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The Rational Introduction of Islam
Mohammad M Rahman
Contents
About this Writing ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Theology & Philosophy ................................................................................................................................. 2
Biography of Prophet .................................................................................................................................... 7
Jurisprudence ................................................................................................................................................ 8
The Islamic Character .................................................................................................................................... 9
Law & Society .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Politics & Economy...................................................................................................................................... 16
Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 19
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About this Writing
An introduction to anything should include principles, foundational concepts and significant information
about that thing. This introduction has included such in a very wide range. This logically argumentative
format has been used due to the fact that people may find the detailed works mentioned in the
reference difficult in identifying rationale and arguments in the paragraphs. However, if you follow the
reference you will get details, definitions, explanations, rules and further arguments.
Theology & Philosophy
Claim
God exists
Support
Fine tune theory
Support
Cosmological argument
Support
Ontological argument
Support
Moral argument
Support
Other arguments
Claim
God is One
Support
Conflict of divine wills & chaos will render existence unlivable
Support
If equal gods then multiplicity of gods become futile
Support
if unequal gods then one most powerful God
Claim
God is not anthropomorphic (not attributed with human physical features)
Support
Idol worship would be valid
Support
God could have images
Claim
God is not contained in space and time
Support
God would have a body and containment in a place.
Support
God would have a beginning
Support
God would have been affected by His own laws of creation
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Claim
God is Just
Support
Day of Judgement mean justice will be performed
Support
Imam Ali said justice is the base that supports the whole world
Support
God would have been oppressive and cruel
Support
God commands only which can be performed with “ability and capacity”
(cognitive, financial, physical)
Support
God does not hold anyone accountable if such a person does not have ability or
capacity
Claim
God is Wise
Support
God does not create or legislate anything in futile
Support
God’s religion and actions have wisdom and/or purpose behind it
Claim
Man is God’s representative on earth
Support
God decided His authority should be represented by man
Support
God wanted to test man by good and evil through free will
Claim
God revealed guidance for man
Support Man needs to know what God wants and how to represent His authority on earth
Support Satan is an open enemy of man and promises misguidance
Support God wants to uplift man in all capacities
Support Human reason is not sufficient to reason morality or perceive benefit and harm
Claim
Islam rejects fatalism and predestination
Support
Justice and accountability demands ability to choose belief, action and behavior
Support
God demands we choose faith over disbelief
Support
God’s decree does not necessarily mean fatalism or predestination
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Claim
Prophets are intermediaries between God and mankind
Support
Someone must talk directly on behalf of God
Support
Prophets were sinless and most knowledgeable in religion and politics
Support
Prophets had the best characters
Support
Prophets performed miracles
Claim
Angels are intermediaries between God and prophets
Support
Prophets must be certain of God
Support
Prophets must be guided by God
Support
Angels are devoutly obedient of God and powerful beings
Claim
Prophetic succession is a religious and political necessity
Support
Religion needs coherency and authority
Support
Believers of various ethnicities need a leader which all of them can agree on
Support
Believers need a leader who is a model of Quran and free from sins and errors
Claim
Quran is a book of guidance
Support
Consists of spiritual, moral, legal, social, political, economic, historical and various
other kinds of wisdom for humanity to understand and find guidance in.
Support
Revealed by God
Support
Remained preserved from human whimsical tampering
Claim
Quran is preserved
Support
Quran that we have today is same as the manuscript that we have
Support
Both Shia and Sunni agree on the purity and preservation of revealed Quran.
Support
Seven recitations are just different cultural recitations but there is only one
revelation
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Claim
Resurrection is logical
Support
Consciousness from coma, anesthesia and sleep are realities
Support
some things in the human body regenerate
Support
Human DNA can live million year or more and that cell can form organisms
Support
God’s justice demands that humanity and all creations who have a sense of
morality are given justice at the end of their terms in their respective existences.
Claim
Paradise & hell are two worlds which are logical
Support
There is joy & suffering in this world
Support
Some people are in perpetual joy and pleasure while some in perpetual suffering
Support
New stars and planets are formed
Claim
Islam gives the complete code of life
Support
Islam is a spirituality, morality, law, Ideology, world view, economic and financial
systems and an inspiration towards research and pursuit of knowledge.
Support
Quran, Prophet with his
Ahl Bayt
have demonstrated Islam in a multifaceted
model comprising of politics and governance, law and administration, economy and finance,
military and war, personal spirituality and morality and international relations.
Claim
Islam offers rational freedom
Support
Man is vulnerable to evil and temptation
Support
Man needs guidance to reason morally
Support
Islam designs for a balance and harmony between individualism and collectivism
Claim
Islam is the most universal and welcoming faith, system and ideology
Support
Racism, nationalism, aristocracy, tribalism etc. these secular constructs are based on
a sense of belonging to a biological, geographical or material group, whereas Islamism is a
construct based on adherence to (divine values, beliefs and actions).
Support
Islam has given every human, irrespective of their faith and loyalty to God: right to
life, right to Justice, right to sustenance and livelihood, right to knowledge, right to welfare and
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charity, right to marriage and family, right to self-defense against injustice, right to property,
freedom from liability and right to limited religious freedom.
Claim
Multiple interpretation of Islam does not mean multiple truths
Support
Islam is not a skeptics religion
Support
Islam is not a religion of contradiction
Support
Reason prevails over ignorance
Support Interpretation must take into account scope, priority and conflict of text
Claim
Muslim disunity does not mean Islamic knowledge truth is unattainable or that Islam is
false
Support
Many people accept Islam partially as they find some meaning in some aspects of
Islam but when they know other aspects which they are uncomfortable with they bring their
irrational deviant interpretation prolonging disunity
Support
Ahl Bayt (prophet’s family) is the solution to the Muslim disunity
Support
Minor disagreements are acceptable which do not make one side misguided in the
judgement of other side
Support
Many people act as Muslims to exploit and abuse Islam for self-interest or as a
cultural identity and ethnic differentiation
Support
Fail to understand the
scope, priority and conflict of texts
Claim
Faith & imamate, prayer, fasting, Islamic tax and pilgrimage are called five pillars
Support
Islamic faith prepares you and establishes a platform of thought utilization before
you act in this world
Support
Without faith all other activities are null and void to God with respect to the
hereafter success and God’s pleasure
Support
The five times prayers remind the Muslim that his or her life means a life defined by
Islam, in every capacity of their lives
Support
Fasting teaches us self-sacrifice, patience for God and in God, teaches us to feel for
the poor, the needy and of their hunger and prepares us by some suffering and hardship for
Jihad and encourages us with perseverance and determination.
Support
Islamic tax of Zakat, Khumus and Jizya is the foundation of Islamic socio-
political welfare and taxation under the supervision of the tax collector and is designed to
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minimize the inequality gap by maintaining a quantified wealth flow between the rich and the
poor
Support
Pilgrimage is the symbol of accepting God's authority and rejecting the tyrants and
persecutors and is also a symbol of Islamic unity of Humanity that under God all humanity is
one through faith and servitude
Support
Imamate has the duty to clarify and interpret religion in its complete existence, are
political leaders implementing the divine rule from God and the prophet and are the ones to
keep the Muslims united and coherent in their political existence.
Biography of Prophet
Claim
Prophetic biography is religio-political
Support
Pagans did not accept Islam which demanded change in their politics, law,
economy and finances
Support
Prophet engaged in multiple wars to defeat pagan political establishments
Support
Prophet was ruler of an Islamic jurisdiction, the head judge in this Islamic
jurisdiction and the supreme military commander to protect this Islamic jurisdiction of Medina
and later all of Arabia
Claim
Prophet a was man of mercy
Support
He was not a warlord
Support
His wars were defensive and humanitarian
Support
He was charitable to the poor and the needy
Support
He was merciful to the creatures of God
Claim
Prophet was a man of justice
Claim
He ruled by divine law i.e., Shariah law
Claim
Relationship, ethnicity or self-interest did not motivate or persuade his judgement,
decision or policy making.
Claim
He adhered to the rule of divine law
Claim
He appealed to reason and fairness
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Claim
He protected and avenged the oppressed, weak and the helpless
Jurisprudence
Claim
Shariah law is all encompassing
Support
Shariah law prescribes rules of beliefs, acts, states, happenings and/or purpose/ends
of which Islamic legal rulings are a part and all encompassing
Support
Shariah law aims to minimize and/or stop harm and maximize and/or achieve
benefit
Support
Creates correct belief, correct thought, correct behavior and correct emotion
depending on the extent of understanding of it and it’s adherence
Support
Provides a detailed and exhaustive psychology blueprint for humanity
Support
Has five objectives to protect: Islam, life, mind, wealth and honor
Support
Addresses the major social issues related to the individual and the society at large
Support
Shariah establishes the criteria by which all social actions are classified, categorized
and administered within the overall governance of the jurisdiction
Claim
Administration and implementation of Islamic law needs political authority (
Sulta
) and
judgmental power (
Qada
)
Support
Quran obligates Islamic leadership
Support
Prophet David was a Caliph
Support
Prophet didn't act as a judge until he was the ruler of state of Medina
Claim
Shariah law is not based on whims of priests, clerics and Gurus
Support
It has four guiding sources: Quran, Sunnah, consensus of twelve Imams and reason
Support
It has linguistic and rational rules of interpretation
Support
It has legal maxims derived from Quranic and Sunnah texts
Support
It has an algorithm of interpretation that is non-abrogated verse of Quran, then
explanatory Sunnah or Hadith of the non-abrogated verse, then Sunnah or Hadith which is
non-abrogated or not contradicted by Quran then subsidiary principles and legal maxims.
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Claim
Shariah law is for Muslims always and for non-Muslims under Islamic rule
Support
Muslims have entered into a covenant with God
Support
Shariah law is for mankind
Support
Non-Muslims are under the divine address
Support
Under Islamic rule no other law can exist equally with God’s law i.e. God’s law be
supreme and sovereign
The Islamic Character
Claim
The Islamic character creates a unique discrete independent complete entity
Support
The Islamic character is a universal whole for the Muslim individual and also
differentiated by the gender
Support
The Islamic character consists of positive and negative traits for both man and
woman
Support
Personality and attitude define a man and a woman and also a society
Support
Personality and attitude are the enduring state of an individual in varied instances
of relationship
Support
Islamic character is a divinely guided self-construct consisting of an integrated
whole of attitudes, emotions, integrated beliefs, personality and mood, a relatively enduring
and general evaluation and judgement of an object, person, group, issue, or concept on a
dimension ranging from negative to positive
Support
Islamic character consists of many traits established from Quran and Sunnah. These
traits make an integrated whole, but traits have its moment of manifestations, that is, which
trait to use when, it is established by Shariah law, philosophy of religion and the Islamic
purpose of that moment
Claim
Islamic character is individual and collective
Support
A Muslim individually interacts with the world
Support
A Muslim as part of the political unity or Islamic group related to any Islamic cause,
or as part of a Muslim group in any halal activity interact with the world
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Law & Society
Claim
Islamic society is based on trust in Allah, and this is not irrational
Support
Trust in Allah demands belief and hope in Allah’s power, justice and mercy followed
by act such as work, planning, striving and reasoning.
Claim
The Islamic society is built on Islamic culture from Islamic texts
Support
In a society there will always be a domineering culture, system and conscience.
Support
The Islamic society should be a platform to create Islamic unity and solidarity across
all Muslim ethnicities.
Claim
Islam obligates socio-economic welfare
Support
Not everyone can succeed intellectually or financially due to lack of brain power,
health issue, finances or due to other sociological factors
Support
Man will be motivated to work if given opportunity and boost through welfare,
justice and security
Support
It creates wealth circulation between the rich and poor
Support
It maintains a continuous economic consumption
Claim
The Islamic diet is rational, just and not hedonistic
Support
God has commanded us to eat and drink without wasting (harm, excessiveness,
lacking proper utilization)
Support
Diet acceptance or rejection is guided by hygiene behind the food, age of animal,
health of animal type of animal (omnivorous vs carnivorous vs herbivores), nature of finance
behind the food, benefit vs harm of the food, purity vs filth of the food and manner of slaughter
Support
Inflicting intense pain and/or prolonging suffering of animals is considered cruelty
and torture
Support
If people followed Islamic diet, then many deaths would be preventable
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Claim
Islam is patriarchal
Support
Patriarchy is protective
Support
Man is the stronger sex
Support
Patriarch is cohesive
Support
Female time can be occupied in childbirth, child upbringing and familial duties
Support
Feminine position is advisory rather than commanding or obligating
Claim
Hijab is the dress of females
Support
Hijab is a protective measure
Support
Protects from sexual temptation that may lead to rape or adultery. Sexual desire
and hunger are two basic drives of human species and just as hunger increases sexual desire also
increases, especially when triggered perpetually through female body
Support
Protects from emotional and physical distraction
Support
Protects women from lustful eyes of strangers and their dignity
Support
Protects skin from sun
Claim
Family in Islam is hierarchical
Support
Islam is patriarchal
Support
All organization needs leadership
Support
Resolves conflict and deadlock
Support
When the husband sees the wife is dependent on him his determination and
devotion increase not only towards the wife or wives but also towards his job and work. In turn
when the wife sees the husband is so devoted her devotion and support for the husband too
increases. This creates a synergism and bond enhancement.
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Claim
Islamic women’s rights, duties and obligations are reasonable and supportive of a
greater system
Support
Patriarchy must be realized
Support
Women have financial achievement from dowry, inheritance, husband’s income
and in some situations Islamic welfare tax
Support
Have right to work in certain situations and with some conditions
Support
Have right to seek learning and knowledge primarily for self-enlightenment
Support
Islamic woman’s rights are to fulfill a purpose, to achieve benefits of her heath,
mind, family and society making her instrumental to a collective end
Support
Her obligatory rights are she has right of marriage of her own choice of an Islamic
husband, right of divorce (Khul), right of inheritance, right of dowry, right to be taken care of
by the husband financially, emotionally and physically, right of worship God and right of
custody of suckling child.
Support
Obligated to be chaste to create strong and intense matrimonial relationship with
the patriarch
Claim
Islam rejects freedom of sexual intercourse and limits sex within the protocols of
marriage
Support
Just as food needs to be properly acquired (i.e. no stealing, no robbery etc.) for
hunger sex needs to be properly done for sexual desire
Support
Emotion and sexual loves between two opposite sexes are best achieved through
marriage
Support
A religious, wealth and bond creating marriage in front of people is a union and
agreement that creates responsibility, sense of duty and sense of long -term commitment and
activates further legal injunctions for both the couple, their children and relatives creating wide
ranging religious, familial, social, economic, financial and legal consequences.
Support Multiple sex partners increase the probability of diseases which add to health,
financial and psychological burdens
Claim
Islam rejects same sex sexual relationship
Support
Man and woman have different psychology which is meant to create, maintain and
perfect bonding and synergism of gender mating, cooperation and roles, each complementing
the other in the human and social evolution
Support
Impedes evolution of human species
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Support
Violates child’s right of fatherly and motherly love which is essential for child
development
Claim
Islam prohibits Muslim women marrying non-Muslim men
Support
The patriarch must be a Muslim man having huge influence on both wife or wives
and their children
Support
A believer cannot be under the continuous life command or guidance of a
disbeliever or live closely sharing the sins of a disbeliever the risks being too great
Claim
Islam allows Muslim men to marry Jews and Christian women but prohibits marrying
polytheists and atheists
Support
Patriarch husband may persuade the Christian or Jewish wife to adopt Islam due to
similarities in the religions and the Prophets
Support
Islam unlike Judaism and Christianity clarifies and exposes the proper and greater
contexts of Christian and Jewish Prophets by names and missions which may become a
persuading factor for the Jewish and Christian wives.
Support
Quran rejects polytheism and nothing in polytheism is revealed or Prophetic so
there is no fundamental common ground
Claim
Divorce has been greatly discouraged in Islam
Support
Divorce can lead to instability that can have negative impacts on any children that
may be involved
Support
Divorce breaks the Islamic family often creating disunity
Claim
Polygamy has been allowed in Islam for men but not women
Support
Benefits are safeguarding from married and unmarried infidelity, wealth
distribution, relationship building and cohesion, growth of family values, improved
demography, enhanced sexual experience through virginity and chastity some of the benefits.
Support
Man must be the head of the family
Support
Islamic laws, as an example law of inheritance will not function if women were
allowed polygamy
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Claim
Islam allowed child marriage
Support
It prevents same sex attraction by channeling early childhood sexual exploration
towards the opposite sex
Support
Childhood bonds become strongest
Support
Lessens the burden from patriarch fathers
Support
A child may have sexual urges and desires especially in this day and age.
Support
Children show romantic inclination
Claim
Islam allows disciplining the wife or wives
Support
Man is the leader of the organization called family
Support
The demand of any organization is to have disciplinary protocols
Support
A wife also being a mother, one who is also responsible of the household, and closer
to children, her wrongdoings and disobedience, such as adultery or being wasteful of wealth,
will be extremely detrimental to the family.
Claim
Islamic inheritance is a supportive socio-economic model
Support
The Islamic laws of inheritance through its equitable distribution of wealth aim to
keep families and relationships intact and cohesive, keep them stable and sustained to continue
as a lineage and as a society.
Support
It enforces the patriarch protective model
Claim
Evidence in Islamic law is rational
Support
Demands a moral society so that witnesses may be accepted
Support
Standard of evidence varies depending on the severity of crime vis-à-vis
punishment
Support
Circumstantial evidence is the last option
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Claim
Islamic laws are rational
Support
Promote loyalty and service to God
Support
Act as great deterrence to crimes
Support
Promote charity and welfare
Support
Promote self-sacrifice and perseverance
Support
Promote peace, security and sense of avengement
Support
Promotes justice, equity and proportionality
Support
Stop and/or minimizes the pathways and causative factors of sin and evil
Claim
Islamic education and social upbringing is religiously rational
Support
The purpose of Islamic education is to make your ego submit to a higher power
unlike secular education which makes you believe in yourself, and your ego restrained to no one
but yourself facilitating the loss of the sense of accountability to a higher power.
Support
Islam aims to achieve success of the nation spiritually, morally and then materially
and as protection of mind is one of the six fundamental aims of Islam; thus, education and
knowledge seeking must bring about the fulfillment of intellectual, social and moral
personality thereby also embedding into hearts of its subjects the need to serve justice, morality
and equity, protect Islamic political and legal system and to empower the Islamic Ummah and
to shun racism, tribalism, aristocracy and xenophobia.
Support
Islam guides what children and adult when they go out in the public places what
they should see, what they should listen and what they should experience
Support
Islam’s commitment is to a free or low-cost, high-quality early childhood education
Support
Islam stresses the importance of child’s spiritual, moral, cognitive and gender based
emotional development during the first few years of life.
Support
Proposes a morality based analytical education to build a strong and moral human
capital to serve the Islamic society.
Support
It will benefit the non-Muslims as they become aware of Islamic heritage and
history and the religion itself, they will abandon Islamophobia or even minimize it.
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Support
Core requirement is teaching patriarchy so that marriage, bonding and loyalty are
encouraged and facilitation of gender harmony is achieved eradicating rivalry created by
feminism.
Claim
Islamic society is rationally segregated
Support
Free mixing may lead to flirting and free sex which are seen as a major sin and also
social and individual harm.
Support
The human desire for emotional companionship and sexual intercourse is one of the
strongest and as such free mixing trigger evolutionary mating behavior which is used by
individuals in that setting to select, attract, and retain mates what modern society calls dates
and act of dating. Such behavior may be first impression through looks and appealing clothing,
exchange of glances, hand-touching, hair-touching, or verbal signs, such as chatting up,
flattering comments, and exchange of telephone numbers to enable.
Support
Free mixing can contribute to members of society becoming less devoted to
matrimonial relationships as it enhances their sexual freedom and destroy their conservatism
and long-term commitment to marriage.
Support
Free mixing can have wider familial and personal implications such as financial
loss, distractions from studies, job and spirituality.
Claim
Islamic society allows Halal
leisure and entertainment
Support
The nature of human soul which cannot continue in anything for long time, even
worship.
Support
Prophet and Ahl Bayt advised giving the soul rest
Support
Islamic filtering of any entertainment must be thematic, message and content
oriented based on Islam.
Support
Politics & Economy
Claim
Islam is political
Support
Prayer demands wealth management which also includes economy management
by God’s laws
Support
Hajj is a symbol of rejecting tyrants and oppressors and accepting God’s authority
17 | P a g e
Support
Prophet created an Islamic legal jurisdiction in Medina and later whole of Arabia
Support
Prophet was a military leader
Support
Prophet was the chief judge
Support
Quran proposes guidelines of warfare, economy, criminal laws etc.
Support
Quran obligates judgement by God’s laws i.e., Quran and Sunnah, which needs a
jurisdiction.
Claim
Jihad is rational
Support
Armed jihad is defensive and humanitarian
Support
Armed jihad proposes welfare for the poor and the needy
Support
Armed jihad is based on proportionality and protection of the innocent
Claim
Islam came to abolish slavery through reformation
Support
Prohibition of enslaving free people and limiting it in only defensive or
humanitarian war for only prisoners and combatants
Support
Keeping a lot of legal obligations to free slaves as compensation of legal wrongs
Support
Obligating treatment of slaves as human beings and servants of God thereby
minimizing the chances of cruelty and humiliation
Support
Promising spiritual rewards for freeing slaves voluntarily.
Claim
Islam proposes theocratic meritocracy as the political system
Support
Prophet was a theocrat and having most merit
Support
Imam Ali was a theocrat and having most merit after the prophet
Support
the first three caliphs were also theocrats and possessed some merit
Support
Prophet Abraham was a theocrat and a political leader with great wisdom
Support
Prophet David was a caliph ruler on earth who was also a theocrat and with
profound wisdom
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Claim
Islam provides principles of economy
Support
Proposes management of resources for production, distribution and consumption by
people and organizations
Support
Islam provides rules of private ownership, trade and business, rules of wealth
collection and distribution and rules of financial activities
Support
Islam provides a taxation and welfare model based on Zakat, Khumus and Jizya
which are not oppressive and exploitative like secular taxation
Claim
Islamic economy is human rights and environment friendly
Support
Justice is central to Islam
Support
Islam obligates removal of harm
Support
Prohibits exploitative business and financial models
Support
Profit at any cost is prohibited as profit is secondary
Claim
Islam rejects interest based financial scheme
Support
It creates inflation
Support
It only sustains the rich and harms the poor
Support
Increases national debt
Claim
Islamic economy is a welfare economy
Support
Distributes the Islamic wealth among public welfare, homeless, low to low-middle
income people, charitable works, those who are in debt, travelers in transit unable to pay,
freeing prostitutes forced and child labors, those who are newly converted to Islam but
financially unstable, and widows, unmarried women without a patriarch husband or father, the
orphans, the sick and cognitively deficient.
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Reference
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https://www.academia.edu/47785751/A_Criticism_of_Feminism
Rahman, M.M. (2020b). Essential Summaries of Islam. www.academia.edu. [online] Available
at: https://www.academia.edu/49603558/Essential_Summaries_of_Islam
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Rahman, M.M. (2020h). THE RELIGION OF ISLAM: Everything You Need to Know
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_Know
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