaCorporation/posts/1651446265030361, archived at https://archive.md/tbFzt
18
BBC, 7 May 2022: Ethiopia war: Evidence of mass killing being burned – witnesses. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61335530
19
BBC, 10 May 2022: Ethiopia's Gondar University denies aiding grave destruction in west Tigray. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61387303
20
For the context: see note regarding the same activity at BDU
21
Facebook page Amhara Media Corporation, 9 October 2021. የመንግሥት ዩኒቨርሲቲ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በግንባር ተገኝተው የጸጥታ ኃይሉን አበረታቱ።
https://www.facebook.com/AmharaMediaCorporation/posts/1651446265030361, archived at https://archive.md/tbFzt
22
For the context: see note regarding the same activity at BDU
23
Facebook page Amhara Media Corporation, 9 October 2021. የመንግሥት ዩኒቨርሲቲ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በግንባር ተገኝተው የጸጥታ ኃይሉን አበረታቱ።
https://www.facebook.com/AmharaMediaCorporation/posts/1651446265030361, archived at https://archive.md/tbFzt
9
Table 2. Known human rights abuses based on ethnicity. * evidence that it occurred; ** university passively involved (absence of concern or
whitewashing); *** university actively involved
Acr.
Staff
killed
Student
s killed
Staff
fired
In prison or
concentration camp
Notes
Source(s)
Staff
Student(s)
ASTU
AASTU
AAU
**
At least 2 professors arrested
Media24,25,26,27
ADU
AKU
AU
AMU
**
22 Tigrayan academics detained and sent to
concentration camps
Internal
document28
ARSIUN
ASU
24
news24 hours 19 November 2021 Leading constitutional law professor detained in Ethiopia https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/leading-constitutional-law-
professor-detained-in-ethiopia-20211123
25
UNIVERSITÁ DI SIENA, 23 November 2021: [Original in Italian language] [The University is concerned about the arrest of academics of the Tigrai ethnicity]
https://www.unisi.it/unisilife/notizie/lateneo-esprime-preoccupazione-larresto-di-accademici-di-etnia-tigrai
26
Global News Net, 19 November 2021: Addis Ababa University Senior Law Professors among latest victims of Tigrayan mass arrests
https://globenewsnet.com/news/addis-ababa-university-senior-law-professors-among-latest-victims-of-tigrayan-mass-arrests/
27
Dullah Omar Institute, University of the Western Cape 19 November 2021. Dullah Omar Institute concerned about arrest of Addis Ababa University's Prof Assefa Fiseha.
https://dullahomarinstitute.org.za/news/dullah-omar-institute-concerned-about-arrest-of-addis-ababa-universitys-prof-assefa-fiseha
28
The authors received a list of 22 Arba Minch University academic and administrative staff who have been detained at two concentration camps. Names list and specific
locations of concentration camps are kept confidential for their safety.
10
Acr.
Staff
killed
Student
s killed
Staff
fired
In prison or
concentration camp
Notes
Source(s)
Staff
Student(s)
BDU
**
***
**
Several lecturers in concentration camp; Prof. Meareg
killed, before the killing, a page affiliated with the
university29 accused him of committing crimes and
preparation to flee to the USA, university did not
present condolences; staff fired and expelled from
residence
Press30, social
media, private
evidence31,
blog32,33
BHU
DBU
DMU
***
On May 24, 2019, Seare Abraha, a third year
Economics student was stoned to death. At first,
university management took no measures against
students participating in the mob. In June, Amhara
police arrested several DMU students suspected of
killing Seare.
Journalist
Zecharias
Zelalem on
Twitter34, US
Department of
State35
DTU
**
Seven academics currently detained in Gurara Youth
Center (concentration camp)
Internal
document 36
29
BDU Staff Facebook page, 9 October 2021: https://www.facebook.com/BDU.STAFFs/posts/1043647506468648 . Sources at BDU mention that the university
management was contacted by journalists investigating Prof. Meareg’s murder; subsequently the Facebook page was taken down on 24 March 2022 – the post concerning
Prof Meareg has been archived at https://archive.ph/A3ac6
30
De Standaard (Belgium), Thursday, 4 November 2021 - https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20211103_97890710
31
At hands of the authors
32
Jan Nyssen, 13 November 2021: BDU vice president timidly admits that Prof. Meareg Amare has been murdered -
https://emnetnegash.wordpress.com/2021/11/13/bdu-vice-president-timidly-admits-that-prof-meareg-amare-has-been-murdered/
33
Obituary Professor Meareg Amare (1959-2021) - https://emnetnegash.wordpress.com/2021/11/09/obituary-professor-meareg-amare-1959-2021/
34
“Seare Abraha, a third year Economics student at the University of Debremarkos, was stoned to death yesterday by a mob who targeted him for his Tigrayan roots. The
brutal murder has shocked the nation. No arrests have been made.” by Zekarias Zelalem 28 May 2019. Zecharias Zelalem on Twitter: https://t.co/2qVDfDwmQ0" / Twitter
(archive.md)
35
US Department of State “2019 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Ethiopia”.
36
The authors received a list of some University academics who are currently detained or have been taken to unknown locations. We could not include the source
document here for the safety of detainees and the sources.
11
Acr.
Staff
killed
Student
s killed
Staff
fired
In prison or
concentration camp
Notes
Source(s)
Staff
Student(s)
DU
DDU
ECSU
HRU
*
4 lecturers and 3 support staff members were
detained and have been released after several months.
Overall, HRU is described as a relative safe place for
staff and students of Tigrayan origin; Tigrayan
lecturers taken into custody were set free after
intervention of the management
Internal
documents 37
HWU
JJU
JU
MWU
MU
MeU
MTU
OSU
RAYU
SU
UoG
WCU
WSU
WRU
WDU
37
The authors received a list of some University academics who were detained or had been taken to unknown locations, as well as detailed reporting on the internal
functioning of HRU. We could not include the source documents here for the safety of the sources.
12
Acr.
Staff
killed
Student
s killed
Staff
fired
In prison or
concentration camp
Notes
Source(s)
Staff
Student(s)
WKU
**
One academic detained and whereabouts unknown
Internal
document 38
WOU
WU
***
2 WU professors were killed by fano mob on
22/10/2021, to which some WU staff participated.
Earlier on, lists of WU staff of Tigrayan origin had been
circulated.
Tghat39, social
media, blog40
Note: the ethnic group targeted are Tigrayans, in all cases known.
38
The authors received a list of some University academics who are currently detained or have been taken to unknown locations. We could not include the source
document here for the safety of detainees and the sources.
39
Victims 2935 and 2936 on Tghat’s victim list
40
Jan Nyssen, Humanitarian situation in Tigray (31 August 2021) - https://emnetnegash.wordpress.com/2021/08/31/humanitarian-situation-in-tigray-31-august-2021/
13
Table 3. Direct support to warfare, as reported by media and the universities’ PR services
Acr.
Financial support to army
(ETB)
Organisation of military
training
Material support to army or
militias
Date
Source
ASTU
16,473,019.40
01 Tahsas 2014
Media41
AASTU
30,000,000; staff donated
one month salary to the army
Media42, university’s
Facebook page43
AAU
60,000,000 (Fig. 2)
Sent 100 medical staff to the
war fronts; donation of
equipment
08.09.2021
Media44; university’s
Facebook page45
ADU
AKU
AU
Yes
Media46
AMU
10,000,000 + 13M (one
month salary of all staff)
25/11/2021
University website47
and Facebook page48
ARSIUN
30,000,000 (from students
budget and staff salaries)
Media49
41
Ethiopian Press Agency, 14 December 2021. የተለያዩ ዩኒቨርሲቲዎችና የትግራይ ብልጽግና ጽ/ቤት ለሀገር መከላከያ ሰራዊት ድጋፍ አደረጉ. https://archive.md/uATkU
42
Ethiopian Press Agency, 14 December 2021. የተለያዩ ዩኒቨርሲቲዎችና የትግራይ ብልጽግና ጽ/ቤት ለሀገር መከላከያ ሰራዊት ድጋፍ አደረጉ. https://archive.md/uATkU
43
Facebook, AASTU, 12 August 2021. የአዲስ አበባ ሳይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ሰራተኞች የአንድ ወር ደመወዛቸውን ለሃገር መከላከያ ሰራዊት በመስጠት አለኝታነታቸውን ገለፁ
https://www.facebook.com/aastu.edu.et/posts/568990604462995, archived at: https://archive.ph/PaVKO
44
Amhara Media Corporation, 27 November 2021. አዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለሀገር መከላከያ ሠራዊት ድጋፍ አደረገ።
https://www.facebook.com/AmharaMediaCorporation/posts/1688281174680203, archived at: https://archive.ph/QIkzG
45
Addis Ababa University 08 September 2021 የአዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለከመከላከያ ሰራዊት 60 ሚሊዮን ብር ድጋፍ አደረገ.
https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=4379954145422706&id=496255483792611, archived at: https://archive.ph/skFKK
46
Ethiopian Press Agency, 14 December 2021. የተለያዩ ዩኒቨርሲቲዎችና የትግራይ ብልጽግና ጽ/ቤት ለሀገር መከላከያ ሰራዊት ድጋፍ አደረጉ. https://archive.md/uATkU
47
Arba Minch University website: አርባ ምንጭ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለሀገር መከላከያ ሠራዊትና ለተፈናቀሉ ወገኖች ድጋፍ አደረገ.
https://www.amu.edu.et/2144-amu-give-defence, archived at https://archive.ph/wu7CL
48
Facebook AMU, 25 November 2021. https://www.facebook.com/ArbaMinchUniversityCCD/posts/4821170494594199, archived at https://archive.ph/icvjW
49
Addis Media Network, 3 December 2021: የአርሲና ሃዋሳ የኒቨርስቲ ለመከላከያ ድጋፍ አዲስ ሚዲያ ኔትወርክ ህዳር 24/2014 ዓ.ም.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=7mNUovHeoGs, archived at: https://archive.ph/srREg
14
Acr.
Financial support to army
(ETB)
Organisation of military
training
Material support to army or
militias
Date
Source
ASU
3,250,000
University website50
and Facebook page51
BDU
Staff ‘donated’ 30-100% of
their salary to Amhara Special
Forces and militia
Sport academy (stadium)
converted into military
training facility for staff
(Fig. 1)
Preparation of food for armed
forces; donation of food;
donated Agri College’s cattle
to the army
9/12/2021
University’s
Facebook page 52, 53,
54, 55, 56, 57
BHU
BongaU
15,000,000
Donation of 30 oxen to the
army
8/11/2021
University Facebook
page58
50
Assosa University website: አሶሳ ዩኒቨርስቲ ለሀገር መከላከያ ሚኒስቴር የ3.25 ሚሊዮን ብር ድጋፍ አደረገ። https://asu.edu.et/post.php?id=33, archived at:
https://archive.md/rN8JE
51
Facebook ASU, 16 November 2021. https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=4632264880186410&id=234983083247967&m_entstream_source=timeline ,
archived at https://archive.md/RBIpJ
52
Facebook page of Bahirdar University, 9 December 2021 የስንቅ ዝግጅት ስራ በባሕር ዳር ዩኒቨርሲቲ ተጠናክሮ ቀጥሏል. https://archive.md/ke1eF
53
Facebook page of Bahirdar University, 13 November 2021. https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1049814705782058&id=194458761317661, archived
at https://archive.ph/A38G2
54
Facebook page of Bahirdar University, 13 November 2021. https://ms-my.facebook.com/bduethiopia/posts/5269658849716245/ Original post was deleted - በባሕር ዳር
ዩኒቨርሲቲ የ2ኛው ዙር የመሰረታዊ ውትድርና ሰልጣኞች ተመረቁ:: Bahir Dar University has graduated its administrative and academic staffs who have been attending basic
military training courses for the second time. The ceremony was opened by Dr. Firew, the president of the university. Cached version could be archived.
https://archive.ph/Es5kn#selection-121.26-125.0
55
Facebook page of Bahirdar University, 1 May 2021: በባሕር ዳር ዩኒቨርሲቲ የዘንዘልማ ግቢ ሰራተኞች ለአማራ ልዩ ሀይል እና ሚሊሻ አባላት ከደሞዛቸው በማዋጣት ድጋፍ አደረጉ.
https://www.facebook.com/737682042913971/posts/4651911548157648/ archived at https://archive.ph/sWhgy
56
Facebook page of Bahirdar University, 20 September 2021: የወታደራዊ ሰልጣኞች ምረቃ https://www.facebook.com/737682042913971/posts/5093662590649206,
archived at https://archive.ph/L9ok1
57
Facebook page of Bahirdar University, 5 August 2021: የ40 ሰንጋ ርክክብ https://www.facebook.com/737682042913971/posts/4943693295646137/, archived at
https://archive.ph/Kcx7g
58
Facebook BongaU, 8 November 2021. ለሀገር መከላከያ ሰራዊታችን. https://www.facebook.com/bongauofficial/posts/1226192584530977, archived at
https://archive.ph/zG1Wy
15
Acr.
Financial support to army
(ETB)
Organisation of military
training
Material support to army or
militias
Date
Source
DBU
Preparation of food for armed
forces and fano
13/12/2021
Media59; university’s
Facebook page60
DKU
Staff ‘donated’ one month
salary to Amhara Special
Forces and militia
Donation and preparation of
food for armed forces;
donation of beds and
mattresses
9/12/2021
University Facebook
page61,62
DMU
Staff ‘donated’ one month
salary to armed forces
Yes, for staff and
students
Preparation of food for and
shipping of shoes to the
armed forces
13/11/202163
University’s
Facebook page64,
Social media, blog65 ,
media 66
DTU
180 staff took military
training and the
Provision of food to the
armed forces
Media67; university’s
Facebook page68
59
Fana BC, 18 November 2021: የደብረብርሃን ዩኒቨርሲቲ ማህበረሰብ አባላት ስንቅ እያዘጋጁ ነው https://www.facebook.com/fanabroadcasting/posts/4627024320721604,
archived at: https://archive.ph/66bGq
60
Facebook page of Debre Berhan University ደብረ ብርሃን ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለጥምር ጦር ሀይሎች ስንቅ ዝግጅት ድጋፍ እያደረገ ይገኛል 13 December 2021. https://archive.md/oO6Gk
61
Facebook DKU, 9 December 2021. የደባርቅ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ሰራተኞች ያዘጋጁትን የደረቅ ስንቅ ሰቆጣ ግንባር ለሚገኘው የሰራዊት አባላት አደረሱ
https://www.facebook.com/Debarkuniversityandcollegeofficial/posts/3039123023072365, archived at https://archive.md/gy06C
62
Facebook DKU, 23 September 2021. ደባርቅ ዩኒቨርሲቲ በህልውና ዘመቻው ከፍተኛ አስተዋፅኦ እያደረገ ይገኛል
https://www.facebook.com/Debarkuniversityandcollegeofficial/posts/2980327632285238, archived at: https://archive.ph/aZR7W
63
Official Facebook page of Debre Markos University, 17 November 2021. የደብረ ማርቆስ ዩኒቨርሲቲ በወሎ ግንባር እየተፋለመ ለሚገኘው ሰራዊት የስንቅ ድጋፍ አደረገ
https://archive.md/01yCl
64
Facebook page of Debre Markos University, 6 December 2021: የአንድ ቀን ቁርሴን ለዘማቼ ጫማ በሚል ህልውና ዘማቻ ሁለ-ገብ ድጋፎች እንደቀጠሉ ናቸው
https://www.facebook.com/dmu.edu/posts/2956597261260600, archived at https://archive.ph/rGuIQ
65
Jan Nyssen, Humanitarian situation in Tigray (31 August 2021) - https://emnetnegash.wordpress.com/2021/08/31/humanitarian-situation-in-tigray-31-august-2021/
66
Addis Standard 16 August 2021. Ethiopia: Debre Markos University faculty and staff begin basic military training.
https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=4244647355583227&id=177352718979398 archived at https://archive.ph/yUMOv
67
Amara Media Center, 10 October 2021. ደብረ ታቦር ዩኒቨርሲቲ ላለፋት ሶስት ወራት መሠረታዊ የውትድርና ስልጠና ሲወስዱ የቆዩ መምህራንና ሰራተኞችን በይፋ አስመረቀ።
https://www.facebook.com/AmaraMediaCenter/posts/6164795236928378, archived at: https://archive.ph/Ih5CH
68
Facebook page of Debre Tabor University, 25 November 2021: ደብረ ታቦር ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለሀገር መከላከያ ሰራዊት እና ለአማራ ህዝባዊ ኃይል በእብናት ግንባር በመገኘት የስንቅ ድጋፍ
አደረገ። https://www.facebook.com/www.dtu.edu.et/posts/1613593848987637 , archived at: https://archive.ph/fzZZp
16
Acr.
Financial support to army
(ETB)
Organisation of military
training
Material support to army or
militias
Date
Source
president organised a
graduation ceremony
DU
30,000,000
Sent university medical staff
to the war fronts
< 16/11/2021
29/11/2921
Media69; photo70
University Facebook
page71
DDU
1,500,000
Provided items worth 650,000
to ENDF
6/12/2021
University’s
Facebook page72 73
ECSU
HRU
15,000,0000
10/12/2021
Media74
HWU
45,000,000
Militarisation of
academic spaces75
Media and photo 76
JJU
1,000,000
150 goats to ENDF
19.11.2020
University’s
facebook page77
69
Walta Info, 15 November: የዲላ እና የዋቻሞ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለአገር መከላከያ ሰራዊት ድጋፍ አደረጉ https://www.facebook.com/waltainfo/posts/4846667768747299, archived at:
https://archive.ph/2YNbC
70
Photo posted on Twitter: https://twitter.com/Axumite_1/status/1460620041267908614, archived at: https://archive.md/1K5xb
71
Facebook page of Dilla University 29 November 2021 የሀገር ጥሪ በመቀበል የዲላ ዩኒቨርሲቲ የጤና ባለሙያዎች ወደ ግንባር ለመዝመት ሽኝት ተደረገላቸው::
https://www.facebook.com/DDUniv/posts/6586806414726888 archived at https://archive.md/zAsi8
72
Facebook page of Dire Dawa University, 6 December 2021: የድሬደዋ ዩኒቨርሲቲ መምህራንንና የአስተዳደር ሠራተኞ ሃገር ያቀረበችውን ጥሪ ተቀብለው ወደ ግንባር መዝመትን
ጨምሮ ደገፍ ለማድረግ ዝግጁ መሆናቸው ተገለፀ። https://www.facebook.com/DDUniv/posts/6567019843372212, archived at: https://archive.ph/ACTpf
73
Facebook page of Dire Dawa University 10 December 2021 የድሬዳዋ ዩኒቨርሲቲ በጦርነቱ ጉዳት ለደረሰባቸው የሰራዊት አባላት የምግብና የፅዳት ቁሳቁሶች ድጋፍ አደረገ።
https://www.facebook.com/DDUniv/posts/6586806414726888 archived at https://archive.md/S1lAw
74
Ethiopian Press Agency, 14 December 2021. የተለያዩ ዩኒቨርሲቲዎችና የትግራይ ብልጽግና ጽ/ቤት ለሀገር መከላከያ ሰራዊት ድጋፍ አደረጉ. https://archive.md/uATkU
75
Hawassa University 7 September 2021 የሀዋሳ ዩኒቨርሲቲ የቴክኖሎጂ ኢንስቲትዩትተማሪዎች!
https://www.facebook.com/Hawassa.University/posts/4296155930481729 archived at https://archive.md/2mq6s
76
Hawassa University donated ETB 45,000,000 to ENDF. #ሀዋሳ_ዩኒቨርሲቲ_ዘመቻ_ለህብረ_ብሔራዊ_አንድነትን_በመደገፍ_የገንዘብ_የአልባሳትና_የምግብ_ድጋፍ_አደረገ
Official Facebook page of HWU, 4 December 2021. https://archive.md/Bf5Xd
77
Jigjiga University 19 November 2020 Jigjiga University's donation of 1 million ETB and 150 goats to the national defence force.
https://www.facebook.com/jigjigauniversity/posts/3856286317750077 archived at https://archive.ph/kyIMX
17
Acr.
Financial support to army
(ETB)
Organisation of military
training
Material support to army or
militias
Date
Source
JU
35,000,000
4 Tahassas 2014
Media and photo78
MWU
MU
No evidence79
MAU
Staff donated one month of
salary to the army
Preparation of food for armed
forces; donation of 10 oxen
13/9/2021
University Facebook
page80
MeU
21,000,000 (11M from staff
salaries; 10M from university
budget)
Preparation of food for the
army
University’s
Facebook page81,82;
Media83
MTU
20,000,000
Preparation of food for the
army
Media84; university’s
Facebook page85
OSU
RAYU
78
Fana BC, 13 December 2021: ጅማ እና አዲስ አበባ ሳይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲዎች ለመከላከያ ሰራዊት ድጋፍ አደረጉ [Jimma University and Addis Ababa University of Science
and Technology support the Defense Forces] - https://www.fanabc.com/ጅማ-ዩኒቨርሲቲ-35-ሚሊየን-ብር-ለሀገር-መከላ, archived at https://archive.md/4jHHG
79
Despite social media claims (https://twitter.com/MulukenAlem/status/1470594367669039108, archived at https://archive.md/i9oKd ), we could not find any evidence
that Mekelle University has given financial support to the TPLF party.
80
Facebook MAU, 13 September 2021. የመቅደላ አምባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ልዑካን ቡድን ወሎ ግንባር በመገኘት ለመከላከያ ሰራዊቱ ድጋፍ አደረገ
https://www.facebook.com/Mekdela.Amba.University/posts/1822948241236961, archived at https://archive.ph/fOQzI
81
Facebook page of Mettu University, 3 December 2021: Yuunivarsiitiin Mattuu Gooticha RIB'tiif Qarshii Miliyoona 21 kennuuf murteesse.
https://www.facebook.com/mettuniversity/posts/1374360422984083 , archived at https://archive.ph/btgav
82
Facebook page of Mettu University, 17 December 2021: ህዝብና ውጭ ግንኙነት ዳይሬክቶሬት.
https://www.facebook.com/mettuniversity/posts/1383584918728300 , archived at https://archive.ph/XrGGp
83
Ethiopian Press Agency, 14 December 2021. የተለያዩ ዩኒቨርሲቲዎችና የትግራይ ብልጽግና ጽ/ቤት ለሀገር መከላከያ ሰራዊት ድጋፍ አደረጉ. https://archive.md/uATkU
84
Walta Info, 4 December 2021. የቱሪዝም ሚኒስቴር እና የሚዛን ቴፒ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለመከላከያ ሰራዊት ድጋፍ አደረጉ
https://www.facebook.com/waltainfo/posts/4908780052536070, archived at: https://archive.ph/JKb2h
85
Facebook page of Mizan Tepi University, 4 December 2021: ሚዛን-ቴፒ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለሀገር መከላከያ ሰራዊታችን የ20 ሚሊዮን ብር ድጋፍ አደረገ ።ህዳር 25/2017 ሚዛን-ቴፒ ዩኒቨርሲቲ
። https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1208380926320682&id=362390684253048 , archived at https://archive.ph/mB2KG
18
Acr.
Financial support to army
(ETB)
Organisation of military
training
Material support to army or
militias
Date
Source
SU
3,000,000
Various goods, worth 0.3 M
birr
University’s Twitter
account86
UoG
50,000,000
Basic military training
given to university staff
Preparation of food for the
armed forces; provided
logistical support to armed
forces in Mai Tsebri front
31/08/2021;
07/12/2021
University’s
Facebook
page87,88,89,90, 91
WCU
30,000,000
Food and cattle sent to the
army
Media92; university’s
Facebook page93
WSU
39,000,000
Material support to the army
worth 6.5M ETB
University’s
Facebook page94
WRU
1,000,000
Media95
WDU
86
Twitter account of Semera University, 25 August 2021: የሠመራ ዩኒቨርስቲ ለመከላከያ ሰራዊት፣ለክልል ልዩ ሃይል እና በክልል ለተፈናቀሉ ዜጎች ከ 3 ሚሊዮን ብር…
https://twitter.com/samarauniethio/status/1430580815918997504, archived at:
87
Facebook page of University of Gondar የጎንደር ዩኒቨርሲቲ ሰራተኞች "በህልውና ዘመቻ" ጊዜ ለ"ሰብዓዊ ድጋፍ" የሚውል ከ50ሚሊዬን ብር በላይ ለማበርከት ቃል ገብተዋል
https://www.facebook.com/TheUniversityofGondar/posts/1561091827570987 archived at https://archive.md/SUhH8
88
Facebook page of University of Gondar 7 December 2021 የጎንደር ዩኒቨርሲቲ ሰራተኞች ለሰራዊቱ ስንቅ በማዘጋጀት የማያቋርጥ ደጀንነታቸውን እያሳዩ ይገኛሉ
https://www.facebook.com/TheUniversityofGondar/posts/1630670210613148 archived at https://archive.md/z6B2y
89
Facebook page of University of Gondar 6 December 2021 የጎንደር ዩኒቨርሲቲ ሰራተኞች ለሰራዊቱ ስንቅ በማዘጋጀት የተለመደ ደጀንነታቸውን እያሳዩ ነው
https://www.facebook.com/TheUniversityofGondar/posts/1629553647391471 archived at https://archive.md/ycXc8
90
Facebook page of University of Gondar 25 November 2021 መሰረታዊ ወታደራዊ ስልጠና የወሰዱ የጎንደር ዩኒቨርሲቲ መምህራንና የአካባቢው ወጣቶች ተመረቁ
https://www.facebook.com/TheUniversityofGondar/posts/1619586625054840 archived at https://archive.md/v7hDT
91
Facebook page of University of Gondar 1 December 2021 ጎንደር ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለማይጠምሪ ግንባር የተለያዩ ግብአቶች ድጋፍ አደረገ.
https://www.facebook.com/TheUniversityofGondar/posts/1626340864379416 archived at https://archive.md/CQ0mj
92
Walta Info, 15 November: የዲላ እና የዋቻሞ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለአገር መከላከያ ሰራዊት ድጋፍ አደረጉ https://www.facebook.com/waltainfo/posts/4846667768747299, archived at:
https://archive.ph/2YNbC
93
Facebook page of Wachemo University, 16 November 2021: የዋቸሞ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለጀግናው የሀገር መከላከያ ሠራዊት ከ30 ሚሊዮን ብር በላይ ድጋፍ አደረገ።
https://www.facebook.com/WachemoUniversity2008/posts/4584984911540414, archived at https://archive.ph/7jGu7
94
Facebook page of Wolaita Sodo University, 20 November 2021: Wolaita Sodo University donates over 45.5 million Birr in cash and kind to the F.D.R.E Defense Forces
(November 20, 2021). https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=898506634197273&id=246568056057804, archived at https://archive.ph/BWcda
95
Walta TV, 28 November: የወራቤ ዩንቨርስቲ ለመከላኪያ ድጋፍ https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=1yUWKoT8zhE, archived at: https://archive.ph/2959K
19
Acr.
Financial support to army
(ETB)
Organisation of military
training
Material support to army or
militias
Date
Source
WKU
WOU
WU
Academic and admin
staff of Wollo University,
Kombolcha Institute of
Technology, receive
military training
Allocated one of its campuses
to serve as an army medical
service centre
09/09/2021
17/10/2021
University’s
Facebook page96
University’s
Facebook page97
96
Wollo University በኮምቦልቻ አስተዳደር ጸጥታ ዘርፍ ጽ/ቤት እውቅና የኮምቦልቻ ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንስቲትዩት ሰራተኞች መሰረታዊ ውትድርና ስልጠና ወስደው ተመረቁ 9 September 2021.
Wollo University – Posts | Facebook (archive.md)
97
Wollo University ወሎ ዩኒቨርሲቲ በጢጣ ያለውን ግቢ ለህክምና አገልግሎት እንድውል ፈቀደ። 17 October 2021. Wollo University – Posts | Facebook (archive.md)
20
Table 4. Infringements by the Ethiopian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MOSHE) and widespread targeting of Tigrayans over numerous
Ethiopian universities
- The bank accounts of the four universities in the Tigray Region (MU, RAYU, AKU, ADU) have been closed and their budget was not released. Staff
salaries are not paid since June 2021, no more food for the students
98
,
99
.
- Ministry of Science and Higher Education tolerates Ethiopian universities becoming safe places for genocidal hatespeechers such as Seyoum Teshome
100
(Ambo University), Muktarovich Ousmanova (Jigjiga University), Taye Bogale
101
, Dagnachew Assefa
102
(Addis Ababa University)
- Tigrayan students who graduated or finished academic year from various universities in the country had to leave their campuses despite the clear
signals that they were going to face real danger after leaving, as they could not travel home to Tigray
103
. Many ended up being detained and presented
as prisoners of war. Others tried to stay under the radar in Addis Ababa. Ms. Genet Berhanu, founder and head of ‘Tinsaé aid organisation’, who was
98
Nyssen, J., Negash, E., Deckers, J., 2021. Status of the Tigray universities (Ethiopia) after nine months of war. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349750000
99
University World News, 15 August 2021. University students still trapped in Tigray crisis, parents continue protests.
https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20210814090042185, archived at: https://archive.ph/llqp9
100
Among others, Seyoum Teshome, Ambo University professor, calls on the government and its allies to exterminate Tigrayan youth mercilessly.
https://twitter.com/KisanetLalim/status/1410256897760968706 archived at https://archive.md/mvTSA or “this journalist should be shot on the head just like they did to
Ambassador Siyum Mesfin et al.” (https://twitter.com/henokgabisa/status/1411070181141581824, archived at https://archive.ph/GL4Zf). Professor Seyoum Teshome was
also preaching for 1.5 hour on Yeneta YouTube channel against the then Mekelle University president, Prof. Fetien and the international petition for ceasefire and
humanitarian aid to Tigray. They are vehemently accused of treason. This video is no longer available because the YouTube account associated with this video has been
terminated, in relation to hate speech commonly pronounced there. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a00KSOxMoAI&list=TLPQMDQxMjIwMjAIu9ZxywnABQ&index=2
An English summary of the broadcast is at the hands of the authors. The story is that the MU president wrote an email to Belgium about the plight of the Tigrayan people,
and asked the Belgian colleagues to start a petition. And Belgium was chosen specifically to be the centre of the petition since the EU headquarters are located in Belgium.
Names of initiators are then exposed (starting 1:18:00) and commented. The essence is that the petition is used to further blame the MU president. Facts: Prof. Fetien
wrote an email after her university was bombed; by then the international appeal was already a week old.
101
Facebook post of Taye Bogale Arega, 2 November 2021, አዲስ አበባ እና አዳማ ፀጉረ_ልውጦችን ብቻ ሳይሆን፤ ፀጉረ_ተመሳሳይ እስስቶችን ለማፅዳት የጀመራችሁት ተግባር ያኮራል።
ያዝ ለቀቅ _ ወለም ዘለም የለም!. Taye Bogale calls on everyone to cleanse the “others”, which in this context refers to ethnic Tigrayans who all allegedly support the enemy.
https://www.facebook.com/tayebogale.arega/posts/1751321315078054 archived at https://archive.md/sNhRZ
102
Aljazeera, 14 July 2021, Fear pervades as Tigrayans rounded up after battlefield reversals. “Dagnachew Assefa hinted at the registration and possible expulsion of
Tigrayans, comparing it to events surrounding the 1998-2000 Ethiopia-Eritrea border war” https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/14/fear-pervades-as-tigrayans-
rounded-up-after-battlefield-reversals
103
University World News, 15 August 2021. University students still trapped in Tigray crisis, parents continue protests.
https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20210814090042185, archived at: https://archive.ph/llqp9
21
raising funds to support these fresh graduates after reaching Addis Ababa was detained in August 2021, jointly with some graduated students who were
trying to obtain support
104
.
- Staff members of the four universities in Tigray who travelled to Ababa Ababa looking for a safe place or others who remained there incidentally are
facing detention in police stations, others in concentration camps and many others in hiding
105
. MOSHE remains complicit or at least never denounced
human right abuses on those professors who are essentially targeted based on their ethnic origin.
- By mid 2022, staff of the Tigrayan universities were still without salaries, because MOSHE has not released the budgets. University professors were
dependent on food aid like almost all citizens of Tigray; there was no telephone, internet, trade or transportation. Students of Tigrayan origin across
Ethiopia had often been put in prison camps for lengthy months. Airstrikes on university campuses were anticipated
106
.
- When Mekelle University’s Ayder campus was hit by an airstrike on 13 September 2022, MOSHE remained silent
107
.
- On 21 September 22, the Ethiopian Ministry of Education proudly announced
108
that the ministry, its sectors and Ethiopia's public universities had
donated 211 million Birr "to the victorious Ethiopian Defense Forces." Economist Patrick Heinisch of Helaba Bank (Germany) : “A very sensitive topic.
The European Union is not directly funding Ethiopian government budgets due to the war. The question is to what extent the EU is indirectly freeing up
resources in Ethiopian ministries for military purposes. EU funds projects in health and education totalling €81.5 million”
109
.
104
Voice of America - Tigrinya, 17 August 2021. ላዕለዋይ ኣባል መሪሕነት ሳልሳይ ወያነ ብርክት ዝበሉ ክስታት ተመስሪቱዎ. https://tigrigna.voanews.com/a/a-sinior-members-of-
opposition-party-of-salsay-weyane-hailu-kebede-is-accused-of-varous-charges-said-his-lawyer/6006088.html
105
The authors have names of professors/colleagues in concentration camps, police stations, and in hiding. Names are kept confidential for their safety.
106
University World News, 1 September 2022. Anxiety in university city as conflict returns to Tigray.
https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20220831143524694
107
University World News, 16 September 2022. Amid peace push, rebels say university hit in an airstrike.
https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20220916145431273
108
https://tweetstamp.org/1572554841440022528
109
https://twitter.com/PatrickHeinisc1/status/1573209016880209922
22
23
Illustrations
Fig. 1. BDU president opens the graduation ceremony of the second basic military training course for its administrative and academic staff. The original post
on the university’s Facebook page has been deleted, but the archive has been conserved
110
.
110
Facebook page of Bahirdar University, 13 November 2021. https://ms-my.facebook.com/bduethiopia/posts/5269658849716245/ Original post was deleted - በባሕር ዳር
ዩኒቨርሲቲ የ2ኛው ዙር የመሰረታዊ ውትድርና ሰልጣኞች ተመረቁ:: Bahir Dar University has graduated its administrative and academic staffs who have been attending basic
military training courses for the second time. The ceremony was opened by Dr. Firew, the president of the university. Cached version could be archived.
https://archive.ph/Es5kn#selection-121.26-125.0
24
Fig. 2. Addis Ababa University president Prof. Tassew Woldehanna hands over a check of 60 million ETB to the Ethiopian army
111
111
Addis Ababa University 08 September 2021 የአዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ለከመከላከያ ሰራዊት 60 ሚሊዮን ብር ድጋፍ አደረገ.
https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=4379954145422706&id=496255483792611, archived at: https://archive.ph/skFKK
25
Fig. 3. Officials of Gondar, Bahir Dar (BDU), Debre Markos, Debre Birhan, Debre Tabor, Wollo, Woldiya and Debarq Universities on the Tekeze bridge in
Humera
112
. They were on an organised visit to the armed forces in the occupied Western Tigray. The same officials have never visited their own university
colleagues who are in concentration camps in Amhara Region. There is also no evidence that in Humera, they inquired about the dire human rights
infringements in that town.
112
Facebook page Amhara Media Corporation, 9 October 2021. የመንግሥት ዩኒቨርሲቲ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በግንባር ተገኝተው የጸጥታ ኃይሉን አበረታቱ።
https://www.facebook.com/AmharaMediaCorporation/posts/1651446265030361, archived at https://archive.md/tbFzt
