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Exploration of Osmanthus fragrans Lour.'s composition, nutraceutical functions and applications
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. has been cultivated in China for over 2500 years. Due to the unique and strong fragrance, O. fragrans flowers have long been added into food, tea, and beverages. Not only the O. fragrans flowers, but also leaves, barks, roots, and fruits possess some beneficial effects such as relieving pain and alleviating cough in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Modern pharmacological researches demonstrated that O. fragrans possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities including antioxidant, neuroprotective, antidiabetic and anticancer activities etc.. A large number of phytochemicals identified in O. fragrans are responsible for its health promoting and disease preventing effects. The components of volatile compounds in O. fragrans are complex but the content is less abundant. The present review mainly focuses on the bioactive ingredients identified from O. fragrans, the therapeutic effects of O. fragrans and its applications in food, cosmetics and medicines.
... Indeed, the scenting process is an effective way to improve the aroma quality of aged tea (Chen et al., 2019). In recent years, OBT has gained greater attention due to its unique fragrance and biological functions, such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activities (Wang, 2022;Wu et al., 2022). ...
... These six volatile compounds were considered to be the key volatile compounds of OBT, which were closely related to the aroma quality. α-Ionone, which is described as floral and woody with an additional honey aspect (Bovolenta et al., 2004), has previously been characterized as one of the main aromatic compounds in O. fragrans flowers (Wu et al., 2022). β-Ionone, a carotenoid-derived fragrance compound known for its violet aroma, is described as having a complex floral, woody and fruity scent (Wang et al., 2020) and is the major aroma-active compound of O. fragrans flowers (Cai et al., 2014). ...
Objectives
Osmanthus black tea (OBT) is produced by reprocessing black tea while it absorbs the fragrance of Osmanthus fragrans and this scenting process is crucial for forming the unique aroma of OBT. This work intended to reveal the effects of scenting parameters, the types of base tea, and scenting technologies on the aroma quality of OBT.
Materials and Methods
In this study, volatile compounds of OBTs with different scenting parameters, types of base tea, and scenting technologies were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to identify the key volatile compounds of OBT.
Results
More than 80 volatile compounds of OBT were found, and six compounds, α-ionone, β-ionone, γ-decalactone, dihydro-β-ionone, dihydro-β-ionol, and 6-pentyl-2-pyrone, were identified as the key volatiles of OBT. As scenting time (ST) increased, the key volatile compounds in OBT showed an upward trend or increased initially and then decreased. Meanwhile, the contents of key volatile compounds increased as the ratio of flowers to tea (RFT) increased. In addition, base teas with a high proportion of pekoes produced higher-quality OBT by absorbing more key volatile compounds from O. fragrans. Comparing OBTs made from the fast-scenting process and the traditional scenting process (TS), showed that higher aroma quality was obtained through repeated scenting rounds of TS.
Conclusions
Appropriate long ST and high RFT, as well as base tea with a high proportion of pekoes and TS with repeated scenting rounds are beneficial for the accumulation of odorants and the improvement of aroma quality in OBT.
... These nutrients exhibit hypolipidemic, anti-diabetic, antiaging, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective activity and immunostimulatory properties [23][24][25]. O. fragrans is widely used in the cosmetic industry [26,27]. Osmanthus essential oil is one of the ingredients in many high-end perfumes in Europe [28]. ...
... Phenylpropyl triterpenoids 2-4, isolated from the leaves of O. fragrans, have demonstrated both preventive and therapeutic effects against inflammatory bowel disease [51]. Also, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-3-buten-2-one, and their analogs exhibit obvious inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, suggesting a potential antidiabetic effect [26,52]. Acteoside, the major bioactive compound in O. fragrans flowers, ameliorates intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in mice with colitis [53]. ...
Osmanthus fragrans has a long history of cultivation in Asia and is widely used in food production for its unique aroma, which has important cultural and economic values. It is rich in flavonoids with diverse pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-lipid activities. However, little is known regarding the effects of Osmanthus fragrans flavonoid extract (OFFE) on adipogenesis and pre-adipocyte transdifferentiation. Herein, this research aimed to investigate the effect of OFFE on the differentiation, adipogenesis, and beiging of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Results showed that OFFE inhibited adipogenesis, reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in mature adipocytes, and promoted mitochondrial biogenesis as well as beiging/browning in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This effect was accompanied by increased mRNA and protein levels of the brown adipose-specific marker gene Pgc-1a, and the upregulation of the expression of UCP1, Cox7A1, and Cox8B. Moreover, the research observed a dose-dependent reduction in the mRNA expression of adipogenic genes (C/EBPα, GLUT-4, SREBP-1C, and FASN) with increasing concentrations of OFFE. Additionally, OFFE activated the AMPK signaling pathway to inhibit adipogenesis. These findings elucidate that OFFE has an inhibitory effect on adipogenesis and promotes browning in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which lays the foundation for further investigation of the lipid-lowering mechanism of OFFE in vivo in the future.
... fragrans) is a medicinal and edible plant used traditionally for toothache, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, coughs, physical pain and menopausal pain in Korea, Japan and southwestern China [8,9]. Especially, the flower of O. fragrans, with its fragrance, is not only used as a cosmetic substance, but also is used traditionally as a food additive for tea and beverages [10]. In addition, O. fragrans leaves (OFL) are also used as a traditional folk medicine to relive pain and coughs [10]. ...
... Especially, the flower of O. fragrans, with its fragrance, is not only used as a cosmetic substance, but also is used traditionally as a food additive for tea and beverages [10]. In addition, O. fragrans leaves (OFL) are also used as a traditional folk medicine to relive pain and coughs [10]. Recent pharmacological studies reported that O. fragrans, with more than 183 compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, have various biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties [8]. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-osteoporosis effects of Osmanthus fragrans leaf ethanol extract (OFLEE) in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) and animals with osteoporosis. OFLEE not only suppressed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells with multiple nuclei but also decreased TRAP activity in BMM treated with macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL). The formation of F-actin rings and the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases were decreased by OFLEE in BMM treated with M-CSF and RANKL. OFLEE suppressed M-CSF- and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting NF-κB phosphorylation, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, c-fos, the nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1, and cathepsin K in BMM. OFLEE downregulated reactive oxygen species, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and RANKL in BMM treated with M-CSF and RANKL. Oral administration of OFLEE suppressed osteoporotic bone loss without hepatotoxicity in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis animals. Our findings suggest that OFLEE, with anti-inflammatory effects, prevents osteoporotic bone loss through the suppression of osteoclastic differentiation in BMM and animals with osteoporosis.
... The volatile oil of osmanthus contains dozens of compounds, with β-ionone and linalool being the characteristic aroma constituents. Moreover, osmanthus is rich in bioactive components such as flavonoids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols, contributing to its health benefits [20]. Due to its distinctive fragrance and high nutritional value, osmanthus beer has been a popular subject of domestic research in China. ...
With the rise of health food products, the development of functional beers brewed with medicinal herbs has increasingly become a focus of research. This article provides an overview of the brewing processes involved in herbal beers, examining the potential impacts of these herbs on yeast during fermentation and the resultant beer. Additionally, it briefly introduces several popular varieties of herbal beers, outlining their brewing techniques and highlighting the key functional components that contribute to their health benefits.
... As one of the top 10 famous traditional flowers in China cultivated for more than 2,500 years, it has been widely used in streets or gardens Yue et al., 2024). Because of its unique aroma, sweet osmanthus is also an important economic fragrant flower in China and widely used in food additives or skincare products (Pan et al., 2021;Wu et al., 2022;Zhou et al., 2024). However, the short flowering period with an optimal harvesting time of 2-3 days has greatly limited both its ornamental and economic value (Zou et al., 2014). ...
Osmanthus fragrans is an ethylene-sensitive flower, and flower senescence was mediated by ethylene-responsive transcription factors (OfERFs). A total of 227 OfERFs were identified from O. fragrans, which were classified into five subfamilies: AP2 (35), DREB (57), ERF (125), RAV (6), and Soloist (4). Gene composition and structural analysis indicate that members of different subfamilies have different gene structures and conserved domains. Their gene promoter contains various functional responsive elements, including auxin, jasmonic acid, and other responsive elements. Among them, 124 OfAP2/ERF genes have expressed at any stage of flowering, and 10 of them may play roles in flowering or senescence. By comparative transcriptome analysis, OfAP2/ERFs affected by ethephon (ETH) and 5′-azacytidine (Aza) treatment were divided into three categories, which have various target gene sets. Importantly, these target gene sets participate in similar or different biological processes and metabolic pathways, suggesting that ethylene and DNA hypomethylation have crosstalk and a unique mechanism in regulating the flower senescence of O. fragrans. Co-expression analysis revealed that several key OfAP2/ERFs played a central role in organic acid metabolism and biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids (BcAAs), among which OfERF017 was selected for further functional analysis. Overexpression of OfERF017 leads to significant enrichment of genes in organic acid metabolism pathways, which leads to a decrease in organic acid levels and promoting the flower senescence of O. fragrans. Together, these results give insights into the characteristics and functional analysis of OfAP2/ERF genes in O. fragrans.
... thunbergii is the most extensively cultivated . O. fragrans flowers are utilized extensively as food ingredients in the preparation of tea, scented jams, wines, and various other products, owing to their delightful floral aroma and significant health benefits (Wu, Liu, Huang et al., 2022). Furthermore, O. fragrans flowers are edible medicinal materials, and have been used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat a wide range of diseases and conditions related to inflammation, including stomachache, toothache, asthma, rheumatism, and hepatitis . ...
It is crucial to explore the impact of dietary interventions on depression and develop functional antidepressant foods, due to the significant side effects and poor treatment compliance of antidepressant drugs. Osmanthus fragrans flowers are edible and medicinal materials owing to their delightful floral aroma and significant health benefits. Here, we evaluated the antidepressant effects of the ethanolic extract of O. fragrans var. thunbergii flowers (OFE) and investigated the mechanisms of action on the serotonin system and neuroinflammation, and analyzed the main chemical components of OFE. A single administration of OFE significantly reduced the immobility duration in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests in mice without affecting locomotor activity. OFE exhibited selective enhancing effects on 5‐HTergic function in vivo, as demonstrated by its potentiating effects on 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP)‐induced head‐twitch behavior and alleviation effects on reserpine‐induced ptosis deficits. In addition, OFE increased 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) concentration and upregulated 5‐HT1A expression in reserpine‐treated mice, further validating its effects on 5‐HT transmission. Interestingly, OFE significantly alleviated microglia activation and the production of inflammatory mediators, both in reserpine‐treated mice in vivo and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated BV‐2 cells in vitro. Additionally, 62 components in OFE were identified using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and glycoside derivatives were shown to be the major constituents of OFE. The present study showed that OFE can alleviate depressive‐like behaviors by modulating the serotonin system and reducing neuroinflammation. These results suggest that OFE can be valuable dietary supplements with therapeutic effects on depression.
... Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary metabolites synthesized in plants in which they form one of the main groups of bioactive compounds. Flavonoids exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor functions [12,13]. O. fragrans contains a plethora of flavonoids with antioxidant capacity [14,15]. ...
Osmanthus fragrans flower flavonoids (OFFF) possess superior antioxidant and antibacterial activities. However, scant information exists on the efficacy of these secondary metabolites as preservatives for fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Here, OFFF were tested as a natural preservative for the first time in fresh-cut Yuluxiang pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) to assess effects on fruit quality. OFFF-treated samples showed significant retention of firmness, titratable acid, soluble solid content, and weight. Moreover, OFFF maintained the original fruit color, inhibited the decline of total phenol, reducing power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging power, and diminished polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase oxidase activities. Furthermore, OFFF treatment effectively inhibited microbial growth. OFFF-treated samples also displayed better sensory quality. Considering cost and effectiveness, the most suitable concentrations of OFFF extract for fresh-cut Yuluxiang pear preservation were 0.7 and 0.9 mg/mL. The results indicate that OFFF treatment may be a potent strategy to inhibit browning and enhance nutritional properties of fresh-cut pear fruit.
... Osmanthus fragrans (O. fragrans), also known as sweet olive, is an evergreen shrub distributed in China, Japan, and the southern area of Korea, and it is renowned for its beneficial effects such as relieving pain and alleviation of conditions like cough, halitosis, and rheumatism (Wu, Liu, Huang, Wang, Chen, & Lu, 2022). The extract of O. fragrans flowers demonstrated the effect in radical scavenging, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and neuroprotective activity in cortical neurons, indicating that the neuroprotective effects of O. fragrans may be attributed to its antioxidant properties (Lee, Lin, & Yang, 2007). ...
This study evaluated the effects of inhaling Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus (OFA) extracts in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats experiencing chronic stress. Rats were exposed to restraint stress or circadian disruption and were inhaled either distilled water or OFA extracts. Electronic nose (E-nose) analysis identified 35 volatile aromatic compounds (VACs) in OFA extracts. Chronic stress led to a decrease in body weight initially, serotonin concentration, and the weights of the liver, kidneys, and fat pads. Additionally, circadian disruption increased melatonin levels and decreased cholesterol concentrations. Inhalation of OFA increased dietary intake during the early phase and restored the tissue weights that have changed by chronic stress. Furthermore, it led to an increase in melatonin levels and changes in cholesterol levels. Taken together, our results indicate that OFA inhalation improves physiological changes caused by chronic stress through regulating dietary intake, restoring tissue weights, and modulating hormone and cholesterol levels.
... Celebrated for its intense fragrance [34], it is widely embraced in horticulture and landscaping. Beyond its ornamental value, it has found mature applications in the realms of food, cosmetics and medicines [34][35][36]. However, despite its versatility, it faces the challenge of a brief flowering period, which typically only lasts 2 to 3 days, limiting its ornamental and economic value [37,38]. ...
Histone acetylation and methylation, governed by various histone modification (HM) gene families, are vital for plant biological processes. However, there are limited studies that have explored HMs in ornamental horticultural trees, including sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans). We performed genome-wide search and identified 208 OfHMs, encompassing 81 histone methyltransferases (OfHMTs), 51 histone demethylases (OfHDMs), 49 histone acetyltransferases (OfHATs) and 27 histone deacetylases (HDACs). Our comprehensive analysis covered chromosome locations, gene structures, conserved domains, cis-acting elements, phylogenetic comparisons, protein interaction networks and functional enrichment pathways for these gene families. Additionally, tandem and fragment replications were unveiled as contributors to the expansion of OfHMs, with some genes exhibiting positive selection. Furthermore, we examined OfHM expression profiles across various tissues and flowering stages, and under 5′-azacytidine (Aza) and ethylene treatments. Most OfHMs displayed heightened expression in leaves, and were downregulated during the flower opening and senescence stages, including OfPRMTs, OfHDTs, OfHDAs, OfSRTs, OfJMJs and OfHAGs; 75.86% and 80.77% of the differentially expressed OfHMs were upregulated after Aza and ethylene treatments, including OfHAGs, OfHDAs and OfSDGs. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the OfHM gene family, which indicated their potential involvement in ethylene and Aza responses, and in the flowering process. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of OfHMs in flowering and stress responses.
... O. fragrans, as a food flavor additive, is used extensively in the food industry, frequently appearing on the market, which includes wine, pastry, and beverages, and is widely praised by the public because of its seasonal characteristics and special floral flavor. The flower is often used as a food ingredient to add some color and fragrance and has nutritional value to food because of the bioactive substance it contains [79]. O. fragrans tea looks similar to other teas, but the unique scent of O. fragrans distinguishes it. ...
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen shrub or tree of the Oleaceae family with a long history of cultivation in Asian countries and is one of the ten traditionally famous flowers in China, with important cultural and economic value. The unique floral color and fragrance of O. fragrans are formed by a variety of endogenous metabolites that distinguish it from other flowers and exhibit extraordinary ornamental value. However, many studies on the flower color and fragrance of this plant have been mainly based on bioactive extracts and physiological characteristics, leading to a notable lack of molecular machinery and systematic research. In this review, recent advances in bioactive ingredients associated with the underlying regulatory mechanisms, as well as the prospect for industrial utilization, are comprehensively presented and critically evaluated. In particular, the isolated components and essential genes required for flower color and fragrance are also well summarized, which will provide a scientific basis for molecular breeding for ornamental applications and facilitate the discovery of novel natural products for the future industrial development of O. fragrans. In prospect, we plan to use genetic research and high-throughput omics to analyze the genes related to the flower color and fragrance of O. fragrans, and at the same time, we will hybridize and breed excellent O. fragrans varieties that are resistant to low temperature.
... Up to now, VER is widely distributed in 23 plant families such as Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Orobanchaceae (Wu et al., 2020). VER possesses various potential health benefits such as antioxidant, neuroprotective, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antidiabetic activities, etc. (Wu et al., 2021). Besides, it has few side effects and thus has great potential to be developed into a promising medicine (Alipieva, Korkina, Orhan, & Georgiev, 2014). ...
Verbascoside (VER) shows promising neuroprotective activity. However, the instability and low permeability in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) greatly hinder its application. In the present study, verbascoside was encapsulated into lipid nanocapsules (LNC) by reverse micelle (RM) to increase its stability. Besides, we used VER-RM-LNC combined with an envoy drug, menthol, to improve its BBB permeability and neuroprotective activity. VER-RM-LNC was prepared by the phase inversion temperature method, resulting in an encapsulation efficiency of nearly 85 %. The formulated VER-RM-LNC was stable for 6 months at 4 °C. VER encapsulated into LNC possessed enhanced stability and a reduced release profile. Menthol increased the cellular uptake and the permeability of VER-RM-LNC in the BBB model in vitro. In addition, the improved neuroprotective activity of VER through incubation with menthol and VER-RM-LNC was verified in the neurotoxic human brain microvascular endothelial cells model induced by Aβ25-35.
... Osmanthus fragrans (O. fragrans), variously known as fragrant olive or sweet olive, is an evergreen shrub and is widely cultivated in Asia, from the Himalayas to China, Korea, Japan, and Thailand, due to its attractive color and strong, apricot-like fragrance [1]. It is a traditional ornamental plant with more than 2500 years of cultivation history in China, and it was not introduced to Europe until the late 18th century [2]. ...
There is an urgent need to find long-acting, natural osteogenesis-promoting drug systems. In this study, first the potential targets and mechanism of osmanthus fragrans (O. fragrans) extract in regulating osteogenic differentiation based on autophagy were analyzed by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Then, osmanthus fragrans was extracted using the ethanol reflux method and an osmanthus fragrans extract loaded Poly N-isopropylacrylamide (OF/NIPAAM) hydrogel was prepared by electron beam radiation. The chemical components of the osmanthus fragrans extract and the microstructure of OF/NIPAAM hydrogels were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells MC3T3-E1 were cultured with different concentrations of OF/NIPAAM hydrogel to discover cell proliferation activity by CCK-8 assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were used to observe the differentiation and calcification. Through experimental exploration, we found that a total of 11 targets were predicted, which are TP53, CASP3, SIRT1, etc., and osmanthus fragrans had good binding activity to TP53. In vitro, except for proliferation promotion, OF/NIPAAM hydrogel enhanced ALP activity and formation of mineralized nodules of MC3T3-E1 cells at a concentration equal to or less than 62.5 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The addition of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reduced ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation.
... Water, soluble sugar, and soluble protein are involved in plant growth, regulating substance absorption, transport, synthesis, and metabolism. They also comprise the essential nutrients for plant growth (Wu et al., 2021). Carotenoids are an essential component of plant pigments, providing a physiological basis for plant photosynthesis. ...
... Hence, several medicinal plants and rice were used in the fermentation of M. ruber BCRC 31535 for 60 and 120 days. Most medicinal plants and their extracts have antioxidant capacities (Chen et al. 2017;Kim et al. 2017Kim et al. , 2019Soheili and Salami 2019;Surh and Yun 2012;Wu et al. 2021Wu et al. , 2022Yuan et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2018b). In this study, after the 60-day fermentation of M. ruber BCRC 31535 with medicinal plants, the DPPH scavenging rate significantly improved, except in M. leucadendron and L. angustifolia as raw materials. ...
Background
Medical plants confer various benefits to human health and their bioconversion through microbial fermentation can increase efficacy, reduce toxicity, conserve resources and produce new chemical components. In this study, the cholesterol-lowering monacolin K genes and content produced by Monascus species were identified. The high-yield monacolin K strain further fermented with various medicinal plants. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, red pigment and monacolin K content, total phenolic content, and metabolites in the fermented products were analyzed.
Results
Monacolin K was detected in Monascus pilosus (BCRC 38072), and Monascus ruber (BCRC 31533, 31523, 31534, 31535, and 33323). It responded to the highly homologous mokA and mokE genes encoding polyketide synthase and dehydrogenase. The high-yield monacolin K strain, M. ruber BCRC 31535, was used for fermentation with various medicinal plants. A positive relationship between the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of the fermented products was observed after 60 days of fermentation, and both declined after 120 days of fermentation. By contrast, red pigment and monacolin K accumulated over time during fermentation, and the highest monacolin K content was observed in the fermentation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis , as confirmed by RT-qPCR. Moreover, Monascus -fermented medicinal plants including Paeonia lactiflora , Alpinia oxyphylla , G. uralensis , and rice were not cytotoxic. Only the product of Monascus -fermented G. uralensis significantly exhibited the anti-inflammatory capacity in a dose-dependent manner in lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells. The metabolites of G. uralensis with and without fermentation (60 days) were compared by LC/MS. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, and 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate were considered to enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability.
Conclusions
Given that highly homologous monacolin K and citrinin genes can be observed in Monascus spp., monacolin K produced by Monascus species without citrinin genes can be detected through the complementary methods of PCR and HPLC. In addition, the optimal fermentation time was important to the acquisition of antioxidants, red pigment and monacolin K. These bioactive substances were significantly affected by medicinal plants over fermentation time. Consequently, Monascus -fermented G. uralensis had a broad spectrum of biological activities.
Mevcut çalışmada Artvin ilinde doğal olarak yetişen Osmanthus decorus (Boiss. & Balansa) Kasaplıgil bitkisinden alınan yaprak ve meyve örneklerinin aktarlardan temin edilen kuşburnu (Rosa canina L.) ve ıhlamur (Tilia cordata Mill.) bitkileri ile antioksidan özelliklerinin kıyaslanması amaçlanmıştır. Osmanthus örnekleri (yaprak ve meyveleri) kurutma ve liyofilize olmak üzere iki farklı yöntemle hazırlanmıştır. Kuşburnu ve ıhlamurlar ise kurutulmuş örnek şeklinde aktarlardan temin edilmiştir. Bitki örneklerinde antioksidan kapasiteyi belirlemek için DPPH, FRAP, ABTS testleri, toplam polifenolik bileşik miktarı ve toplam flavonoid analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular üç türün de antioksidan kapasiteye sahip olduğunu göstermekle birlikte Osmanthus örnekleri toplam flavonoid içeriği hariç kuşburnu ve ıhlamurun gerisinde kalmıştır. Ayrıca örnek hazırlama yönteminin (kurutma ve liyolifizasyon gibi) Osmanthus örneklerinde antioksidan kapasiteyi etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, O. decorus bitkisinin hazırlama yöntemlerine göre değişen bir antioksidan etkinliğe sahip olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır.
Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) is an ornamental evergreen tree species in China, whose flowers are sensitive to ethylene. The synthesis of ethylene is controlled by key enzymes and restriction enzymes, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO), which are encoded by multigene families. However, the key synthase responsible for ethylene regulation in O. fragrans is still unknown.
This study aims to screen the key ethylene synthase genes of sweet osmanthus flowers in response to ethylene regulation.
In this study, we used the ACO and ACS sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana to search for homologous genes in the O. fragrans petal transcriptome database. These genes were also analyzed bioinformatically. Finally, the expression levels of O. fragrans were compared before and after senescence, as well as after ethephon and silver nitrate treatments.
The results showed that there are five ACO genes and one ACS gene in O. fragrans transcriptome database, and the phylogenetic tree revealed that the proteins encoded by these genes had high homology to the ACS and ACO proteins in plants. Sequence alignment shows that the OfACO1-5 proteins have the 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase domain, while OfACS1 contains seven conserved domains, as well as conserved amino acids in transaminases and glutamate residues related to substrate specificity. Expression analysis revealed that the expression levels of OfACS1 and OfACO1-5 were significantly higher at the early senescence stage compared to the full flowering stage. The transcripts of the OfACS1, OfACO2, and OfACO5 genes were upregulated by treatment with ethephon. However, out of these three genes, only OfACO2 was significantly downregulated by treatment with AgNO3.
Our study found that OfACO2 is an important synthase gene in response to ethylene regulation in sweet osmanthus, which would provide valuable data for further investigation into the mechanisms of ethylene-induced senescence in sweet osmanthus flowers.
This research investigated volatiles and odor active compounds in Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus. Heterocyclics were mainly extracted from hexane and dichloromethane extracts. Ketones were mainly detected from butanol fraction, and alcohols were mainly extracted from the ethanol fraction. GC-O analysis investigated the contents and intensities of three major odor active compounds increasing by ramping up polarity Multivariate analysis, which includes principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), by E-nose data showed 45.83% (PC1) and 29.27 (PC2) variances, respectively, and segregated two clusters. Multivariate analysis by GC-O data showed 65.64% (PC1) and 24.17% (PC2) variances, respectively, and segregated the three clusters, cluster I by ethanol extract, cluster II by dichloromethane extract, and cluster III by hexane and butanol extracts. This study demonstrates that different polarity solvents can collect various volatiles and odor active compound groups. Our findings can support basic research data as a natural and functional food additive.
The demand for foods and beverages with therapeutic and functional features has increased as a result of rising consumer awareness of health and wellness. In natural, plants are abundant, widespread, and inexpensive, in addition to being rich in bioactive components that are beneficial to health. The bioactive substances contained in plants include polyphenols, polysaccharides, flavonoids, aromatics, aliphatics, terpenoids, etc., which have rich active functions and application potential for plant-based beverages. In this review, various existing extraction processes and their advantages and disadvantages are introduced. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, intestinal flora regulation, metabolism regulation, and nerve protection effects of plant beverages are described. The biotoxicity and sensory properties of plant-based beverages are also summarized. With the diversification of the food industry and commerce, plant-based beverages may become a promising new category of health functional foods in our daily lives.
Osmanthus fragrans (O. fragrans) has been cultivated in China for over 2,500 years as a traditional fragrant plant. Recently, O. fragrans has drawn increasing attention due to its unique aroma and potential health benefits. In this review, the aroma and functional components of O. fragrans are summarized, and their biosynthetic mechanism is discussed. The beneficial functions and related molecular mechanism of O. fragrans extract are then highlighted. Finally, potential applications of O. fragrans are summarized, and future perspectives are proposed and discussed. According to the current research, O. fragrans extracts and components have great potential to be developed into value-added functional ingredients with preventive effects on certain chronic diseases. However, it is crucial to develop efficient, large-scale, and commercially viable extraction methods to obtain the bioactive components from O. fragrans. Furthermore, more clinical studies are highly needed to explore the beneficial functions of O. fragrans and guide its development into functional food products.
Garden pansy is a versatile gardening plant – it produces beautiful colorful edible-flowers with high value in gourmet cuisine. The use of irrigation and biotechnology in garden pansy cultivation can provide gains in flower productivity and nutritional value. The goal of this study was to evaluate the growth and edible flower production in garden pansy plants, submitted to different levels of irrigation and mycorrhizal inoculation. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks in the 2 x 5 factorial design, with the presence and absence of mycorrhizal inoculation in combination with 5 levels of irrigation with 6 replicates, in a greenhouse. There was no significant interaction between the factors mycorrhizal inoculation and irrigation levels by the F test. Under the tested conditions, the mycorrhizal inoculation was unable to provide significant changes in the growth, development and flowering of garden pansy plants. It was concluded that no symbiotic efficiency was pointed out between the mycorrhizal fungus used and garden pansy plants. The best growth and yield results for cultivating and producing edible flowers of garden pansy were obtained at the 100% replenishment level of water evaporation.
Keywords
Viola × wittrockiana; floriculture; water deficit; mycorrhizal fungi
Acteoside, an important phenylethanol glycoside, is the main active component in Osmanthus fragrans flower. Our previous study found that acteoside showed high antiaging effect but its absorption rate was low. We speculated acteoside palliated aging-related cognitive impairment before being absorbed, that was intestinal homeostasis underlie the antiaging effect of acteoside. In this study, acteoside was confirmed to palliate cognitive impairment in d-galactose induced aging mice. Acteoside treatment dramatically reduced oxidative stress, alleviated intestinal inflammation, restored intestinal mucosal barrier, rebuilt gut microbiome structure and upregulated gut microbiome metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and amino acids (AAs). Furthermore, antibiotic treatment revealed that the antiaging ability of acteoside was abolished in microbiota depleted mice, which offered direct evidence for the essential role of gut microbiota in the attenuation of cognitive impairment of acteoside. Together, our study indicated that acteoside palliated cognitive impairment by regulating intestinal homeostasisand acteoside intake might be a promising nutritional intervention in prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
The osmanthus volatile oil was welcomed by consumers even if the high price since the unique and pleasant odor. Meanwhile, the low yield of osmanthus volatile oil restricts industrial production. In this work, an osmanthus volatile oil was obtained by means of a novel ultrasonic‐assisted flash extraction method and was compared with the oil from hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction on yield, aroma, and biological activities. The volatile oil obtained from the ultrasonic‐assisted flash extraction was obtained with the petroleum ether and got a high yield at 3.51% within a 40‐min process, an increase of nearly 81% from the single solvent extraction. This oil also showed a high aroma intensity and aroma compound concentration. Meanwhile, the oil also has the highest antioxidant ability but lower antibacterial activity against oil from hydrodistillation. It was considered that this work was helpful for the optimization of the extraction method of osmanthus volatile oil.
Conventional medical agents for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with some adverse effects no longer meet the needs of the public. In this study, the prognosis-related hub genes of osmanthus-targeted therapy for OSCC were predicted and analyzed by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Osmanthus was extracted using the ethanol reflux method and osmanthus-loaded PVP/PVA (OF/PVP/PVA) hydrogel was prepared by electron beam radiation. The molecular structure, crystal structure and microscopic morphology of hydrogels were observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. OSCC cells CAL-27 were cultured with OF/PVP/PVA hydrogel at different concentrations of extract to discover cell proliferation by MTT assay. The scratching test and JC-1 staining were used to observe the migration and mitochondrial membrane potential. Through experimental exploration, we found that a total of six prognosis-related targets were predicted, which are PYGL, AURKA, SQLE, etc., and osmanthus extract had good binding activity to AURKA. In vitro, except for proliferation inhibition, OF/PVP/PVA hydrogel prevented cell migration and changed the mitochondrial membrane potential of CAL-27 cells at a concentration equal to or greater than 50 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The addition of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and 3-methyladenine weakened the migration inhibition of hydrogel (p < 0.05).
Macroporous resin technology has unique advantages in the effective separation and purification of natural products. Nuezhenoside G13 has shown favorable potential in medical and pharmaceutical applications. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient strategy to prepare high purity of nuezhenoside G13 from Osmanthus fragrans fruit with macroporous resin coupling preparative liquid chromatography. Evaluation of adsorption and desorption abilities of nuezhenoside G13 on ten different microporous resins was compared. The anti-inflammatory activity of prepared nuezhenoside G13 was further measured in a Zebrafish model. Results showed that XAD-16 exhibited the highest adsorption and desorption capacities. The static adsorption isotherm parameters indicated favorable adsorption between XAD-16 and nuezhnoside G13. After XAD-16 resin enrichment, the content of nuezhenoside G13 from the original extract manifested 11.6–fold increase, from 5.13% to 59.56%. A higher purity of nuezhenoside G13 (>95%) product was further obtained by one step of preparative liquid chromatography. The in vivo data showed that nuezhenoside G13 remarkably inhibited the macrophages migration surrounding the neural mound region at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL in CuSO4-treated Zebrafish model and exerted obvious anti-inflammatory activity. These findings developed a useful method to prepare nuezhenoside G13 from O. fragrans fruits and provided a scientific basis for its further comprehensive utilization.
In this review paper, the occurrence in the plant kingdom, the chemophenetic value and the biological activities associated with two specific phenyl-ethanoid glycosides, i.e., leucosceptoside A and leucosceptoside B, were reported. This is the first work ever conducted on such a subject. Analysis of the literature data clearly led to three important conclusions: leucosceptoside A is much more common in plants than leucosceptoside B; leucosceptoside A exerts more biological activities than leucosceptoside B even if nothing can be generally concluded about which one is actually the most potent; neither of these compounds can be used as a chemophenetic marker. These three aspects and more are discussed in more depth in this work.
In this review paper, the occurrence in the plant kingdom and the biological activities associated to two specific phenyl-ethanoid glycosides i.e., leucosceptoside A and leucosceptoside B, were shown and discussed. This is the first work ever done on such subject. Analysis of the literature data clearly indicates that leucosceptoside A is much more common in plants and exerts many more biological activities than leucosceptoside B even if this also presents some important elements. All of this was widely discussed in this paper.
Odors affect various physiological and mental activities. Previous studies in rats have shown that the odors of grapefruit and Osmanthus fragrans (OSM, fragrant tea olive) attenuate food intake, leading to a reduction in body weight gain, but it is not yet clear whether the causative mechanisms underlying these effects are the same for both odors. The first part of the present study revealed that grapefruit odor had no effect on the expression of feeding-related neuropeptides, in contrast to the previous finding that OSM odor suppresses orexigenic and activates anorexigenic neuropeptides in the hypothalamus of the rat. The second part revealed that OSM odor activated the parasympathetic nerve, in contrast to the previous finding demonstrating that grapefruit odor activates sympathetic nerve activity. The third part was performed to confirm the previous findings about the effects of OSM odor on appetitive reactions in humans. In human subjects, we found that continuous exposure to OSM odor attenuated appetite and consumption of snacks (cookies) and improved mood, when evaluated using the POMS (Profile of Mood States) data from university students. In conclusion, OSM odor attenuated appetite and decreased food intake in humans, and the underlying causative mechanisms differed from those mediating the effects of grapefruit odor, specifically in terms of the expression of hypothalamic feeding-related neuropeptides and autonomic nerve activity.
In this study, simultaneous optimization of ultrasound-assistant extraction (UAE) of four representative groups of Osmanthus fragrans (OF) fruit was firstly performed using the response surface methodology (RSM). Subsequently, qualitative and quantitative analysis of irioid glycosides from the optimized OF fruit extract was performed using UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS. A total of 13 irioid glycosides were tentatively identified, of which six compounds were identified for the first time. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of the optimized OF var. aurantiacus Makino (OFA) fruit extract was evaluated based on a CuSO4-induced zebra fish model. The biological results demonstrated that OFA fruit extract at a concentration of 5 μg/mL could significantly reduce the number of macrophages, but no significant activities were observed at high concentrations (10 and 50 μg/mL). These results suggest that OF fruit has the promise as a functional additive in food for health promotion.
Fragrance is an integral part of cosmetic products and is often regarded as an overriding factor in the selection of cosmetics among consumers. Fragrances also play a considerable role in masking undesirable smells arising from fatty acids, oils and surfactants that are commonly used in cosmetic formulations. Essential oils are vital assets in the cosmetic industry, as along with imparting pleasant aromas in different products, they are able to act as preservatives and active agents and, simultaneously, offer various benefits to the skin. Moreover, the stimulating demand for natural ingredients has contributed massively to a renewed interest in cosmetic and wellness industries in plant derivatives, especially essential oils. This has led popular cosmetic companies to endorse natural fragrances and opt for minimally processed natural ingredients, given the potentially adverse health risks associated with artificial fragrance chemicals, which are major elements of cosmetics. Among the high-valued essential oils used as fragrances are citrus, lavender, eucalyptus, tea tree and other floral oils, among others, while linalool, geraniol, limonene, citronellol, and citral are much-appreciated fragrance components used in different cosmetics. Thus, this review aimed to highlight the enormous versatility of essential oils as significant sources of natural fragrances in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Moreover, a special focus will be laid on the different aspects related to essential oils such as their sources, market demand, chemistry, fragrance classification, aroma profile, authenticity and safety.
A method for the separation and quantification of acteoside by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed and validated. Hot water and ethanolic extracts of Osmanthus fragrans leaves and flowers were analyzed for acteoside content. Excellent linearity was obtained, with an r2 higher than 0.999. The precision, specificity, and accuracy of our method were excellent, suggesting that it can be conveniently used for the quantification of acteoside in the crude extract of O. fragrans. The hot water and ethanol extracts were analyzed, and their biological activities were tested. The extraction yields, marker (acteoside) contents, and antioxidant activities of the leaf and flower extracts were analyzed. The antioxidant activity was confirmed by measuring the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and total phenolic content. The acteoside content tended to be higher in the 100% ethanol extract of O. fragrans compared to those with the other extraction conditions tested. Overall, almost all extracts prepared with ethanolic solvents tended to produce better antioxidant activity than those prepared with hot water. These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of O. fragrans could serve as a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical source, and our validated method would be useful for the quality control of O. fragrans extracts.
Phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) are generally water‐soluble phenolic compounds that occur in many medicinal plants. Until June 2020, more than 572 PhGs have been isolated and identified. PhGs possess antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, antiobesity, antioxidant, antiviral, and neuroprotective properties. Despite these promising benefits, PhGs have failed to fulfill their therapeutic applications due to their poor bioavailability. The attempts to understand their metabolic pathways to improve their bioavailability are investigated. In this review article, we will first summarize the number of PhGs compounds which is not accurate in the literature. The latest information on the biological activities, structure–activity relationships, mechanisms, and especially the clinical applications of PhGs will be reviewed. The bioavailability of PhGs will be summarized and factors leading to the low bioavailability will be analyzed. Recent advances in methods such as bioenhancers and nanotechnology to improve the bioavailability of PhGs are also summarized. The existing scientific gaps of PhGs in knowledge are also discussed, highlighting research directions in the future.
The roots of O. fragrans are also a valuable resource in addition to its flowers and fruits. In this study, the HPLC-MS/MS method used for analyzing the chemical constituents in O. fragrans roots extract was developed, which showed high sensitivity for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Thirty-two compounds were first discovered in O. fragrans roots, one compound of which was reported for the first time. The simultaneous determination method for acteoside, isoacteoside, oleuropein and phillyrin was validated to be sensitive and accurate. Then it was applied to determine the content of bioactive components in O. fragrans roots from different cultivars. The content of oleuropein and phillyrin in the twelve batches was relatively stable, while the content of acteoside and isoacteoside varied greatly. Moreover, the therapeutic material basis and mechanism of O. fragrans roots exerting its traditional pharmacodynamics were analyzed by network pharmacology. The results showed that O. fragrans roots might be effective for the treatment of inflammation, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis, which is consistent with the traditional pharmacodynamics of O. fragrans roots. This work can provide the analytical method for the comprehensive development of O. fragrans roots.
BACKGROUND: Acteoside is a phenylethanoid compound isolated from Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don leaves with a potential antidiabetic effect. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of acteoside in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced Type 2 diabetes in rats. METHODS: Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a single dose of STZ (52.5 mg/kg), 15 min following i.p. administration of NA (25 mg/kg). Rats were divided into six groups; Group I: Normal rat group received the vehicle, Group II: Diabetic control group, and Groups III-IV: Diabetic rat groups were treated by either oral acteoside (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) or pioglitazone (30 mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days. Biochemical parameters were assessed in the serum and liver homogenates. Examination of liver sections for histopathology was also carried out. RESULTS: Acteoside treated rats showed significant lower levels of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and increased serum insulin compared to control diabetic rats. Furthermore, acteoside treated rats, in comparison to the diabetic control, demonstrated significantly reduced malondialdehyde, increased reduced glutathione liver contents, and attenuated pathological alterations in the liver. These effects were comparable to those caused by the standard antidiabetic drug, pioglitazone. In vitro, acteoside scavenged stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. CONCLUSION: Acteoside could be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, studying further mechanisms underlying its antidiabetic effect is recommended.
Various phytochemicals have been reported to protect against oxidative stress. However, the mechanism underlying has not been systematically evaluated, which limited their application in disease treatment. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a central transcription factor in oxidative stress response related to numerous diseases, is activated after dissociating from the cytoskeleton-anchored Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). The Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction has become an important drug target. This study was designed to clarify whether antioxidantive phytochemicals inhibit the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction and activate the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway efficiently. Molecular docking and 3D-QSAR were applied to evaluate the interaction effects between 178 antioxidant phytochemicals and the Nrf2 binding site in Keap1. The Nrf2 activation effect was tested on a H2O2-induced oxidative-injured cell model. Results showed that the 178 phytochemicals could be divided into high-, medium-, and low-total-score groups depending on their binding affinity with Keap1, and the high-total-score group consisted of 24 compounds with abundant oxygen or glycosides. Meanwhile, these compounds could bind with key amino acids in the structure of the Keap1-Nrf2 interface. Compounds from high-total-score group show effective activation effects on Nrf2. In conclusion, phytochemicals showed high binding affinity with Keap1 are promising new Nrf2 activators.
Osmanthus fragrans Lour. is a popular aromatic ornamental plant and its flowers are used to enhance the color and fragrance of food. In this study, we analyzed the volatiles of 29 cultivars from all four groups of O. fragrans using a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We identified 41 volatile organic components that were distributed over five different compound classes, with the majority of the volatile components being dominated by alcohols, ketones, and terpenes, which accounted for 56.6–95.06% of the total volatiles in all tested materials except ‘Zao Yingui’. In ‘Zao Yingui’, alcohols, ketones, and terpenes accounted for only 48.19% of the total volatiles. The diversity of the volatile compounds and their relative contents varied among the four groups and cultivars within each group. The major volatile compounds were α-ionone, β-ionone, 2H-β-ionone, linalool, trans-linalool oxide, cis-linalool oxide, epoxy linalool, geraniol (Z)-ocimene, and γ-decalactone in all tested cultivars, while nerol and (Z)-3-hexenyl butanoic acid ester were abundant in several cultivars. The 29 cultivars were classified into five clusters in a hierarchical cluster analysis based on their floral volatile compounds. The cultivars of different sexes (male vs. hermaphrodite) had no significant differences in the relative contents of the major volatile compounds. This study provides valuable information for understanding the chemical composition of the volatile compounds of O. fragrans flowers as well as a theoretical basis for the origin, development, and application of modern cultivars of O. fragrans.
Osmanthus cooperi is an evergreen ornamental plant belonging to the olive family. In this study, its complete chloroplast genome was assembled from the whole genome Illumina sequencing data. The circular genome is 155,262 bp long, and comprises a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs, 25,685 bp each), a large single-copy region (LSC, 86,525 bp), and a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,367 bp). It encodes 132 genes, including 8 rRNA genes, 36 tRNAs genes, and 88 protein-coding genes. The GC content of O. cooperi cp genome is 37.8%. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that O. cooperi is close to O. fragrans in Oleaceae.
France Rose Buds, Jasmine Flower, and Osmanthus Flower are three edible flowers commonly available in Malaysia market. Composition of these 3 edible flowers is not widely studied. Hence, the caffeine, total phenolic content (TPC), volatile compounds, and overall acceptability of tea infusion from France Rose Buds, Jasmine Flower, and Osmanthus Flower were compared. Tea infusion from the edible flowers was prepared by boiling it with distilled water. None solvent extraction was carried out to determine the bioactive compounds. Tea infusion of Osmanthus Flower contains the highest caffeine (4.96±1.94 µg/ml), total phenolic content (4.33±0.03 mg GAE/g) and overall acceptability (6.16±2.05) compared to France Rose Buds and Jasmine Flower. The Jasmine Flower was found to have the highest number of volatile compounds (13) compared to France Rose Buds and Osmanthus Flower. This study indicates that the edible flowers have the potential for application as food ingredient.
The Osmanthus fragrans flower (OFF) is commonly used as an additive for tea in China and as a traditional medicine to treat dysentery, asthma and hepatitis. In the current study, we have acquired the aqueous extract of the dried OFF (OFFE) and determined its enriched acteoside contents. However, whether OFFE and acteoside can modulate melanogenesis and pigmentation has yet to be determined. We here provide novel data revealing that OFFE and acteoside inhibit melanogenesis induced by α-MSH in B16 melanoma cells via the MITF-Tyrosinase signaling pathway. Treatment with α-MSH (1μM) enhanced melanin levels and tyrosinase activity, up-regulated the mRNA levels of MITF and tyrosinase and increased the dendritic number in B16 melanoma cells, effects all being intervened by OFFE and acteoside. Of interest, OFFE and acteoside showed no direct inhibition of tyrosinase activity as revealed by our ex vivo tyrosinase activity assay. In addition, OFFE produced a depigmenting action on UVB-induced hyperpigmentation in Guinea pigs, as shown by the improved skin brightness and the decreased melanin staining. Our data have demonstrated that OFFE can alter melanogenesis via modulating the MITF-Tyrosinase signaling thereby leading to its depigmenting action in the in vivo model. OFFE could be a substitute for acteoside as a promising skin-whitening agent.
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor against oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs; salidroside, acteoside, isoacteoside, and echinacoside) exhibit antioxidant and neuroprotective bioactivities. This study was performed to investigate the neuroprotective effect and molecular mechanism of PhGs. PhGs pretreatment significantly suppressed H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells by triggering the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and reversing the downregulated protein expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutamate cysteine ligase-catalytic subunit (GCLC), and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM). Nrf2 siRNA or HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) reduced the neuroprotective effect. PhGs showed potential interaction with the Nrf2 binding site in Kelch-like ECH-association protein 1 (Keap1). This result may support the hypothesis that PhGs are activators of Nrf2. We demonstrated the potential binding between PhGs and the Keap1-activated Nrf2/ARE pathway, and that PhGs with more glycosides had enhanced effects.
Natural products are characterized by extreme structural diversity and thus they offer a unique source for the identification of novel anti-tumor agents. Herein, we report that the herbal substance acteoside being isolated by advanced phytochemical methods from Lippia citriodora leaves showed enhanced cytotoxicity against metastatic tumor cells; acted in synergy with various cytotoxic agents and it sensitized chemoresistant cancer cells. Acteoside was not toxic in physiological cellular contexts, while it increased oxidative load, affected the activity of proteostatic modules and suppressed matrix metalloproteinases in tumor cell lines. Intraperitoneal or oral (via drinking water) administration of acteoside in a melanoma mouse model upregulated antioxidant responses in the tumors; yet, only intraperitoneal delivery suppressed tumor growth and induced anti-tumor-reactive immune responses. Mass-spectrometry identification/quantitation analyses revealed that intraperitoneal delivery of acteoside resulted in significantly higher, vs. oral administration, concentration of the compound in the plasma and tumors of treated mice, suggesting that its in vivo anti-tumor effect depends on the route of administration and the achieved concentration in the tumor. Finally, molecular modeling studies and enzymatic activity assays showed that acteoside inhibits protein kinase C. Conclusively, acteoside holds promise as a chemical scaffold for the development of novel anti-tumor agents.
Background:
Osmanthus fragrans has been used as folk medicine for thousands of years. The extracts of Osmanthus fragrans flowers were reported to have various bioactivities including free radical scavenging, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection and antitumor effects. However, there is still lack of knowledge about its essential oil.
Methods:
In this work, we analyzed the chemical composition of the essential oil from Osmanthus fragrans var. thunbergii by GC-MS. A complex network approach was applied to investigate the interrelationships between the ingredients, target proteins, and related pathways for the essential oil. Statistical characteristics of the networks were further studied to explore the main active ingredients and potential bioactivities of O. fragrans var. thunbergii essential oil.
Results:
A total of 44 ingredients were selected from the chemical composition of O. fragrans var. thunbergii essential oil, and that 191 potential target proteins together with 70 pathways were collected for these compounds. An ingredient-target-pathway network was constructed based on these data and showed scale-free property as well as power-law degree distribution. Eugenol and geraniol were screened as main active ingredients with much higher degree values. Potential neuroprotective and anti-tumor effect of the essential oil were also found. A core subnetwork was extracted from the ingredient-target-pathway network, and indicated that eugenol and geraniol contributed most to the neuroprotection of this essential oil. Furthermore, a pathway-based protein association network was built and exhibited small-world property. MAPK1 and MAPK3 were considered as key proteins with highest scores of centrality indices, which might play an important role in the anti-tumor effect of the essential oil.
Conclusions:
This work predicted the main active ingredients and bioactivities of O. fragrans var. thunbergii essential oil, which would benefit the development and utilization of Osmanthus fragrans flowers. The application of complex network theory was proved to be effective in bioactivities studies of essential oil. Moreover, it provides a novel strategy for exploring the molecular mechanisms of traditional medicines.
The excess influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) into nonadipose tissues, such as those of liver and kidney, induces lipotoxicity leading to hepatic steatosis and renal dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of methanolic flower extracts of Osmanthus fragrans (OF) and Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM) against FFA-induced lipotoxicity in hepatocytes (human HepG2 cells) and renal glomerular mesangial cells (mouse SV40-Mes13 cells). The results showed that OF and CM significantly suppressed FFA-induced intracellular triacylglycerol accumulation via partially inhibiting the gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) in HepG2 cells. Both extracts inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by FFA-stimulated HepG2 cells. OF and CM also suppressed the mRNA expression of interleukin- (IL-) 1 β , IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α , and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β by HepG2 cells treated with conditioned medium derived from lipopolysaccharide-treated THP-1 monocytes. Furthermore, OF and CM effectively inhibited oleate-induced cellular lipid accumulation, TGF- β secretion, and overexpression of fibronectin in mesangial cells. In conclusion, OF and CM possess hepatoprotective activity by inhibiting hepatic fat load and inflammation and renal protection by preventing FFA-induced mesangial extracellular matrix formation.
Osmanthus fragrans is an ornamental plant of substantial commercial value, and no genetic linkage maps of this species have previously been reported. Specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) is a recently developed technology that allows massive single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be identified and high-resolution genotyping. In our current research, we generated the first genetic map of O. fragrans using SLAF-seq, which is composed with 206.92 M paired-end reads and 173,537 SLAF markers. Among total 90,715 polymorphic SLAF markers, 15,317 polymorphic SLAFs could be used for genetic map construction. The integrated map contained 14,189 high quality SLAFs that were grouped in 23 genetic linkage groups, with a total length of 2962.46 cM and an average distance of 0.21 cM between two adjacent markers. In addition, 23,664 SNPs were identified from the mapped markers. As far as we know, this is the first of the genetic map of O. fragrans. Our results are further demonstrate that SLAF-seq is a very effective method for developing markers and constructing high-density linkage maps. The SNP markers and the genetic map reported in this study should be valuable resource in future research.
This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. flowers (EOF) and identified phenolic compounds in EOF using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nine compounds, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid 4-O-glucoside, salidroside, 5-O-coumaroylquinic acid, 4-O-coumaroylquinic acid, acteoside, ligustroside, fucosterol and arjunolic acid were identifi ed. To our knowledge, caffeic acid 4-O-glucoside, 5-O-coumaroylquinic acid and 4-O-coumaroylquinic acid have not been detected in EOF. In vitro antioxidant activity analysis demonstrated that EOF possessed strong DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging activity with EC
The antioxidant synergistic effects of Osmanthus fragrans flowers with green tea were evaluated, and their major antioxidant compounds contributed to the total amount of synergy were determined. The antioxidant compounds in O. fragrans flowers with green tea were identified by LC-MS and quantified by UPLC-PDA. The synergistic antioxidant interactions between O. fragrans flowers with green tea and their antioxidant compounds were tested using the Prieto’s model after the simulated digestion. The main antioxidant compounds in O. fragrans flowers were acteoside and salideroside, whereas the main antioxidant compounds in green tea were caffeine, gallic acid, and L-epicatechin. The significant synergistic effect between O. fragrans flowers and green tea was observed and among nearly all of the combinations of their antioxidant compounds. Among the combinations, acteoside and gallic acid contributed most to the antioxidant synergy between O. fragrans flowers and green tea. However, the simulated digestion decreased this antioxidant synergy because it reduced the contents and the antioxidant capacities of their compounds, as well as the antioxidant synergy among the compounds.
Inhibition of ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation, and oxidative stress by isolated active constituents of Osmanthus fragrans flowers (9,12-octadecadienoic acid and 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-3-buten-2-one) and their structural analogues were evaluated. 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid was 10.02 and 22.21 times more active against ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase, respectively, than acarbose and ascorbic acid, followed by 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-3-buten-2-one, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenyl)-3-buten-2-one, 1-heptadecanecarboxylic acid, and 1-pentadecanecarboxylic acid. Concerning the inhibition of AGEs formation, similar with data for 2,2?-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl radical scavenging activities, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid was 3.54 times more active than aminoguanidine, followed by 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, and 9-octadecenoic acid. These results indicate that 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-3-buten-2-one, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid and their analogues inhibit ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase, AGEs formation, and oxidative stress have potential value in alleviating diabetic pathological conditions.
Inflammation is a common pathological phenomenon when homeostasis is seriously disturbed. Phillygenin (PHI), a lignin component isolated from Forsythiae Fructus, has shown a good anti-inflammatory effect. However, the mechanisms of PHI on anti-inflammation have not yet been systematically elucidated. In this study, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - induced RAW264.7 cell inflammation model was established to investigate mechanisms of PHI on inflammation. The effect of PHI on the release of IL-1β and PGE2 inflammatory factors induced by LPS was detected by ELISA, and the mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were detected by RT-qPCR. Proteomics studied the signaling pathways that might be affected by PHI and molecular docking technology was subsequently used to study the possible targets on proteomic screened pathways. Western blot was performed ultimately to detect progressive changes in protein expression on the related pathway. Our research showed that PHI significantly inhibited the robust increase of IL-1β and PGE2 and lowered the transcriptional level of inflammatory genes including IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Proteomics results indicated that PHI was involved in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. Molecular docking results indicated that PHI had an affinity for most proteins in NF-κB pathway. Western blot analysis proved that PHI inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB pathway activation. On the whole, PHI inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway, thereby inhibiting the expression of related inflammatory genes and the release of cytokines, and showed a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect.
Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans Lour.) (OF) is one of the ten most famous flowers in China for its unique and delicate fragrance. A combined solid-phase microextraction and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation method was used to accurately capture the overall aromatic profile and characterize the predominant odorants of fresh osmanthus with the help of gas chromatography (GC)-olfactometry and comprehensive two-dimensional GC-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-QTOF-MS). Twenty-six volatiles were identified for the first time in OF. A total of 23 potent odorants, dominated by monoterpene oxides and C6 aliphatic aldehydes, were identified. The efficacy of pectinase, β-glucosidase, and their combination on the aroma enhancement of OF was evaluated by quantitation of the target aroma components using GC-triple quadrupole-MS. The total concentration of key aroma components increased in all three enzyme treatment groups, and the increase was more significant in two β-glucosidase-treated groups. Changes in odor activity values and odor spectrum values of key odorants indicated that the pectinase-treated sample had more prominent floral, green, and potato-like scents. In contrast, the β-glucosidase-treated sample had more dominant floral, woody, almond-like, and fruity notes but less green odor, which was confirmed by sensory evaluation. β-Glucosidase and pectinase complement one another very well, and together, promote a remarkable aroma enhancement in OF.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease as well as the main cause of dementia. A progressive cognitive decline with age is considered as the major manifestation of AD. Amyloid beta-peptide (A β ) is one of the primary causes leading to cognitive dysfunction in AD. Recent studies have suggested that the activation of PKC/p38MAPK pathway is related to the neurotoxicity induced by β -amyloid. Salidroside is the major active component of Rhodiola crenu-lata, has been reported with widely neuroprotective effects. The protective effects of salidroside against β -amyloid induced neural apoptosis via the MAPKs pathway has been confirmed in the vitro study. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of salidroside through the PKC/p38MAPK pathway in β -amyloid induced AD mice. The results by Y maze showed that salidroside improved A β -induced cognitive impairment. Nissl staining results showed that salidroside affected neuronal damage in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of AD mice. Western blot results revealed that salidroside enhanced protein expression of p-PKC, whereas it suppressed protein expression of p-p38MAPK, Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Thus, the present results demonstrated that salidroside ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in A β 25–35 induced AD mice. And the effects on protein expression of p-PKC and p-p38MAPK contributed to the neuroprotective effects of salidroside against neural apoptosis in AD mice.
The irreversible glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids produces advanced glycation end products (AGEs). These modified AGEs are triggered to bind the receptor for AGE (RAGE), thereby activating its downstream signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, ultimately leading to diabetes and cancers. In this review, we focus on the interaction of AGE–RAGE and their associated pathways. We also consider the activity of phytochemicals, such as genistein and curcumin, that trap dicarbonyl compounds including methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxalase that arise from multiple pathways to block AGE formation and prevent its interaction with RAGE.
Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus has been used for the treatment of menopausal pain, foul breath, and intestinal bleeding. Four phenylpropyl triterpenoids, 3-O-trans-p-coumaroyltormentic acid (1), 3β-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2α-hydroxyl-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), 3β-cis-p-coumaroyloxy-2α-hydroxyl-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (3), 3-O-cis-coumaroylmaslinic acid (4), were isolated from the leaves of O. fragrans var. aurantiacus and the inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages were evaluated. Among them, compounds 2–4 concentration dependently showed NO production inhibitory effects. To determine the signaling factors involved in the inhibition of NO production by compounds 2–4, we assessed anti-inflammatory activity. Western blot analysis revealed compounds 2–4 significantly decreased the expression of LPS-stimulated protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK)1/2. Also, compounds 2–4 downregulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 levels in LPS-induced macrophages and colonic epithelial cells. This study demonstrated that phenylpropyl triterpenoids 2–4 isolated from O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves can be used as potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Triterpenic acids possess rich biological activity. Due to slight differences in structure and polarity, the simultaneous determination of isomeric triterpenic acids is challenging. In the present work, a simple and effective approach to chromatographic separation of such compounds based on conventional C18 stationary phase with gradient elution was developed, which allowed the simultaneous separation of eleven analytes including euscaphic, arjunic, tormentic, arjunolic, asiatic, pomolic, maslinic, corosolic, oleanolic, ursolic and 2-Epi tormentic acid (internal standard). This approach with mass spectrometric detection and ultrasonic extraction was fast, sensitive and accurate for analyzing isomeric triterpenic acids in O. fragrans fruits with a toal duration of the analytical cycle (including pretreatment) within one hour. The LODs lie in ranges of 0.8-12 ng/mL (30 ng/mL for asiatic and corosolic acid). The developed method was validated and successfully applied in ten batches of O. fragrans fruits, which could reflect the detail content difference of triterpenic acid components.
New phenylethanoid, glucooleoacteoside (2), along with 18 known compounds were isolated from the aqueous extract of Osmanthus fragrans. The structure of new compound was elucidated on the base of IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D NMR, 2D NMR and DEPT analysis. Bioactivity investigation into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) proliferation, type I collagen expression, and MMP-1 expression were examined with six phenylethanoids. We found that compounds 1, 3, 4, 7, and 9 showed moderate bioactivities. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the aqueous extract of flower of O. fragrans contained phenylethanoid-rich constituents which revealed bioactivities at the cellular level of HDFs.
This work presents a new triptycene-based stationary phase (TP-PEG) combining the three-dimensional (3D) triptycene (TP) framework with polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties for gas chromatographic (GC) separations. Its statically coated capillary column showed high column efficiency of 5263 plates/m determined by naphthalene at 120 °C. Its Rohrschneider-McReynolds constants and Abraham solvation system constants were measured to characterize its polarity and molecular interactions with analytes of different types. As evidenced, the TP-PEG column showed high-resolution performance for the isomers of anilines, phenols, halobenzenes and alkanes with distinct advantages over the PEG columns, particularly those critical isomers such as 3,5-/2,3-xylidine (R = 2.94), m-/p-chlorotoluene (R = 1.92), p-/m-cresol (R = 1.89), 2,2-dimethylbutane/2-methylpentane (R = 1.51), 2,2,3-trimethylbutane /2,3-dimethyl pentane (R = 1.74) and 2,3-dimethylpentane/n-heptane (R = 1.92). In addition, it exhibited good column repeatability and reproducibility with the relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 0.02%-0.09% for run-to-run, 0.13%-0.22% for day-to-day and 2.7%-4.1% for column-to-column, respectively, and a wide operational temperature range (30 °C-280 °C) . Its application to GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of Osmanthus fragrans has proven its good potential for practical analysis of complex samples.
Triterpenoids, as an important family of plant secondary metabolites, have important biological activities associated with health and disease prevention. In this work we proposed a HPLC-MS method for profiling multiple groups of triterpenoid acids and triterpenoid esters differing only in one position of the hydroxyl or methyl group in O. fragrans fruits. A total of thirty-one compounds were identified, and twenty-seven components were discovered in O. fragrans fruits for the first time. The HPLC-MS profiling method was applied in the analysis of the triterpenoids of O. fragrans flowers, and the time courses of triterpenoids of O. fragrans fruits.
Intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]i) disorder is one of the important pathogeneses of hypertension. Phillygenin (Phi) is a lignan compound found in medicinal plants and certain functional foods. In this paper, an event was first noticed that spontaneously hypertensive rats after treatment with 2.5–10 mg/kg Phi exhibited a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure. In addition, it was also verified that Phi has a significant inhibitory effect on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors-mediated Ca²⁺ release from calcium stores in H9C2 cells. To evaluate the antihypertensive properties of Phi and explore its antihypertension mechanism, an alkynyl modified Phi molecular probes were synthesized. Then, the protein PLCβ3 was captured and identified as a target of Phi on PLCβ3-dependent Ca²⁺ oscillation by a series of chemical biology strategy. And the evidence may be provide a good guidance of Phi containing functional food in dietary nutrition regulation for the prevention of hypertension.
Rationale:
Floral volatiles are commonly present only at trace amounts and can be degraded or lost during vapor collection, which is often challenging from the analytical standpoint. Osmanthus fragrans Lour. is a widely cultivated plant known for the highly distinct fragrance of its flowers. The identification of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and molecular differentiation of O. fragrans without any chemical pretreatment and VOC collection are important.
Methods:
Twenty-eight VOCs released by the flowers from ten different cultivars of O. fragrans were identified using neutral desorption extractive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ND-EAPCI-MS) without any chemical pretreatment or VOC collection. Chemical identification was performed by high-resolution MSn analysis and whenever possible was confirmed by the analysis of standards.
Results:
According to our literature search, nine of the identified VOCs, 3-buten-2-one, cyclohexadiene, 2-methylfuran, 3-allylcyclohexene, cuminyl alcohol, hotrienol oxide, epoxy-linalool oxide, N-(2-hyrdoxyethyl) octanamide, and 3-hydroxy-dihydro-β-ionone, have not been reported in O. fragrans in earlier studies. Confident differentiation between ten different cultivars of O. fragrans was achieved by the principal component analysis of the mass spectrometric results.
Conclusions:
The results of our ND-EAPCI-MS analysis substantially increase our knowledge about the chemistry of the O. fragrans floral fragrance and demonstrate the power of this technique for direct molecular profiling for plant recognition or in biotechnological applications.
A simple and sensitive HPLC with fluorescence detection method has been developed for the determination of active components in Osmanthus fragrans fruits. In this work, reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with a C18 column and mobile phase of methanol‐water was applied to effectively separate three phenylethanoid glycosides, including salidroside, neonuezhenide and nuezhenide. The limit of detection of salidroside, neonuezhenide and nuezhenide was 3.9 ng/mL, 25.4 ng/mL and 24.2 ng/mL, respectively. Then this method was applied to determine the content in several batches of Osmanthus fragrans fruits extract, which were collected from Wuhan, Hefei and Changsha. Meanwhile, the method was used for the detection of rat plasma administrated with Osmanthus fragrans fruits extract, which could be an alternative method applied to the field of the further pharmacokinetics study. The result implied that the developed method was economical, simple, convenient and sensitive, which was appropriate for the determination of salidroside, neonuezhenide and nuezhenide in Osmanthus fragrans fruits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Sweet olive (Osmanthus fragrans flowers) is used to treat dysentery and reduce phlegm and stasis in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, we found that verbascoside, the major component in the sweet olive ethanolic extract (OFE), inhibited IL-8 secretion in human colorectal adenocarcinoma WiDr cells. However, evidence-based treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with the extract is yet to be performed. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of OFE, we measured IL-8 suppression by OFE and verbascoside in a WiDr cell culture assay. In the IL-8 secretion assay, both OFE (100 μg/mL) and verbascoside (10 μM) significantly inhibited IL-8 production in WiDr cells. Furthermore, we designed cotreated (dextran sulfate sodium [DSS]+OFE-treated) and post-treated (DSS-OFE-treated) protocols to access the therapeutic effects of OFE in vivo. Mice treated with 500 mg/kg per day OFE exhibited significant improvement in IBD symptoms, including disease activity index score, body weight, and colon length maintenance. The suppressive effects on myeloperoxidase expression and lower histopathology scores (including neutrophil infiltration) for the colon were also found. These findings suggest that OFE exerts anti-inflammatory effect on DSS-induced colitis.
Acteoside has been reported to have antioxidant and neuroprotective effect, which is a promising therapeutic way in prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease. The present study was aimed to understand the neuroprotective effect of acteoside and to elucidate its underlying mechanism. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neural damage in zebrafish model was used to study the protective effect of acteoside on Parkinson disease (PD). Locomotion behavioral test showed that acteoside could prevent 6-OHDA-stimulated movement disorders. Anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) whole-mount immunostaining analysis showed that acteoside could prevent 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuron death. In addition, pretreatment with acteoside could upregulate antioxidative enzymes by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in zebrafish. Meanwhile, acteoside was found to be distributed in the brain after intraperitoneal injection into the adult zebrafish, indicating that this compound could penetrate the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). This study demonstrated that acteoside could penetrate BBB and have potential therapeutic value for Parkinson's disease by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and attenuating the oxidative stress.
In order to find new sources of natural antioxidants, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 30 flowers in their free, esterified and insoluble-bound forms were determined. Rosa rugosa Thunb (pink) showed the highest TPC, and Osmanthus fragrans had the highest TFC. The antioxidant activities of 30 flowers were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Rosa rugosa Thunb (purple) and Rosa rugosa Thunb (pink) had the highest DPPH (612.79 and 544.75 μmol Trolox/g DW), FRAP (273.10 and 301.14 μmol Trolox/g DW) and TEAC (1013.71 and 937.19 μmol Trolox/g DW) value. Furthermore, several phenolic compounds were detected using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) technique, and (+)-catechin, ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin were widely found in these flowers. The results implied that the flowers were important natural sources of bioactive components with higher antioxidant capacities for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Ripe O. fragrans fruit is composed of purple peels, green pulps and light brown seeds. Since the biological effects such as antioxidative activities and platelet-aggregation inhibition are related to the phenolic compounds and flavonoids in O. fragrans fruits, these components have a great potential as functional food ingredient. In the work, active components in O. fragrans fruits extraction were investigated by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. A total of twenty-eight compounds were identified and sixteen components were first discovered in O. fragrans fruits, most of which were a series of phenylethanoid glucosides. These compounds are assigned as methyloleoside neonuezhenide and possible fragmentation pathway of mass spectrometry is first elucidated. Additionally, sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for five phenylethanoid glycosides of salidroside, acteoside, isoacteoside, neonuezhenide and nuezhenide and two triterpenes of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid has been established for the quality of O. fragrans fruits comprehensively.
Echinacoside (ECH) and acteoside (ACT), the major constituents of Cistanche tubulosa, suppress the increase in postprandial blood glucose level. Although ECH and ACT have been reported to weakly inhibit α-glucosidases, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we focused on the regulatory mechanism of dietary glucose absorption. In this study, we aimed to clarify the inhibitory effects of ECH and ACT on sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 1-mediated gastrointestinal glucose absorption. Uptake experiments were performed using human intestinal Caco-2 cells and the fluorescence glucose analogue, 2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-d-glucose (2-NBDG). Sodium-dependent 2-NBDG uptake was successfully estimated and this uptake was completely inhibited by an SGLT inhibitor phlorizin. ECH and ACT inhibited sodium-dependent 2-NBDG uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. However, this inhibition was not observed under sodium-free condition. This study suggested that the inhibitory effects of ECH and ACT on SGLT1-mediated glucose uptake contribute to suppression of increased postprandial blood glucose level.
The flower petals of 12 Osmanthus fragrans cultivars in full flowering stages were used for Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer(GC-MS)analysis. The results showed that there were total 59 volatiles detected in 12 cultivars. The volatile compounds of sweet osmanthus were dominated by terpenoids. According to the sum of relative content of main volatiles compounds(> 0.05%)obtained in principal component analysis(PCA),sweet osmanthus were clustered into three groups. In yellow color flowers,O. fragrans'Liuye Jingui'has been found to have the highest cumulative explained variance ratio,which is 56.75%;in white-yellow color flowers,O. fragrans'Houban Yingui'has been found to have the highest cumulative explained variance ratio,which is 51.91%;and in orange color flowers,O. fragrans'Gecheng Dangui'has been found to have the highest cumulative explained variance ratio,which is 58.88%. In addition,we selected these three representative osmanthus cultivars with different flower color and fragrance to detect the content of aroma-Active compounds during flowering by Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry(GC-O)analysis. The results showed that the three cultivars of O. fragrans released aroma-Active compounds with Luolan/woody/fruity odors in the initial flowering stage. From the initial flowering stage to the full flowering stage,O. fragrans'Gecheng Dangui'with orange color released aroma-Active compounds with floral odors;O. fragrans'Houban Yingui'with white-yellow color has obvious herbal odors;and O. fragrans'Liuye Jingui'with yellow color showed more prominent violet/woody/fruity odors. In the final flowering stage,both O. fragrans'Gecheng Dangui'and O. fragrans 'Liuye Jingui'showed more prominent obvious green/fresh odors,while O. fragrans'Houban Yingui' still has more obvious herbal odors,which may be the reason why people feel this fragrance releasing more constantly.
en Oxidative stress can stimulate the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and the metastatic spread of colorectal cancer. The flowers of Osmanthus fragrans (sweet olive) are used to alleviate dysentery with blood in the bowel, as well as stomach ache and diarrhea. However, the evidence of their therapeutic effects on these symptoms remains unclear. In the present study, the protective effects of sweet olive flower ethanolic extract (OFE) against oxidative stress in WiDr cells was assessed by evaluating its 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. In addition, cellular IL‐8 secretion was evaluated. Notably, high‐performance liquid chromatography showed verbascoside to be the primary constituent in OFE; it exhibited a DPPH scavenging activity with an IC50 of 8.23 μg/mL. Moreover, OFE (1 to 100 μg/mL) showed a potent, dose‐dependent inhibitory effect on H2O2‐induced IL‐8 secretion in WiDr cells. Nine compounds were isolated from OFE based on a protective effect‐guided purification process. Of these compounds, 5 phenolic compounds—verbascoside, phillygenin, tyrosol, methyl 4‐hydroxycinnamate, and eutigoside A—reduced IL‐8 secretion at 10 μg/mL treatment concentrations. Further analysis showed that the anti‐inflammatory effects of OFE likely occurred via nuclear factor‐κB pathway inhibition, which attenuates IL‐8 secretion in cells. Collectively, these data suggest that OFE could be developed as an agent that suppresses IL‐8 secretion to treat chronic inflammatory diseases.
Practical Application
pt The data from this study reveal a detailed analysis of the bioactivities of sweet olive ethanolic extract and its derivatives. These results demonstrate the value of development of a therapeutic containing sweet olive extract or verbascoside, which was found to be the major constituent in the extract, to treat inflammatory bowel disease.
Since the 1980s, China has developed a broader and deeper connection with the world. One of the most intriguing aspects of Chinese culture is its rich cuisine and fascinating cooking. China is a nation with a long history of food culture, and food has become an essential part of Chinese culture. This book tells in sprightly and straightforward language about the structure of traditional Chinese food, food customs for festivals and celebrations in China, Chinese dining etiquette, traditional food and cooking methods, healthy and medicinal diets, as well as historical exchanges of foods between China and other nations. It can present to the readers a complete and truthful picture of the summarized history and culture of Chinese food.
Osmanthus fragrans are well-known for their fragrance, but it is wasteful if to discard O. fragrans flower after extracting their essential oils. In this paper, we found that O. fragrans flower residues were rich in flavonoids. Six flavonoids and one phenylethanoid glycoside were isolated from the ethanol extract of O. fragrans flower residues, identified as quercetin (1), rutin (2), verbascoside (3), genistin (4), kaempferol (5), isorhamnetin (6) and naringin (7). In bioactivity study, kaempferol (IC50 = 1.43 μg/mL) showed the best anti-inflammatory activity. Isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol, verbascoside and rutin (the values of IC50 were 18.30, 11.05, 16.88, 20.21 and 22.76 μg/mL, respectively) showed excellent DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Verbascoside performed relatively well at inhibiting the growth of both CT26 colonic carcinoma cells (IC50 = 46.87 μg/mL) and HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells (IC50 = 30.58 μg/mL). In addition, quercetin and kaempferol showed strong anti-proliferation activity against HepG2 cells.
Three new p-coumaroyl glycosides, named osmanthuside A (I), B (II) and C (III), were isolated from the leaves of Osmanthus fragrans LOUR. var. aurantiacus MAKINO. The structures of I, II and III were elucidated to be β-(p-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl 4-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, β-(p-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-4-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and β-(p-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl 4-O-cis-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of analyses of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and the circular dichroism spectra.
In order to investigate the constituents of Osmanthus species, the components of the leaves of Osmanthus ilicifolius (HASSK.) MOUILLEFERT were examined. A new secoiridoid glycoside (named hiiragilide) and a new caffeoyl glycoside (named cis-acteoside) were isolated, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Ligustroside, 10-hydroxyligustroside, 10-acetoxyligustroside, oleuropein, 10-hydroxyoleuropein, 10-acetoxyoleuropein, acteoside, 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, lignans, flavonoids, triterpenes, sterols and others were also identified from the methanolic extract.
Background:
Phenolic compounds could be sensitive to digestive conditions, thus a simulated in vitro digestion-dialysis process and cellular assays was used to determine phenolic compounds and antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials of 10 common edible flowers from China and their functional components.
Results:
Gallic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin were widely present in these flowers, which demonstrated various antioxidant capacities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and CAA values) and antiproliferative potentials measured by the MTT method. Rosa rugosa, Paeonia suffruticosa, and Osmanthus fragrans exhibited the best antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials against HepG2, A549 and SGC-7901 cell lines, except that Osmanthus fragrans was not the best against SGC-7901 cells. The in vitro digestion-dialysis process decreased the antioxidant potential by 33.95%-90.72% and the antiproliferative potential by 13.22%-87.15%. Following the in vitro digestion-dialysis process, phenolics were probably responsible for antioxidant (R(2) = 0.794-0.924, p<0.01) and antiproliferative (R(2) =0.408-0.623, p<0.05) potentials. Moreover, gallic acid may be responsible for the antioxidant potential of 7 flowers rich in edible flowers.
Conclusion:
The antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of 10 edible flowers revealed a clear decrease after digestion and dialysis along with the reduction of phenolics. Nevertheless, they still had considerable antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials, which merited further investigation on in vivo studies.
Neuroinflammation is common to various diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), but its imprecise definition has led to many misconceptions in research and clinical approaches. It is now recognized that neuroinflammation in chronic neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related dementia, is distinct from the inflammation that accompanies relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), and its experimental animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we discuss the discrete features of inflammation in different CNS pathologies, given the current understanding of the CNS-immune crosstalk; the roles of the immune cells that are involved, their phenotypes, and their location and route of entry to the CNS. Understanding the term neuroinflammation to encompass a broad range of disease-specific conditions is essential for finding effective therapeutic approaches for these pathologies.