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Construction of a culture of privileged immigrants in Venezuela
Abstract
This timely article analyses the creation of a divided society in Venezuela. Since before the birth of the Republic in 1831, elite politicians and intellectuals have tried to foment the imposition of a society in their own (European, white, elite) image through the cultural promotion of privileged immigrants. Unlike other countries in the region, the mass European immigration only happened in the 1950s, during the government of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, a hundred years later than elsewhere. However, by lauding immigration and denigrating the local mixed race population, influenced by the example of Argentina a hundred years before and a continuation of nineteenth-century Positivism, they set the stage for the divisiveness which predates the election of President Hugo Chávez in 1998. This article traces this cultural construction through interviews with now-deceased politicians with responsibility for immigration programmes and analysis of the works of pro-immigration intellectuals.
... Dual nationalities were also common amongst Venezuelans with a number of European countries. Alvarez's (2016) data suggests that in 1990 around 23% of migrants within Venezuela were of Spanish, Italian, or Portuguese origin, most of which had arrived since the 1950s (Derham, 2021). Many of these individuals would have had families in Venezuela, and their descendants would have acquired their citizenship rights in the respective countries. ...
Huellas de la inmigración en Venezuela. Entre la historia general y las historias particulares. Este libro pretende brindar un recorrido ilustrativo a trravés de la historia de los procesos inmigratorios en Venezuela, dando cuenta de la magnitud y el impacto que éstos han tenido en el país.
La Inmigración Japonesa en Venezuela (1928-2008), de Norbert Molina Medina, constituye el Nº 1 de la colección y está dedicado a abordar los pormenores del proceso de arribo,
presencia y consolidación de la comunidad nipona al cumplirse ocho (8) décadas de diálogo e intercambio fructífero.
Whether in search of adventure and opportunity or fleeing poverty and violence, millions of people migrated to Argentina in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By the late 1920s Arabic speakers were one of the country’s largest immigrant groups. This book explores their experience, which was quite different from the danger and deprivation faced by twenty-first-century immigrants from the Middle East. Hyland shows how Syrians and Lebanese, Christians, Jews, and Muslims adapted to local social and political conditions, entered labor markets, established community institutions, raised families, and attempted to pursue their individual dreams and community goals. By showing how societies can come to terms with new arrivals and their descendants, Hyland addresses notions of belonging and acceptance, of integration and opportunity. He tells a story of immigrants and a story of Argentina that is at once timely and timeless.
Este artículo explora la conformación del mito de la democracia racial en Venezuela, a través del análisis de la novela nacional Doña Bárbara de Rómulo Gallegos. Publicada por primera vez en 1929, la novela representa una de las obras fundantes tanto del mito de la democracia racial, como de las disposiciones contemporáneas de la identidad nacional en Venezuela. El análisis desarrollado en el trabajo, relaciona la función proyectiva de los diseños nacionales de la élite criolla, con la reconfiguración y consolidación de la colonialidad del poder en la Venezuela del siglo XX. Asimismo, se examinan las prácticas representacionales, contenidas en la obra, y las tecnologías civilizatorias que se proponen allí como solución al problema de la «barbarie» de la sociedad y la naturaleza en Venezuela.
In Expectations Unfulfilled scholars from Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico, Norway, Spain and Sweden study the experiences of Norwegian migrants in Latin America between the Wars of Independence and World War II.
This article analyses BBC News Online's reporting of the Bolivarian revolution in Venezuela, using a sample from a broader selection of 304 articles published on BBC News Online between 1998 and 2008. Against the BBC's stated commitment to professional values, we find that the BBC's
organizational culture is underpinned by a liberal nationalist worldview, which limits its interpretive capacities. The analysis notes that the liberal nationalism underpinning BBC News Online's reporting limits the interpretive capacities of journalists. The ideologically dominant national
history of Venezuela (the exceptionalism thesis) forms an interpretive framework, which synchs with the BBC's general conceptualization of the forms and function of a nation state and thus prevents adequate understanding of the present. Consequently, the coverage of contemporary Venezuelan
politics masks the underlying class conflict, instead identifying Chavez, who has emerged seemingly from nowhere, as the key agent of political crisis. The BBC's reliance on a narrative of the disruption of national unity allows it to take sides in the conflict whilst apparently remaining
neutral.
In this ambitious and accomplished work, Taussig explores the complex and interwoven concepts of mimesis, the practice of imitation, and alterity, the opposition of Self and Other. The book moves from the nineteenth-century invention of mimetically capacious machines, such as the camera, to the fable of colonial ‘first contact’ and the alleged mimetic power of ‘primitives’. Twenty years after the original publication, Taussig revisits the work in a new preface which contextualises the impact of Mimesis and Alterity. Drawing on the ideas of Benjamin, Adorno and Horckheimer and ethnographic accounts of the Cuna, Taussig demonstrates how the history of mimesis is deeply tied to colonialism and the idea of alterity has become increasingly unstable. Vigorous and unorthodox, this cross-cultural discussion continues to deepen our understanding of the relationship between ethnography, racism and society.
This chapter explores the relationship between immigration and national identity in Latin America by analyzing the experiences of black migrants from the British Caribbean. The chapter outlines the critical contribution made by West Indians to modernization projects and economic development across Latin America, especially their role in the integration of geographically marginal areas. It documents the abuses migrants suffered at the hands of American corporate officials and national authorities, and contextualizes this abuse in Latin American racial discourses that characterized blacks as violent, unhygienic and sexually promiscuous. It also examines the diaspora nationalisms of Caribbean migrants and assesses how their strong identification with the British Empire both responded to and shaped their exclusion from Latin American citizenship. The chapter draws on the often-neglected case-studies of Peru, Ecuador, Brazil and Venezuela as well as the more familiar migratory examples of Central America and Cuba, and brings nineteenth century British migratory currents into dialogue with those of the twentieth century.
In 1935, after the death of dictator General Juan Vicente Gómez, Venezuela consolidated its position as the world's major oil exporter and began to establish what today is South America's longest-lasting democratic regime. Endowed with the power of state oil wealth, successive presidents appeared as transcendent figures who could magically transform Venezuela into a modern nation. During the 1974-78 oil boom, dazzling development projects promised finally to effect this transformation. Yet now the state must struggle to appease its foreign creditors, counter a declining economy, and contain a discontented citizenry. In critical dialogue with contemporary social theory, Fernando Coronil examines key transformations in Venezuela's polity, culture, and economy, recasting theories of development and highlighting the relevance of these processes for other postcolonial nations. The result is a timely and compelling historical ethnography of political power at the cutting edge of interdisciplinary reflections on modernity and the state.
Venezuela's struggle to develop its economic and political independence separate from the colonialism of foreign oil companies and free from the authoritarian dictatorships of other developing countries is described by one who has been intimately involved in the nation's political life and is knowledgeable in the relationships of oil, economics, and politics during the bid for democracy and economic egalitarianism. First published in 1956, the treatise has been revised and updated to show how strong party organization was responsible for developing demoncratic programs and how this new strength allowed Venezuela to domesticate much of the foreign involvement in oil production. Historical facts, though acknowledged to have a bias, are documented. 88 references. (DCK)
Xerox copy. Thesis--University of Wisconsin. Bibliography: leaves 283-294.
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