Prioritising Organisational Factors Impacting Cloud ERP Adoption and the Critical Issues Related to Security, Usability, and Vendors: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Cloud ERP is a type of enterprise resource planning (ERP) system that runs on the vendor’s cloud platform instead of an on-premises network, enabling companies to connect through the Internet. The goal of this study was to rank and prioritise the factors driving cloud ERP adoption by organisations and to identify the critical issues in terms of security, usability, and vendors that impact adoption of cloud ERP systems. The assessment of critical success factors (CSFs) in on-premises ERP adoption and implementation has been well documented; however, no previous research has been carried out on CSFs in cloud ERP adoption. Therefore, the contribution of this research is to provide research and practice with the identification and analysis of 16 CSFs through a systematic literature review, where 73 publications on cloud ERP adoption were assessed from a range of different conferences and journals, using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Drawing from the literature, we found security, usability, and vendors were the top three most widely cited critical issues for the adoption of cloud-based ERP; hence, the second contribution of this study was an integrative model constructed with 12 drivers based on the security, usability, and vendor characteristics that may have greater influence as the top critical issues in the adoption of cloud ERP systems. We also identified critical gaps in current research, such as the inconclusiveness of findings related to security critical issues, usability critical issues, and vendor critical issues, by highlighting the most important drivers influencing those issues in cloud ERP adoption and the lack of discussion on the nature of the criticality of those CSFs. This research will aid in the development of new strategies or the revision of existing strategies and polices aimed at effectively integrating cloud ERP into cloud computing infrastructure. It will also allow cloud ERP suppliers to determine organisations’ and business owners’ expectations and implement appropriate tactics. A better understanding of the CSFs will narrow the field of failure and assist practitioners and managers in increasing their chances of success.

Full text

sensors
Article
Prioritising Organisational Factors Impacting Cloud ERP
Adoption and the Critical Issues Related to Security, Usability,
and Vendors: A Systematic Literature Review
Sayeed Salih 1, *, Mosab Hamdan 2, *, Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud 3, Ahmed Abdelaziz 4, Samah Abdelsalam 5,
Maha M. Althobaiti 6, * , Omar Cheikhrouhou 7,8 , Habib Hamam 9, * and Faiz Alotaibi 10


Citation: Salih, S.; Hamdan, M.;
Abdelmaboud, A.; Abdelaziz, A.;
Abdelsalam, S.; Althobaiti, M.M.;
Cheikhrouhou, O.; Hamam, H.;
Alotaibi, F. Prioritising Organisational
Factors Impacting Cloud ERP
Adoption and the Critical Issues
Related to Security, Usability, and
Vendors: A Systematic Literature
Review. Sensors 2021,21, 8391.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248391
Academic Editor: Naveen
Chilamkurti
Received: 21 November 2021
Accepted: 13 December 2021
Published: 15 December 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
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iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
2School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Skudai 81310, Malaysia
3Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayel Aseer,
Abha 61913, Saudi Arabia; aelnour@kku.edu.sa
4Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
ahmedmazar1977@gmail.com
5
Department of Computer Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan; sama7_279@yahoo.com
6Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Information Technology, Taif University,
Taif 11099, Saudi Arabia
7
Computer Embedded System Laboratory CES-ENIS National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax,
Sfax 3038, Tunisia; omar.cheikhrouhou@isetsf.rnu.tn
8Higher Institute of Computer Science of Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
9Faculty of Engineering, Universitéde Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
10 Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM),
Serdang 43400, Malaysia; faiz.eid@hotmail.com
*Correspondence: salih.sayd@gmail.com (S.S.); mosab.hamdan@ieee.org (M.H.);
Maha_m@tu.edu.sa (M.M.A.); Habib.Hamam@umoncton.ca (H.H.)
Abstract:
Cloud ERP is a type of enterprise resource planning (ERP) system that runs on the vendor’s
cloud platform instead of an on-premises network, enabling companies to connect through the
Internet. The goal of this study was to rank and prioritise the factors driving cloud ERP adoption by
organisations and to identify the critical issues in terms of security, usability, and vendors that impact
adoption of cloud ERP systems. The assessment of critical success factors (CSFs) in on-premises ERP
adoption and implementation has been well documented; however, no previous research has been
carried out on CSFs in cloud ERP adoption. Therefore, the contribution of this research is to provide
research and practice with the identification and analysis of 16 CSFs through a systematic literature
review, where 73 publications on cloud ERP adoption were assessed from a range of different
conferences and journals, using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Drawing from the literature, we
found security, usability, and vendors were the top three most widely cited critical issues for the
adoption of cloud-based ERP; hence, the second contribution of this study was an integrative model
constructed with 12 drivers based on the security, usability, and vendor characteristics that may
have greater influence as the top critical issues in the adoption of cloud ERP systems. We also
identified critical gaps in current research, such as the inconclusiveness of findings related to security
critical issues, usability critical issues, and vendor critical issues, by highlighting the most important
drivers influencing those issues in cloud ERP adoption and the lack of discussion on the nature
of the criticality of those CSFs. This research will aid in the development of new strategies or the
revision of existing strategies and polices aimed at effectively integrating cloud ERP into cloud
computing infrastructure. It will also allow cloud ERP suppliers to determine organisations’ and
business owners’ expectations and implement appropriate tactics. A better understanding of the
CSFs will narrow the field of failure and assist practitioners and managers in increasing their chances
of success.
Sensors 2021,21, 8391. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248391 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 2 of 21
Keywords:
enterprise resource planning (ERP); critical success factor (CSF); cloud computing;
cloud enterprise resource planning (CERP); adoption; security; usability; vendors; impacting factor;
integrative model
1. Introduction
Cloud computing is becoming more widely accessible, and businesses are increasingly
trusting providers, allowing them to keep critical corporate information in the cloud. This,
along with the manufacturers’ belief that the cloud is the best place to accommodate all
long-term computer systems, is why cloud-based ERP has grown in popularity in recent
years. According to studies on the ERP system industry [
1
,
2
], ERP systems that are cloud-
based or hosted in the cloud increased their market share from 23 to 51% between 2015 and
2019. This suggests that the migration from on-premises to cloud-based ERP is moving
rapidly. Over the previous year, according to a report released in 2016 [
3
], 44% of ERP
systems deployed as cloud-based solutions. Cloud-based ERP can be set up in different
ways and with varying levels of responsibility [
4
]. The first option is a software-as-a-service
(SaaS) model. This means that the cloud vendor will be in charge of almost everything,
including the database, infrastructure of the network, hardware, and applications. The
only thing the firm needs to do is to configure the system and pay for the usage [
5
]. SaaS
solutions are commonly hosted in a multi-tenant cloud system, where several distinct
solutions can be implemented and hosted using the same hardware and infrastructure.
Thus, every implementation will be unique within the system rather than in various virtual
segregations [6].
The first goal of the study’s research was to prioritise the various variables driving
cloud ERP adoption in organisations, to create better knowledge of cloud ERP clients in
this market. The variables driving cloud ERP adoption differ by industry, depending on
the size of the firm and the type of industry [
7
]. As a result, organisations need to identify
and prioritise the variables driving the adoption of cloud ERP. The second objective of this
research was to identify the critical issues in the adoption of CERP from a security, usability,
and vendor perspective.
The research questions addressed in this study are:
a. What are the key success factors for the adoption of cloud ERP systems?
b. What are the key challenges for the adoption of cloud ERP systems in terms of
security, usability, and vendors?
According to the above research questions, the objectives of this study are as follows:
1.
To prioritise the innovative factors that will promote organisations’ adoption of
cloud ERP
;
2.
To identify the security factors that will either impede or promote organisations’
adoption of cloud-based ERP;
3.
To identify the usability factors that will either impede or promote organisations’
adoption of cloud-based ERP;
4.
To identify the vendor factors that will either impede or promote organisations’
adoption of cloud-based ERP.
The study’s importance and contributions are as follows. Firstly, the study provides
an overview of cloud ERP systems in organisations, contributing to understanding of
the benefits, success factors, and main drivers of ERP cloud adoption. Secondly, the
existing legal issues of cloud ERP systems are analysed in terms of security issues, usability
issues, and vendor-related issues. Next, this research used the SLR method to synthesise
the available evidence, identify gaps in the current research, and provide a framework
for directing future research efforts. Finally, this study presents the critical issues in the
adoption of CERP in an understandable model. Accordingly, this study acts as one of the
few studies to assess the effects of the crucial CSFs for ERP adoption success, as well as to
identify the primary critical issues. As a result, the understanding of the influential factors

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 3 of 21
and the critical issues in the adoption of cloud ERP systems will increase, to the benefit
of organisations.
This study is structured in eight sections. Section 2describes the background details
of ERP systems, cloud computing, and the issues related to security, usability, and vendors
in the adoption of cloud ERP systems. Section 3explains the research methodology utilised
in this study. Section 4provides an evaluation of the literature, conducted on the basis of
search terms and databases. Section 5provides the results of the factors impacting adoption
and critical issues related to security, usability, and vendors of cloud-based ERP systems,
acquired using the SLR approach, followed by a discussion of the research model. The
implications of the study are presented in Section 6. The contributions and research gaps
are described in Section 7of the study. Future research directions are finally provided in
Section 8.
2. Theoretical Background
In this section, we provide a theoretical foundation for both of this paper’s primary
themes, namely prioritising success factors for adoption of cloud enterprise systems and
the main challenges for cloud ERP systems in terms of security, usability, and vendors. We
describe the cloud ERP system, the benefits of cloud computing services, and special issues
with respect to security, usability, and the vendors of CERP systems.
2.1. Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System
Cloud ERP is a type of enterprise resource planning (ERP) system which works on a
vendor’s cloud platform rather than an on-premises network, enabling businesses to obtain
data over the Internet [
8
]. ERP systems combine critical financial and operational company
activities, offering a centralised data source for the organisation’s various departments, as
well as support for sourcing, production, distribution, and fulfilment. Given its importance,
any ERP system must be easily available to all business sectors, regardless of location, and
must give a consistent, up-to-date view of the data. These needs are met by cloud-based
ERP as a service [
9
]. ERP software that is implemented on the cloud is known as “cloud
ERP software”. Virtualisation and load balancing are used in the majority of (if not all)
cloud technologies. Settings are utilised to spread applications over several servers and
database resources. Cloud ERP is positioned as a game-changing method of deploying ERP
applications. It offers scalable, flexible, cheap, adaptive, and efficient solutions [
10
]. Cloud
ERP has supplied essential company data with great success as corporate management
software [11].
2.2. The Benefits of Cloud ERP Systems for Organisations
There are several advantages to using cloud ERP systems, but not all cloud ERPs
are the same. Organisations should understand the many types of cloud ERP models in
order to identify which model best aligns with their strategy, workloads, and security
requirements, thus adopting the best cloud ERP solution. The following are some benefits
of cloud ERP systems for organisations [8]:
•
Avoiding the need for paying for all computer platforms, such as hardware platforms
and data server platforms;
•Cutting IT services and support, since the data centre offers IT support;
•Replacing paying ahead for application software licensing with a monthly charge;
•
Minimising the expense of support and maintenance, since these are provided by
the vendors;
•
Paying a fixed monthly charge that allows businesses to spend their funds on other
business activities;
•
Speeding up the use of systems, since no hardware or software needs to be installed
on either servers or consumer devices;
•
Avoiding attacks on the company’s server since the data are kept in the cloud rather
than locally.

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 4 of 21
2.3. Growth of CERP Adoption
Cloud technology adoption is increasing globally as businesses migrate away from
on-premises technologies for delivering business efficiencies, on-demand services, network
elasticity, and expanded network access. Statistics on the growth of cloud-based ERP
solutions show a significant increase in cloud applications in the ERP market. Although
ERP implementation can be difficult, data and statistics show that many businesses meet, if
not exceed, implementation efficiency expectations. A report in 2020 produced by a market
research engine provided an overview of the global manufacturing companies that have
adopted cloud-based ERP and related technologies, including Oracle, IBM Corp, Microsoft
Corp, SAP, Infor, Sage, Netsuite Inc, TOTVS, Unit4, and Syspro. Figure 1below shows the
statistics on the growth of CERP in different regions [12].
Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 22
• Speeding up the use of systems, since no hardware or software needs to be installed
on either servers or consumer devices;
• Avoiding attacks on the company’s server since the data are kept in the cloud rather
than locally.
2.3. Growth of CERP Adoption
Cloud technology adoption is increasing globally as businesses migrate away from
on-premises technologies for delivering business efficiencies, on-demand services, net-
work elasticity, and expanded network access. Statistics on the growth of cloud-based
ERP solutions show a significant increase in cloud applications in the ERP market. Alt-
hough ERP implementation can be difficult, data and statistics show that many businesses
meet, if not exceed, implementation efficiency expectations. A report in 2020 produced by
a market research engine provided an overview of the global manufacturing companies
that have adopted cloud-based ERP and related technologies, including Oracle, IBM Corp,
Microsoft Corp, SAP, Infor, Sage, Netsuite Inc, TOTVS, Unit4, and Syspro. Figure 1 below
shows the statistics on the growth of CERP in different regions [12].
Figure 1. Statistics on the growth of CERP adoption in 2020: fastest-growing region—North America; slowest-growing
region—East Africa.
2.4. Security Issues of Cloud ERP Systems
Consistently with the available literature [11,13,14], this study is also concerned with
security, which is defined as the degree to which a cloud ERP system is viewed as insecure
for data storage, data exchange, and other business operations. In cloud computing appli-
cations (CCAs), security is concerned with more than simply responsibility, authorisation,
and authenticity; it is also focused on issues such as business operations, catastrophe re-
covery, and information security [15]. The service providers must provide enough data
availability and an adequate number of supporting employees for maintenance or for ad-
dressing difficulties, as requested by the service seekers. Proper precautions and agree-
ments on service levels are the driving forces behind achieving specified availability levels
[16]. The service provider’s promise of security is a significant motivator in CCAs. Fur-
thermore, privacy protection and confidentiality problems are also covered by security,
since all information and data are available to the service providers and might be utilised
for illegal purposes, either inadvertently or on purpose [17]. Security directly adds to the
dependability of cloud-based systems, and a dependable ERP system can provide solid
security. As a result, it is necessary to create very effective secure cloud-based systems in
order to increase the rate of cloud computing acceptance [10].
Figure 1.
Statistics on the growth of CERP adoption in 2020: fastest-growing region—North America; slowest-growing
region—East Africa.
2.4. Security Issues of Cloud ERP Systems
Consistently with the available literature [
11
,
13
,
14
], this study is also concerned with
security, which is defined as the degree to which a cloud ERP system is viewed as insecure
for data storage, data exchange, and other business operations. In cloud computing applica-
tions (CCAs), security is concerned with more than simply responsibility, authorisation, and
authenticity; it is also focused on issues such as business operations, catastrophe recovery,
and information security [
15
]. The service providers must provide enough data availability
and an adequate number of supporting employees for maintenance or for addressing diffi-
culties, as requested by the service seekers. Proper precautions and agreements on service
levels are the driving forces behind achieving specified availability levels [
16
]. The service
provider’s promise of security is a significant motivator in CCAs. Furthermore, privacy
protection and confidentiality problems are also covered by security, since all information
and data are available to the service providers and might be utilised for illegal purposes,
either inadvertently or on purpose [
17
]. Security directly adds to the dependability of
cloud-based systems, and a dependable ERP system can provide solid security. As a result,
it is necessary to create very effective secure cloud-based systems in order to increase the
rate of cloud computing acceptance [10].
2.5. Usability Issues of Cloud ERP Systems
When usability factors were discussed in the literature, authors largely agreed to
regard the usability of cloud enterprise systems as the total of efficiency, effectiveness,
learnability, and user pleasure [
18
]. According to several research papers, software projects
should spend at least 12% of their money on usability in order to enhance their efficacy by

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 5 of 21
100% [
18
,
19
]. The usability is a crucial element that influences software success; it has been
evaluated as the most effective factor in the human–computer-interaction (HCI) knowledge
field [
20
], and ISO/IEC 9126 defines it as an essential quality characteristic [
21
]. With any
new technology or solution, especially cloud ERP solutions, there will always be a degree of
difficulty and there is always something fresh to learn. The cloud is simple to understand;
nevertheless, it will take time for IT teams to learn how to traverse the complexity of a
hybrid architecture in order to get the most out of the system’s capability. [
22
]. Compared
to traditional ERP systems, most organisations feel that using a cloud-based ERP saves
cost and time, improves communication, and results in greater client cooperation in new
business applications. According to [
23
], usability has been highlighted as one of the es-
sential components of information-system-based innovation adoption. More sophisticated
corporate innovation procedures, however, are contentious. The greatest impediment to
rapid technological adoption is complexity.
2.6. Vendor Issues of Cloud ERP System
Overall, the cloud-based ERP and cloud services markets are still in their early stages.
As a result, the quality of ERP systems in the cloud supplied by various providers might
vary greatly [
24
]. If a firm is dissatisfied with its existing vendor ’s cloud services, it may
move to a different service provider. However, according to [
25
], switching to a new
cloud-based ERP supplier may be difficult, for a variety of reasons. Firstly, because of the
cloud-based infrastructure’s complexity, transferring ERP data from one vendor to another
may be both costly and time-consuming. Secondly, some ethical constraints delivered by
the present cloud vendors may make it challenging for a user firm to extract and transfer
their ERP data to the servers before or after an existing service contract with another cloud
provider. Furthermore, the adopted ERP system is expected to restructure and modify
company business processes and structures, power distributions, and organisational cul-
ture [
26
]. Altering existing ERP software necessitates modifications in several management
processes and operations in other organisations. As a result of these possible concerns and
difficulties, a user firm may be unable to change their cloud-based ERP vendor, even if the
service is poor. A subsequent examination of the literature revealed that these challenges,
usually referred to as the vendor lock-in scenario, are frequently encountered in the cloud
context [
27
]. Vendor lock-in and changeover fees have emerged as major impediments to
the retirement of CERP systems.
3. Research Method
Okoli [
28
] identified a systematic literature review in the field of information systems
as “a methodical approach of finding, analysing, and synthesising the current corpus of
finished and documented work created by researchers, academics, and practitioners, that
is explicit, comprehensive, and reproducible”. Furthermore, a systematic literature review
(SLR) [
29
] is a method for identifying, assessing, and interpreting all findings from relevant
studies linked to cloud ERP system adoption, as well as the special issues in terms of
security, usability, and vendors related to the adoption of CERP. The goal of an SLR is to
adhere to a certain plan and an unambiguous review method throughout the planning
stage that leads to execution. This goal aids in the construction of retrieved results while
reducing researcher bias.
4. Conducted Literature Review
There are a number of relevant papers identified in databases that are connected to the
topic of organisational factors impacting cloud ERP adoption, cloud ERP system deploy-
ment and acceptance, and challenges for cloud ERP systems in terms of security, usability,
and vendors. We found a total of 73 research publications, with just 29 publications related
to cloud ERP systems. As shown in Figure 1, the study may be split into two aspects based
on the linked articles: the factors impacting cloud ERP adoption and the challenges of
cloud ERP systems adoption.

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 6 of 21
4.1. Search Strategy and Database
The SLR of this study used the method of Kitchenham and Charters [
30
]. A search
strategy is a predefined collection of key words that is used to search a database. The search
strategy incorporates the essential principles of the search question in order to produce
accurate results. The search strategy will also account for all possible related search terms,
keywords, and phrases. The databases searched to extract findings for this study included:
a. IEEE Explore (IEEE);
b. Science Direct (SD);
c. Scopus;
d. Springer Link (SL);
e. Google Scholar (GS);
f. ACM Digital Library (ACM);
g. Wiley Online Library (WOL).
The SLR methodology encompassed all empirical studies with respect to the CSFs
of cloud ERP adoption in organisations. The study chose research articles that looked at
CSFs for cloud ERP adoption. The search string utilised advanced research to confirm
relevant articles. The keywords defined key success factors for cloud ERP systems and
challenges related to security, usability, and vendors for cloud ERP systems in all the
databases mentioned above. The following keywords were used to search all databases:
factors and determinants, cloud ERP, CSF, Special issue, security issues of cloud ERP,
usability issues of CERP, vendors issue of CERP, cloud ERP adoption, and other related
words such as implementation, adoption, and diffusion. The program yielded 73 research
publications in total, spanning the years 2011–2020 (see Figure 2).
Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 22
4. Conducted Literature Review
There are a number of relevant papers identified in databases that are connected to
the topic of organisational factors impacting cloud ERP adoption, cloud ERP system de-
ployment and acceptance, and challenges for cloud ERP systems in terms of security, us-
ability, and vendors. We found a total of 73 research publications, with just 29 publications
related to cloud ERP systems. As shown in Figure 1, the study may be split into two as-
pects based on the linked articles: the factors impacting cloud ERP adoption and the chal-
lenges of cloud ERP systems adoption.
4.1. Search Strategy and Database
The SLR of this study used the method of Kitchenham and Charters [30]. A search
strategy is a predefined collection of key words that is used to search a database. The
search strategy incorporates the essential principles of the search question in order to pro-
duce accurate results. The search strategy will also account for all possible related search
terms, keywords, and phrases. The databases searched to extract findings for this study
included:
a. IEEE Explore (IEEE);
b. Science Direct (SD);
c. Scopus;
d. Springer Link (SL);
e. Google Scholar (GS);
f. ACM Digital Library (ACM);
g. Wiley Online Library (WOL).
The SLR methodology encompassed all empirical studies with respect to the CSFs of
cloud ERP adoption in organisations. The study chose research articles that looked at CSFs
for cloud ERP adoption. The search string utilised advanced research to confirm relevant
articles. The keywords defined key success factors for cloud ERP systems and challenges
related to security, usability, and vendors for cloud ERP systems in all the databases men-
tioned above. The following keywords were used to search all databases: factors and de-
terminants, cloud ERP, CSF, Special issue, security issues of cloud ERP, usability issues of
CERP, vendors issue of CERP, cloud ERP adoption, and other related words such as im-
plementation, adoption, and diffusion. The program yielded 73 research publications in
total, spanning the years 2011–2020 (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Distribution of related research according to year of publication.
Figure 2. Distribution of related research according to year of publication.
4.2. Inclusion Criteria and Selection of the Studies
To filter the relevant papers, the following selection criteria for inclusion were used:
•Selecting only publications that focused on cloud ERP adoption in organisations;
•
Selecting only papers focused on special issues and challenges for cloud ERP systems,
such as security, usability, and vendors in the adoption of cloud enterprise systems;
•Selecting papers published between 2011 and 2020;
•Selecting papers published in the English language only;
•
Selecting only papers that were published in peer-reviewed journals and confer-
ence proceedings.

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 7 of 21
4.3. Exclusion Criteria
Exclusion criteria are those characteristics that disqualify prospective subjects from
inclusion in the study. The following were the exclusion criteria for this study:
•Papers should not be about anything other than the research issues;
•Article publishing date: any publication prior to 2011 was omitted;
•Papers from non-academic databases;
•Duplicate articles discovered in digital libraries;
•
Studies that did not include CSF, security issues, usability issues, and vendor issues of
ERP cloud adoption;
•
Papers based on poor analysis, such as unpublished papers, editorials, and opinions;
•
Redundant papers, discussion panels, instructional summaries, technical reports,
article summaries, interviews, and poster sessions.
4.4. Inclusion Screening
We read the abstracts of the seventy-three (73) studies to determine their information
content relevant to the research topic as showed on Figure 3. In addition, we independently
assessed the articles in parallel. We then skimmed through the full-text articles to assess
the studies’ quality and eligibility. Disagreements in the findings of the reviewers were
discussed and resolved. Thirty-five studies were considered relevant (see Table 1), and the
full-text articles were obtained for quality assessment.
Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 22
4.2. Inclusion Criteria and Selection of the Studies
To filter the relevant papers, the following selection criteria for inclusion were used:
• Selecting only publications that focused on cloud ERP adoption in organisations;
• Selecting only papers focused on special issues and challenges for cloud ERP sys-
tems, such as security, usability, and vendors in the adoption of cloud enterprise sys-
tems;
• Selecting papers published between 2011 and 2020;
• Selecting papers published in the English language only;
• Selecting only papers that were published in peer-reviewed journals and conference
proceedings.
4.3. Exclusion Criteria
Exclusion criteria are those characteristics that disqualify prospective subjects from
inclusion in the study. The following were the exclusion criteria for this study:
• Papers should not be about anything other than the research issues;
• Article publishing date: any publication prior to 2011 was omitted;
• Papers from non-academic databases;
• Duplicate articles discovered in digital libraries;
• Studies that did not include CSF, security issues, usability issues, and vendor issues
of ERP cloud adoption;
• Papers based on poor analysis, such as unpublished papers, editorials, and opinions;
• Redundant papers, discussion panels, instructional summaries, technical reports, ar-
ticle summaries, interviews, and poster sessions.
4.4. Inclusion Screening
We read the abstracts of the seventy-three (73) studies to determine their information
content relevant to the research topic as showed on Figure 3. In addition, we inde-
pendently assessed the articles in parallel. We then skimmed through the full-text articles
to assess the studies’ quality and eligibility. Disagreements in the findings of the reviewers
were discussed and resolved. Thirty-five studies were considered relevant (see Table 1),
and the full-text articles were obtained for quality assessment.
Figure 3. Search process and findings.
Figure 3. Search process and findings.
Table 1. The total number of selected candidate papers.
IEEE
Explore
Science
Direct Scopus Google
Scholar
Springer
Link
ACM
Digital
Library
Wiley
Online
Library
Total
9765521 35
4.5. Data Extraction
Following the study questions, data were extracted to identify the factors impacting
cloud ERP adoption in organisations, as well as the challenges for cloud ERP systems.

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 8 of 21
Finally, each shortlisted candidate’s text was evaluated for relevance using the inclusion
and exclusion criteria. We also evaluated the reported research quality by examining the
rigor of each publication’s technique description. Following this stage, a final corpus of
35 publications was chosen. The sequence of these stages is depicted in Figure 4.
Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 22
Table 1. The total number of selected candidate papers.
IEEE
Explore
Science
Direct Scopus Google
Scholar Springer Link
ACM
Digital
Library
Wiley Online
Library Total
9 7 6 5 5 2 1 35
4.5. Data Extraction
Following the study questions, data were extracted to identify the factors impacting
cloud ERP adoption in organisations, as well as the challenges for cloud ERP systems.
Finally, each shortlisted candidate’s text was evaluated for relevance using the inclusion
and exclusion criteria. We also evaluated the reported research quality by examining the
rigor of each publication’s technique description. Following this stage, a final corpus of 35
publications was chosen. The sequence of these stages is depicted in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Diagram of systematic literature review.
Table 1 above shows the quantity of candidate papers in total generated by the data-
base, following the application of the exclusion criteria. Table 2 shows the list of 18 papers
and their year of publication based on organisational factors impacting the adoption of
cloud ERP systems, followed by 17 research publications on the special issues and chal-
lenges influencing adoption of cloud ERP systems. We included all articles that were ob-
tained from various databases; any papers that were recovered from multiple databases
were evaluated only once.
Table 2. List of papers identified from the literature and their year of publication based on organisational factors impacting
adoption of CERP systems and the critical issues related to security, usability, and vendors.
Papers Based on Organisational Factors Impacting Adoption of Cloud ERP Systems
No. Title Year of
Publication Source
1 Understanding the determinants of cloud computing adoption 2011 [31]
2 ERP on Cloud: Implementation strategies and challenges 2012 [32]
3 A framework for ERP systems in SME based on cloud computing technology 2013 [33]
4 Assessing the determinants of cloud computing adoption: An analysis of the manu-
facturing and services sectors 2014 [13]
Figure 4. Diagram of systematic literature review.
Table 1above shows the quantity of candidate papers in total generated by the
database, following the application of the exclusion criteria. Table 2shows the list of
18 papers
and their year of publication based on organisational factors impacting the
adoption of cloud ERP systems, followed by 17 research publications on the special issues
and challenges influencing adoption of cloud ERP systems. We included all articles that
were obtained from various databases; any papers that were recovered from multiple
databases were evaluated only once.
Table 2.
List of papers identified from the literature and their year of publication based on organisational factors impacting
adoption of CERP systems and the critical issues related to security, usability, and vendors.
Papers Based on Organisational Factors Impacting Adoption of Cloud ERP Systems
No. Title Year of
Publication Source
1 Understanding the determinants of cloud computing adoption 2011 [31]
2 ERP on Cloud: Implementation strategies and challenges 2012 [32]
3 A framework for ERP systems in SME based on cloud computing technology 2013 [33]
4Assessing the determinants of cloud computing adoption: An analysis of the
manufacturing and services sectors 2014 [13]
5 ERP system adoption traditional ERP systems vs. cloud-based ERP systems 2014 [24]
6Impacts on the organisational adoption of cloud computing: A reconceptualisation of
influencing factors 2014 [34]
7
Factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing by small and medium enterprises in
developing economies 2014 [35]
8 Implementation of ERP in cloud computing 2014 [36]
9 Determinants of cloud ERP adoption in Saudi Arabia: an empirical study 2015 [37]

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 9 of 21
Table 2. Cont.
Papers Based on Organisational Factors Impacting Adoption of Cloud ERP Systems
No. Title Year of
Publication Source
10 Factors affecting the adoption of enterprise resource planning (ERP) on cloud among
small and medium enterprises (SMES) in Penang, Malaysia 2016 [38]
11
Examining the critical success factors of cloud computing adoption in the SMEs by using
ISM model 2017 [39]
12 Factors influencing cloud computing adoption by small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) In India 2017 [40]
13
Cloud ERP systems for small-and-medium enterprises: A case study in the food industry
2018 [41]
14 Factors affecting cloud ERP adoption in Saudi Arabia: An empirical study 2019 [42]
15 Determinants of ERP Systems as a Large-Scale Reuse Approach 2019 [1]
16 Role of cloud ERP and big data on firm performance: a dynamic capability view
theory perspective 2019 [8]
17 Towards better understanding of determinants logistical factors in SMEs for cloud ERP
adoption in developing economies 2019 [43]
18 Understanding potentials of cloud ERP adoption by large organisations: A Case Study 2020 [44]
Papers Based on the Critical Issues Impacting the Adoption of Cloud ERP Systems Related to Security, Usability,
and Vendors.
No. Title Year of
Publication
1 A selection framework for SaaS-based enterprise resource planning applications 2011 [45]
2 Challenges Involved in Implementation of ERP on Demand Solution: Cloud Computing 2012 [46]
3 In-house versus in-cloud ERP systems: a comparative study 2012 [47]
4 Factors affecting the adoption of cloud computing: an exploratory study 2013 [48]
5 Competition and challenge on adopting cloud ERP 2014 [49]
6Technological, organisational and environmental factors influencing managers’ decision
to adopt cloud computing in the UK 2015 [50]
7 Exploring the challenge impacted SMEs to adopt cloud ERP 2016 [51]
8 Benefits and challenges of cloud ERP systems–A systematic literature review 2016 [52]
9An investigation of factors leading to the reluctance of SaaS ERP adoption in
Namibian SMEs 2016 [53]
10 Moderating effect of compliance, network, and security on the critical success factors in
the implementation of cloud ERP 2016 [14]
11 Identification of challenges and their ranking in the implementation of cloud ERP: A
comparative study for SMEs and large organisations 2017 [54]
12 Factors influencing cloud-computing adoption in small and medium e-commerce
enterprises in Jordan 2018 [55]
13 The determinant factors affecting cloud computing adoption by small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) in Sabah, Malaysia 2018 [56]
14 Prioritising the factors affecting cloud ERP adoption–an analytic hierarchy
process approach 2018 [57]
15 Software as a Service operation model in cloud-based ERP systems 2019 [58]
16 Cloud ERP in Malaysia: Benefits, challenges, and opportunities 2020 [59]
17 Cloud computing adoption and its impact on SMEs’ performance for cloud supported
operations: A dual-stage analytical approach 2020 [60]
Grand Total 35

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 10 of 21
5. Results
The literature reported on four important topics related to identifying the critical
factors influencing cloud ERP adoption. Each topic was broken down into four sub-
sections. Firstly, prioritisation of critical factors impacting the adoption of CERP systems
based on their cited frequency with respect to success in CERP adoption is presented.
Secondly, the distribution of critical issues in terms of their drivers is classified according to
the categories of security, usability, and vendors. Then, Section 5.3 presents the validation
of the research model. Section 5.4 finally outlines and discusses the critical issues related to
security, usability, and vendors.
5.1. Prioritising Critical Factors Impacting the Adoption of Cloud ERP Systems
In the review, exclusion criteria were used to select 18 research papers to explore
the factors impacting cloud ERP adoption. After all the studies had been included, we
proceeded to extract the applicable information systematically and explicitly from each
study. The frequency of the cited factors indicated how critical and significant they were
for successful adoption. In response to research question 1, Table 3presents the 16 critical
factors in the adoption of cloud ERP systems and their priorities according to all the
investigated research.
Table 3. Prioritisation of the factors impacting the adoption of cloud enterprise resource planning.
Rank CSF Definition Source
Security of the
systems
Refers to the assurance that the cloud-based ERP system provides a secure
line of defence for the organisation against fraud and misuse, providing an
unassailable network to workers anywhere, regardless of their location.
[13,24,34,35]
Senior management
support
Refers to the role of the senior management in an organisation when
adopting cloud-based ERP in determining the resource allocation required
and approving the project before execution.
[13,37,38,42]
Add-ons and
customisation
Refers to suppliers who provide integration with third-party add-ons or
the opportunity to integrate particular modules for additional functionality
in a cloud ERP system. A program’s customisation or setup is not
inexpensive. As a result, organisations should look for a system that
satisfies the majority, if not all, of their fundamental demands via
out-of-the-box capabilities.
[1,35,41]
Ease of integration
Refers to a cloud ERP service provider’s ability to seamlessly connect with
other cloud-based ERP services based on the demands of the firms. [1,32,33]
User education
and training
Refers to the level at which a company trains its staff before the
implementation stage, in order to keep pace with changes and to improve
or at least maintain the experience and capabilities of employees who use
CERP systems.
[35,39]
Effectiveness of
employees’ ICT skills
Refers to the essential ICT skills that the employees should possess,
especially cloud computing skills. [39,42]
Service providers’
dependability
Relates to the vendor’s reliability with regard to cloud-based ERP
software applications. [40]
Data backup
and recovery
Relates to the extent to which a cloud ERP service can swiftly return to
operating in a safe manner following an unforeseen disruption. [8]
Retention of data
Determines if cloud ERP systems can preserve data when customers or
cloud service providers alter or remove data. There might still be data left
behind, potentially disclosing sensitive information to
unauthorised parties.
[36]
Cost of software
maintenance and
upgrades
Refers to the vendor’s costs for, and frequency of, upgrades and whether
the charges for these changes are included in the original cost of the cloud
ERP system.
[56]

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 11 of 21
Table 3. Cont.
Rank CSF Definition Source
Maintainability
Refers to the capacity of cloud ERP service providers to make changes
without interfering with the service or having a negative impact on
the system.
[44]
Usability as
perceived
Refers to the degree to which consumers believe cloud ERP is simple to
access, learn, and use. [31]
Effectiveness of
inventory and
inventory carrying cost
Refers to the delivering of one-time asset reduction (cost of the material
stored), but also continuing reductions in inventory carrying costs, storage,
handling, obsolescence, insurance, taxes, damage, and shrinkage. Cloud
ERP systems enable clients to obtain information on costs, sales, and
margins, allowing them to better manage their total material cost structure,
leading to inventory savings of 20% or more.
[13]
Reliability of the
Internet
Relates to the dependability of an Internet connection and infrastructure,
which encompasses connection to the Internet and access as well as
Internet speed.
[42]
Government regulations
and policies
Refers to whether the government has a distinct policy on technological
advances, in which case firms are more inclined to adopt them. [43]
Use of latest IT
technology
ERP suppliers utilise the most recent advances in information technology.
As a result, they quickly modify their systems to make use of cutting-edge
technologies such as open-source software, client-server technologies,
computer-assisted acquisition and logistics support, and e-commerce.
[35]
Table 3above identifies sixteen impacting factors for cloud ERP adoption and their
priority of influence. The literature study yielded a total of 16 factors impacting adoption
of cloud-based ERP systems, including security of systems, senior management support,
add-ons and customisation, ease of integration, and user education and training. The
effectiveness of employees’ ICT skills was shown to be the most frequently reported
influencing factor. The factors are discussed in more detail below.
Security of the system is the most widely cited impacting factor [
13
,
24
,
34
,
35
]. It is widely
known that security breaches have serious repercussions for businesses, for example the
loss of user account information, which allows attackers to access sensitive company
information. Concerns about security while using cloud ERP include security breaches that
jeopardise sensitive data, encryption, accountability, and maintenance difficulties [
38
]. As
a result, security plans, policies, security tools, and processes play an important role in the
successful adoption and implementation of CERP.
Senior management support is the second most frequently cited impacting factor affecting
CERP system adoption [
13
,
37
,
38
]. The senior management is required to commit the
necessary resources to a project and to accelerate the deployment of a new cloud ERP
system. Support from the top management is a crucial success element for the business
in the adoption of new technologies [
61
]. The senior management must support the
adoption and explain the purpose and benefits of such systems to the firm and its people.
Furthermore, a senior management with in-depth domain expertise may help companies
expand their knowledge base [
62
], which can help organisations when they face problems
during the adoption of CERP.
Add-ons and customisation represent the third most widely cited impacting factor
[1,35,41]
.
To meet their automation needs, companies should look for cloud-based ERP suppliers
with extensive customisation possibilities. Most organisations now recognise that mod-
ifying cloud-based ERP systems adds risk, time, and expense to the project. In reality,
modifications, along with interfaces and data translation, are the primary technical risk
areas in cloud ERP installations. According to [
63
], less than 20% of respondents in a
recent poll built their ERP system with few or no modification, since customisations are
always minor at first but gradually evolve into the technical problems that wreck these

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 12 of 21
initiatives. Few cloud ERP installations have no adaptations but companies are very strict
about justifying and managing even minor ones [64].
Ease of integration represents the next most widely cited impacting factor with regard
to CERP systems [
1
,
32
,
33
]. In the case of cloud ERP solutions, ease of integration is
critical. Businesses require a comprehensive CRM and ERP integration solution to optimise
their company processes, since a lack of integration leads to an unproductive workplace.
Integration guarantees that the logic of a cross-functional process is accurately represented.
This means that data input into any of the functional modules (whatever module owns the
data) are made available to any other module that requires it. This leads to considerable
gains in terms of data consistency and integrity [
65
]. The automated data population
(automatic data interchange among applications) that occurs between linked business
components is the reason why ERP solutions are considered to be integrated.
User education and training is another widely cited impacting factor that is essential
in the adoption of cloud-based services [
35
,
39
]. People are an important component of
cloud ERP success. Organisations should ensure that on-the-job training is available, in
which users apply real problems and examples in all of the ERP modules [
66
,
67
]. Change
management includes training, and the most frequent technique is to “train the trainers”.
Typically, software vendors or consultancy integrators teach the trainers, who are organisa-
tional employees [
68
]. This method is very beneficial because the business will then have
skilled specialists in its workforce.
Effectiveness of employees’ ICT skills is also found to be critical for successful CERP
adoption. Developments in Internet services and ICT technology have enabled ERP cloud
suppliers to capitalise on new developing markets with novel packages of ICT solutions.
These innovations are, in effect, driving businesses into new operational models. Moreover,
as [69] found, 24% of 402 European enterprises said that having employees with the right
skills to execute daily tasks on ERP cloud-based systems was their main obstacle. Moreover,
the introduction of cloud computing strategies will introduce more uncertainty into the ICT
labour market [
70
]. Cloud skills such as transmitting and receiving data using data-sharing
programs and web storage systems such as OneDrive or Dropbox necessitate employees
having a solid general technical understanding of cloud products and services [71].
5.2. The Challenges of Cloud ERP Adoption in Terms of Security, Usability, and Vendors
This section discusses the second research question of this study, which is to identify
the critical issues for CERP adoption regarding security, usability, and vendors. Using the
SLR approach, 12 critical issues were identified and associated with their main drivers of
security, usability, and vendors of CERP. The section below discusses the special issues and
challenges that were addressed by 17 research papers. Table 4presents the distribution of
special issues in cloud ERP adoption.
According to the SLR conducted on the special issues of cloud enterprise resource
planning systems, the above table illustrates the most influential factors regarding CERP
from the perspective of security, usability, and vendors. To identify possible variations, we
chose to categorise the issues such that each publication had to be associated with at least
one sub-concept in each of the three dimensions of security, usability, and vendors, based
on the literature review findings.

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 13 of 21
Table 4. Distribution and classification of critical issues in terms of their drivers.
Main
Critical
Issue
Related
Sub-Issues Definition Source
Security
Data leakage
and loss
Because CERP is interconnected, the data saved in the
system may be used and shared by multiple
organisational divisions. As a result, staff typically store
several copies of critical company data on laptops or in
flash memory. If any of these hardware items damaged,
the threat of unauthorised access to the information stored
on the device will increase. Furthermore, company staff
may illegally steal data that are confidential and distribute
them to others in order to increase their earnings.
[14,38,51]
Server and host
When CERP data are managed by a third-party cloud
service, the client firm has fewer controls over who has
access to its critical data. Such a loss of control in a cloud
environment inexorably leads to new data security risks
in customer organisations. Whoever uses cloud ERP
systems will have to put his/her company’s secrets on
third-party servers, which may be exposed to spying,
theft, or even hacking.
[60,61]
Data backup
and recovery
This is the factor that determines whether the cloud ERP
vendor can maintain an overlapped copy of the data and
how quickly the cloud ERP service can return to a healthy
operating condition following an unanticipated disruption.
[57]
Usability
Disruption of
the Internet
service
When the Internet service is disrupted at the headquarters
of the company that uses cloud systems, the system will
stop working completely, becoming completely paralysed
until the Internet service is restored.
[38,51,53,54]
Resistance to
change
Larger organisations with large IT and administrative
resources may meet opposition from their main
stakeholders. Administrators lose some control over
procedures that become automated when ERP software is
moved offsite. Furthermore, because the vendor is in
charge, the IT department lose control over various
operational activities, due to maintenance and
infrastructure issues.
[48,60]
User
friendliness
Refers to user expectation of fast, friendly, and intuitive
technology that is easy to learn and use. [45,57]
Lack of
employee cloud
knowledge
Cloud computing necessitates abilities that most IT staff
members in established businesses lack. Cloud-based ERP
technology enables more mobility and real-time
collaboration, which eliminates the practice of delivering
the incorrect version of a file. Furthermore, because the
cloud is scalable, it is unlikely that businesses will run out
of space.
[51,59,60]
Data
accessibility
Refers to the ability of employees to access cloud ERP
systems from any place at any time via any device with
Internet access, including a mobile phone, tablet, or
laptop. This is an advantage to employees who frequently
travel and need to access ERP software from a hotel or
conference meeting room.
[57,58]

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 14 of 21
Table 4. Cont.
Main
Critical
Issue
Related
Sub-Issues Definition Source
Vendors
Customisation
and
modification
limitations
Companies that use the cloud systems will not be able to
make their own modifications to the systems
(customisation) freely because the systems are shared
with other beneficiaries.
[46,50,52,54]
Maintenance
cost
ERP software is not cheap, and prices vary based on
deployment method, number of users, and amount of
customisation. Companies may also pay a monthly
subscription charge to use the CERP system, where the
system is hosted and maintained by the vendor on a
third-party data server. This also means that maintenance
cost is a factor that impacts the ERP (SaaS) pricing,
implying monthly or yearly costs are paid per user.
[54–56]
Data storage
The fact that all data will be kept in a data centre that is
not near to the organisation may also be an issue. The
CERP provider is likely to have a considerably larger
security budget than other firms. This can be an issue
with various data types since they are usually required by
law to be stored inside the same nation as the
organisation, and cloud vendors do not have data centres
in all countries.
[49,57]
Time of
implementation
The time it takes to deploy large and complicated
company software such as ERP systems varies from case
to case. It might take anywhere between a few months
and several years. The time required for implementation
is determined by modifications and data translation, as
well as by the number of desired modules, available
resources, and deployment locations.
[47]
5.3. Validation of the Research Model
To develop a comprehensive and scientifically valid model, according to Rahim [
72
], a
four-step method was developed and implemented in this scenario to validate the research
model. The first step was to remove natural duplication. This was the first stage in
removing duplicates from the list of 12 drivers found in Table 4. Many of the drivers on
the list are basically the same but are named differently. Step 2 was to identify empirically
validated drivers. It is worth noting that empirical investigations do not support all of
the drivers identified in the preceding stage; hence, this step is essential in developing
an empirically supported model. Next, step 3 followed the empirical identification of
supported drivers, while the final stage was to identify which drivers had a great deal
of support. This stage was undertaken to find issues that were empirically validated in
several research papers and were rated as strongly supported. As a result of this four-step
methodology, an integrative model based on security, usability, and vendors consisting
of 12 empirically validated factors impacting cloud ERP adoption was constructed, as
described in the following section.
5.4. Discussion
According to a rigorous systematic mapping study, the above model (Figure 5) demon-
strated a gap in the literature on cloud-based ERP adoption relative to security, usability,
and vendor issues in the adoption of cloud-based enterprise systems. While relationships
among critical issues and successful factors in the adoption of CERP were identified, in
contrast, security, usability, and vendor issues were given less consideration in the current
research on CERP adoption. This could be due to the factors associated with these issues,
which are factors where people and organisations are more important than technical as-
pects. Furthermore, the criticality of these issues was not discussed from the viewpoint
of security, usability, or vendors. Failure to properly address critical issues based on their
importance may result in failure or in less-than-desired consequences [
33
]. As a result,

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 15 of 21
the focus of this research is to fill this gap and investigate the importance of critical issues
related to security, usability, and vendors in the adoption of CERP systems. However,
the usability and vendor critical issues are unknown, as reflected in the small amount of
frequently cited research. The section below discusses the main drivers for the research
model in more detail.
Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 22
Figure 5. The integrative model for the critical issues in the adoption of cloud-based ERP systems from security, usability,
and vendor perspectives.
5.4.1. Security Issues
Surprisingly, security was found to be a critical success factor as well as a critical
issue. This is due to the fact that the elements of data protection and security throughout
the adoption and usage of cloud solutions are the most frequently mentioned CSFs. En-
suring cloud system security is a vital success element in CERP adoption and deployment.
Data protection and information security are two critical elements that must be considered
Figure 5.
The integrative model for the critical issues in the adoption of cloud-based ERP systems from security, usability,
and vendor perspectives.

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 16 of 21
5.4.1. Security Issues
Surprisingly, security was found to be a critical success factor as well as a critical
issue. This is due to the fact that the elements of data protection and security through-
out the adoption and usage of cloud solutions are the most frequently mentioned CSFs.
Ensuring cloud system security is a vital success element in CERP adoption and deploy-
ment. Data protection and information security are two critical elements that must be
considered in the field of CERP adoption because security includes a variety of methods
to protect illegal access and data damage. These measures may be organisational, related
to personnel, or technical in nature. Precautionary measures to ensure information se-
curity are implemented by the cloud vendors and by the cloud users [
45
]. One of the
major impediments to adopting cloud-based ERP is the data security risk, particularly
the confidentiality and integrity of the organisation’s data. According to a recent IDC
group study of 1100 businesses on the highest barriers for cloud-based ERP solutions,
60 percent of the organisations said confidentiality and security of data was their major
worry when considering transferring their ERP systems to the cloud [
73
]. A previous study,
for example, showed that one of the most important barriers to using cloud services for
ERP systems for essential business applications is security [
14
,
38
]. The most prevalent
issue in this evaluation is maintaining compliance with security, usability, and vendor
requirements, and this issue is addressed in almost all the studied publications. Cloud
security encompasses a wide range of problems, including privacy, confidentiality, and
auditability [
14
]. Other researchers claim that cloud-computing security concerns are due to
the possibility of third-party access to data, or difficulties with data transit and storage [
34
].
Hackers pose a massive risk to the security of data sent to and from the cloud; another key
security risk confronted by businesses is identity theft [
38
]. However, this study found that
the sub-drivers related to security were data leakage and loss, servers and the host, and
data backup and recovery. These sub-drivers are in contrast to those in the study in [
14
],
since their findings related to CERP were associated with three problems in information
security: data confidentiality, encryption, and maintenance. Hacking activities can threaten
data secrecy, and data encryption is critical since data loss can occur if the transmission is
intercepted. Finally, IT infrastructure upkeep can avoid problems associated with hackers,
viruses, and technological malfunctions. Concerns about security might arise for a variety
of reasons. There are strategic reasons for protecting critical company information and
regulations are growing ever more stringent [60].
5.4.2. Vendor Issues
With respect to vendor drivers in cloud ERP systems, the legal concerns around
data protection can be especially difficult for small businesses who lack structured legal
teams. These concerns are mainly related to the CERP vendors since they are responsible
for updates, server management, maintenance, and backups [
50
,
52
,
54
]. In other words,
the advent of the cloud service model allows clients to have on-demand network access
and share a collection of resources. Networks, servers, applications, and data storage
are examples of such resources. It is difficult to determine the location of data storage in
a cloud ERP solution or which laws apply to these data. The SaaS provider may be in
Australia in a cloud supply chain, whereas the provider of the platform or infrastructure
might be in Indonesia. In these cases, what are the regulations, and who is accountable if a
disagreement arises? Close collaboration and assistance from an experienced vendor are
key factors in effectively launching a cloud service, especially for novice businesses [
45
].
Future collaboration with cloud ERP vendors must centre on the selection process during
the adoption phase [
40
]. Frequent meetings are held from the beginning to make certain that
the systems built fit the criteria and are implemented in a low-risk setting [
27
]. Furthermore,
confidence in the ability of the cloud ERP vendors to ensure continued functioning and
support is seen as an issue and a necessary component of the partnership with cloud
service providers.

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 17 of 21
5.4.3. Usability Issues
Another source of concern discovered in the literature is connected to the usability
of cloud ERP systems. Unsurprisingly, usability issues are top issues that might have
a negative impact on the adoption of CERP [
17
,
38
,
53
]. According to the study in [
74
],
20 experts
cited CERP system usability as a significant element in adopting ERP under
a SaaS delivery model. Moreover, customers frequently made enquiries about the user
interface, such as “is the user interface usable?” or “Is the UI the same as it is for on-
premises solutions?” experts also stated that the client would like to “move to a more
comfortable environment” and that the system should be “easy to use and intuitive”.
According to experts, each time incorrect data is entered into a database, customers suffer.
This finding confirms the findings of Almajali et al. and Nwankpa [
75
,
76
] that usability and
user satisfaction improve overall organisational performance. It also concurs with many
other academics that see usability as a crucial success component of the entire CERP project
and the intention of businesses to utilise ERP software. When a company transitions to
a cloud solution, usability issues with regard to cloud technology may face internal staff,
which can cause obstacles such as security, customisation, resistance, and so on [
67
]. A lack
of understanding is a significant challenge, and as a result, users face numerous difficulties
throughout the adoption phase of cloud enterprise systems [19].
6. Implications of the Study
This research has important implications for practitioners, organisational managers,
researchers, and CERP service suppliers with regard to formulating more effective policies
and tactics to encourage adoption of cloud ERP systems. The established model is beneficial
to service suppliers in understanding the critical issues in the adoption of cloud-based
ERP, the interdependences among the multiple serious challenges, and their role in CERP
deployment in the context of the organisation. Furthermore, companies need to understand
the possible benefits of using cloud enterprise systems. In addition, CERP vendors should
identify the variations in the offerings of cloud ERP services and focus on the concerns
(such as add-ons and customisation, data backup and recovery, servers and the host, and
time of implementation) of organisations, addressing these issues in order to maintain
a positive connection with clients. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the CERP system
vendors to guarantee that the organisational data are safe, secure, and available at all
times. They must establish their dependability, building confidence, faith, and trust in their
services. In addition, this research aids organisational managers, decision-makers, and
policymakers in developing effective strategies and policies for deploying cloud enterprise
system infrastructure and assessing the time period needed and the need for learning and
training services if efficient adoption is to be considered.
7. Contributions and Research Gaps
There are weaknesses in innovation adoption of cloud ERP research regarding its
CSFs. Moreover, there has been an excessive emphasis placed on cloud ERP adoption
at the individual level and not enough on the security, usability, and vendor level. It is
therefore evident that the theoretical foundation for this study was to consider prioritising
the critical successful factors of cloud ERP adoption and the specific critical issues for
organisations, such as security, usability, and vendor circumstances. It may be noted that
there has not been much research conducted utilising SLR methodologies, especially in
the domain of security, usability, and vendors in the adoption of cloud enterprise systems.
For example, recent studies conducted by Tongsusai et al. and Huang et al. on CSFs were
mainly on the implementation stages of cloud-based ERP systems. Hence, in this study,
novel research into identifying and prioritising critical success factors for the adoption
of cloud ERP in organisations and the related issues, especially from security, usability,
and vendor perspectives, has been carried out. This it will aid in the development of new
strategies or the revision of existing strategies and policies, in order to effectively integrate
cloud ERP into cloud computing infrastructure.

Sensors 2021,21, 8391 18 of 21
8. Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Research
It is critical to identify and define the variables that have an impact on cloud ERP
systems installation in order to motivate CERP adoption. The factors impacting cloud ERP
systems adoption found in this investigation are listed in Table 3, sorted in order of their
frequency in the literature. Sixteen variables were found from the literature as prioritised
critical success factors in the adoption of cloud-based ERP. These are the most crucial
elements for guaranteeing the effective adoption of cloud ERP solutions in organisations.
In addition, this research mapped the security, usability, and vendor factors that influence
CERP adoption, using an understandable model. The main limitation of this study is that
while the gap regarding the CSFs was identified in the adoption stages of the ERP cloud-
based systems, it could not be fully covered in the implementation or post-implementation
stages due to the lack of publications, especially in the post-implementation phase. Thus,
the next step in our research is to conduct an empirical study to analyse the CSFs, as well
as the various organisational, environmental, technological, and personal aspects of the
CERP systems at the different stages.
Author Contributions:
Conceptualization, S.S., M.H. and A.A. (Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud); method-
ology, S.S.; Data curation, S.S., M.H. and A.A. (Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud); validation, S.S.; formal
analysis, S.S. and M.H.; writing—original draft preparation, S.S.; writing—review and editing, A.A.
(Ahmed Abdelaziz), S.A., M.M.A., O.C., H.H. and F.A.; project administration, S.S.; funding acquisi-
tion, A.A. (Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud), M.M.A., O.C. and H.H. All authors have read and agreed to
the published version of the manuscript.
Funding:
The authors of this paper wish to acknowledge Taif University for supporting this research
through Taif University Researchers Supporting Project Number (TURSP-2020/328), Taif University,
Taif, Saudi Arabia.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments:
The authors extend their appreciation to the Taif University for supporting
the research through Taif University researchers supporting project number (TURSP-2020/328),
Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia. The authors also extend their appreciation to the Deanship of
Scientific Research at King Khalid University for supporting this work through Research Groups,
under grant number (R.G.P. 1/127/42). The project also supported by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
under the Professional Development Research University grant (UTM Vot No. 05E89): Enhanced
Load Balancing Technique based on Detection and Rerouting of Elephant Flows in Software-defined
Networks via Hierarchical Controllers.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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