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ASLI QoL 2021
AQoL2021LangkawiIsland
https://www.amerabra.org; https://fspu.uitm.edu.my/cebs; https://www.emasemasresources.com/
5th ABRA International Conference on Quality of Life
Holiday Villa Langkawi, Langkawi Island, Malaysia, 15-16 Dec 2021
eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-
ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers),
ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning &
Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i18.3066 49
Appraisal on Workforce Performance
towards Industrialised Building System in Perak, Malaysia
Khor Soo-Cheen1, Tiang Wai-Yew 1, Olanrewaju Ashola Abdullatef 1, Wai Soon-Han 2
1 Department of Construction Management,
2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology,
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
khorsc@utar.edu.my; waiyew42@1utar.my; olanrewaju@utar.edu.my; waish@utar.edu.my
Tel: 0164453872
Abstract
The workforce has always been the backbone of the construction industry in the Industrialised Building System (IBS). Previous researchers often obtain
data and opinions from the perspective of construction professionals and often neglect the labour workforce opinion. This study aims to investigate various
factors that affect the workforce's productivity in IBS performance. The data collection amounts 60 targeted respondents. This study found a strong
correlation between motivation, education, and workforce skill level that affects productivity in implementing IBS. The resolution is to propose an
improvement of monetary incentive and academic level of the workforce.
Keywords: Workforce; Industrialised Building System (IBS); Construction Industry; Malaysia
eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-
ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers),
ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning &
Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i18.3066
1.0 Introduction
Industrialised Building System (IBS) is an innovative construction technique manufactured off or on site in a controlled environment. Then
assemble onsite for a rapid construction process, which significantly increases the construction process's productivity and quality. The
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) has categorised five types of IBS, which comprise of: Precast Concrete Framing, Panel
and Box Systems, Steel Formwork Systems, Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems, Steel Framing Systems and Blockwork Systems as
an effort to boost productivity, quality and sustainability in the construction industry. However, the fact is that the IBS construction technique
is often significantly influenced by workforces' performance. Today, Malaysia's construction industry predominately consists of foreign and
low-skill workers (Masri, 2019). This study aims to understand the relationship of worker performances with the efficiency of IBS
performance. The issues such as educational level, awareness of workers in IBS techniques, motivational level and the training availability
amongst the construction worker (Chaturvedi et al., 2018) are the critical factors that have a significant impact on the implementation of
IBS in the Malaysia construction industry. Henceforth, the correlation between labour factors with the appraisal performances on IBS are
investigated. The significant factors that hinder the successful implementation of the IBS system are identified through the review of
previous research of other scholars and the survey of construction professionals and general labour.
Khor, S.C., et.al., AQoL2021, 5th ABRA International Conference on Quality of Life, Holiday Villa Langkawi, Malaysia, 15-16 Dec 2021, E-BPJ, 6(18), Dec 2021 (pp. 49-53)
50
1.1 Problem Statement
The advantages of IBS include: reduce the amount of labour workforce; provide a better-quality building, increase the productivity of
construction projects, reduce wastage of material, and increase the sustainability of the construction industry. However, the implementation
of IBS is yet capable of obtaining a comprehensive of its objective, while some circumstances even show negative results (Ali et al., 2018).
Despite the promise of labour reduction in IBS implementation, the labour issue is still one of the major factors that significantly impacted
the IBS implementation's success rate (Chen-Chen et al., 2018). The Malaysian construction industry consists of foreign, low-skill,
uneducated, and unmotivated workers (Ali et al., 2018). Thus, this research studies the effect of the labour issue that previous researchers
have identified to have a clearer insight into which labour issue plays a more impactful role on the quality, productivity, and sustainability
appraisal on the IBS.
Furthermore, a solution shall develop by incorporating opinions and suggestions from construction industry players at various levels
to ensure the IBS technology can achieve its intended philosophy. As for the labour issue for IBS performances, the limitation is that the
previous researcher often chooses to obtain data and opinion from the perspective of construction professionals such as Consultant, CIDB
authorities, Construction educators and other professional players to provide insight into the labour issue in Malaysia (Kassim and Walid,
2013; Ahmad et al., 2017). However, the authors only obtaining an opinion from professional industry players may cause the data of study
to be biased significantly in this study, which regards the labour issue whom the labour itself is the main focus of the study. Thus, in this
research, to significantly reduce the probability of bias in data collection and avoid untruth assumptions on labour behaviour, the
respondents are from construction professionals and general construction labour.
1.2 Aim and objective
To study the perspective of IBS performances appraisal on workforce performances factors with the aim of improving IBS performance
amongst the workforces. The objective of this research is such as:
a) To investigate the implication of workforce factors that affecting the efficiency of the IBS performance.
b) To determine strategies to improve the IBS performances through the development of workforces in the industry.
c) To establish the correlation between the workforce factors and strategies for improving the efficiency of the IBS performance.
2.0 Literature Review
The performance of the IBS limits significantly because a specific amount of well-educated and well-skilled workers are often required to
succeed in any IBS project (Mohsen et al., 2019). The literacy of English languages is crucial during the implementation of IBS, as various
crucial instructions and procedures need to be understood by the workforce when conducting an IBS project to ensure the system can
achieve its efficiency and productivity (Ali et al., 2018). There are strong theoretical reasons for the positive monotonic relationship between
education and productivity regarding higher economic growth rates. The case can support the Cobb–Douglas production function, result
manifested each increment level of education worker to have an increment in productivity rate (Husain and Islam, 2016).
The complexity of the IBS modular requires commitment from the workforce to ensure its success rate. Any discontent and an
unsatisfied worker may lead to a poor result. The workers involved in the construction sector considered their work as a "Job" rather than
a career (National Insulation Association, 2019). It has been agreed that worker motivation and satisfaction drive higher productivity in
construction firms (Aghayeva and Ślusarczyk, 2019). The motivational factors in terms of monetary incentive, work satisfaction, or
achievement motivation helped enhance IBS adoption (Yunus et al., 2016). Similar research advocated the strong evidential link between
human happiness and human productivity with an average of 37% increment in productivity rate (Oswald et al., 2015).
The labour productivity in implementing IBS modular can improve by increasing the skills and experience of the workforce (Shahrin &
Zakaria, 2016). However, most semi-skilled and unskilled workers have dominated Malaysia's labour market (Department of Statistics
Malaysia, 2020). Moreover, the domination of foreign workers categorised as low-skilled workers in the construction industry worsens the
situation. There are significant differences between local and foreign workers regarding their competency and capability (Salleh et al.,
2020). Most employers in Malaysia's company consider underinvesting in the commitment to provide training for their workers
(International Labour Organization, 2016). Only approximately 30% of labour have been provided professional training courses by their
Employer (Kassim and Walid, 2013). The lack of skills development training causing the labour not to see many opportunities for career
progression, making the construction industry unattractive (Zaki et al., 2012). Thus, significantly lowering the availability of skilled labour
in the construction industry affects the productivity and implementation of IBS.
The awareness of IBS modular in Malaysia is significantly low among qualified professionals (Public Work Department, Officer
Contractor Association Malaysia, and Repository Development Officer). It has been found did not attend any introductory course or
equivalent training to implement IBS. This scenario, coupled with the limited number of IBS manufacturing factories thinly scattered and
distant, attributed to low awareness of IBS modular (Kassim and Walid, 2013). Severe knowledge deficiency among skilled workers,
including designers, engineers, and others, still exists to this day has led to the project delay and request extra time to finish the task,
which is also one hurdle in IBS implementation (Ahmad et al., 2017).
Local and international researchers have proposed various innovative solutions. While some solutions show insignificantly result,
specific solutions do show promising results when implemented in the construction industry to tackle the labour mentioned earlier issue in
the construction industry. Further supported by researcher Bakotić (2015) concluded that job satisfaction more strongly determines
organisational performance than organisational performance determines job satisfaction. An awareness of IBS will accelerate the project's
overall performance, and IBS knowledge is necessary for all stakeholders (Ahmad et al., 2017). The authority's body shall increase its
Khor, S.C., et.al., AQoL2021, 5th ABRA International Conference on Quality of Life, Holiday Villa Langkawi, Malaysia, 15-16 Dec 2021, E-BPJ, 6(18), Dec 2021 (pp. 49-53)
51
effort to raise awareness among the workforce in the construction industry to increase the rate of IBS implementation (Kassim and Walid,
2013).
The loss of the local workforce and over-dependency on foreign workers is the major labour issue in the construction industry, which
dramatically affects the construction industry's performance. A vital effort is required for a better investment in the workforce to enable
them to stay attracted to their job and see a career progression. Thus, this will retain a significant portion of the local workforce to ensure
a vast pool of workforce are available for the labour-intensive construction industry to ensure the industry stays highly competitive (Manap
et al., 2017). The official body involvement plays a significant role in promoting the involvement of construction labour in IBS
implementation. This issue can be taking the initiative sort of monetary incentive, material promotion, CIBD levy exemption and a tax break
for the construction company to improve the involvement and awareness of construction players (El-Abidi et al., 2019). The educational
institute needs to improve its syllabus and education curriculum further to involve the IBS technologies to equip future construction
professionals with sufficient knowledge to effectively carry out IBS implementation in the construction industry (Lat et al., 2021).
3.0 Methodology
The study is researched through data collection from the professional construction industry player with multiple years of experience in IBS
to obtain the labour factor that limiting the performances of IBS. Furthermore, simultaneous data collection will carry out toward the general
worker in the construction industry. Both collected data are being used to verify the labour factor that affecting IBS appraisal performances.
The research employed questionnaire survey methods distributed to a dichotomous targeted population. The questionnaire comprised
sections: Demographics; Educational level; Skill level in IBS; Motivational level in IBS technology; and Strategy Improvement of productivity.
The sampling is non-probability and based on the convenience and judgement criteria for selecting construction professionals and general
workers in Perak, Malaysia construction site who involved in IBS project as study sample. The data obtained analyse through Descriptive
Analysis, Pearson Correlation, Reliability, Validity, which uses SPSS software.
4.0 Findings & Discussion
Out of 100 online survey questionnaires were distributed throughout construction sites. A 60% response rate obtain; 30 numbers of the
respondent are construction professionals, and another 30 numbers are general labours. 53% out of 30 construction professionals involved
in more than five IBS projects. However, only 20% out of 30 general labours involve more than five IBS projects. The educational level of
construction professionals is at least Tertiary Educated. However, most general labours have a lower educational level which ten are non-
educated, and 12 are primary educated. The survey questionnaire is significant reliability and validity in term of strength in internal
consistency and accurately measured for each part of the question.
Malaysia is a country consist of various ethnicity and majority of the foreign construction labour are from various parts of the world. No
common language share among each other in the industry. Thus, the language barrier is a significant issue that affecting the performances
of the IBS performances. It has been found that construction professionals are often at the top of an organisational hierarchy and the
general labour at the bottom of an organisational hierarchy. These two groups might be difficult to carry out both Upward and Downward
communication because both individuals cannot comprehend and understand each other because of the language barrier (Hee et al.,
2019). The study had found that 80% of General Workers have “Poor” and “Limited Proficiency” in English usage.
On the contrary, 83.3% of Construction professionals have a “Competent Proficiency” and “Excellent Proficiency” in English usage.
Furthermore, almost 53.3% of the General workers show a "Poor" and "Below Average" Proficiency in Bahasa Malaysia usage. On the
contrary, 66.7% of Construction professionals have an "Excellent Proficiency", and 33.3% show a "Competent Proficiency" in language
usage. There is a wide gap in language proficiency among these two groups. The effectiveness of Upward and Downward communication
is unable to be carried up, thus resulting in poor performances on the IBS implementation as General workers are unable to comprehend
the instruction provided by the Construction professional.
Although the early implementation of IBS in Malaysia started in 1960 (Abedi et al., 2011), a shockingly low level of understanding
commonly exists among both construction players. A mean score of 3.47 was obtained among the 30 Construction professionals in the
understanding of IBS modular. A more disappointing mean score of 2.2 was obtained among the 30 General Worker, which indicated a
poor understanding of IBS modular. Such poor understanding is the common cause of poor performances of the IBS. Meanwhile, 60% of
the Construction professionals and 56.7% of the General Worker agreed that they had not received sufficient training/education and
experiences to qualify them for implementation of IBS. Such finding further reinforces the poor education/training, and experiences
received hindrance for implementing IBS effectively. It has been observed that the higher educational level of a construction individual,
the higher their understanding of the IBS modular will be. The correlation of Construction professional indicates a positive relationship
between educational level and understanding of IBS with a Pearson Correlation score of 0.699. In contrast, the correlation of General
workers indicates a high positive relationship between educational level and understanding of IBS with a Pearson Correlation score of
0.931, and vice versa.
The study has shown among 60 respondents that up to 52% of them are aged 41- 50 years old. They are categorised as old labour
groups. Only 13% of them aged around 20-30 years old. Such figures signify that a low quantity of younger generations is joining the
construction sector. Thus, with the ageing workforce and the reluctance of the younger generation to join the industry, the construction
industry is slowly losing all its experienced, knowledgeable and skilful workforce, which will eventually lead to performance hindrance. The
majority of the respondents (87%) found unsatisfied with implementing IBS in their current and past projects. A strong negative correlation
Khor, S.C., et.al., AQoL2021, 5th ABRA International Conference on Quality of Life, Holiday Villa Langkawi, Malaysia, 15-16 Dec 2021, E-BPJ, 6(18), Dec 2021 (pp. 49-53)
52
(-0.870) was observed among the satisfaction and productivity of the IBS. Such phenomenal signify that as the unsatisfaction level
increases in implementing the IBS process, the productivity and efficiency will decrease. This case has reinforced the theory of Oswald et
al. (2015) that productivity significantly correlates to job satisfaction among the workforces.
Lack of Incentive is the leading factor with the highest mean score of 4.48 caused demotivation of construction players to involve in
IBS. In addition, the CIDB levy (0.125%) for any IBS involvement project is often argued too insignificant to make any difference. All
findings supported by Hadi et al. (2017) that there is non-other significant effort conducted by the government or construction authority
body to provide any incentive to construction individuals. The Unawareness of the IBS existence is the lowest mean score of 3.75. However,
construction players' opportunity to expose IBS during their training/educational or working days is still rampant. It can be observed through
variables of Lack of exposure during educational day curriculum, Difficulty finding proper training/knowledge channel, Inability to afford
training, Employer did not provide the required training, and Lack of opportunity to attain IBS training/knowledge. All these obtained a
mean score of more than 4, which indicated the lack of accessibility of knowledge and exposure to IBS modular, thus resulting in poor
motivation for the industry player to be interested and pursue further involvement in the IBS modular.
The first strategy to improve the implementation of IBS is Monetary incentive. This strategy is the most effective method to resolve the
low productivity, including variables such as the Government incentive program; and Making IBS modular training more widely available
in terms of access and cost, which have a mean score of 4.73 and 4.53, respectively. Secondly, the Educational/Training improvement
strategy is highly significant with variables comprising of Incorporation of IBS knowledge in student education syllabus; and Encouragement
from Employer to provide or subsidy more IBS modular related training. Both have shown a mean score of 4.42 and 4.67. Such a
phenomenon is expected because the educational factor is significantly correlated with the improvement of IBS implementation.
Next, the factor of Improve awareness was found to have the least significant among all the other factors. The only variable (Mass
Media Advertisement) obtained a mean score of 3.18. Thus, explaining the respondents' opinion that mass media advertising promotes
awareness among IBS is redundant. However, the variable Attract more young/new generation into the industry obtained a mean score of
4.07. Perhaps such finding can be explained because the current construction industry reckons that more pressing factors such as
Educational/training improvement and Monetary incentives shall resolve to increase the efficiency of the IBS implementation, which will
eventually attract the younger generation to join the industry. The last strategy factor (Promote job satisfaction) scored 3.82, which is
essential for workers to raise the productivity level of IBS implementation.
The strategies to improve workforce education to resolve the educational factor showed a strong positive relationship with a correlation
coefficient of 0.672 to 0.950 with a significant confidence interval of 0.01. The strategies to improve the workforce factor of low-skilled
workforce domination through improved workforce educational/training, attracting new labour and making IBS training modular more widely
available shown a strong positive relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.800 to 0.999 with a significant correlation confidence
interval of 0.01. The analysis indicates that the strategies to improve workforce efficiency from the issue of poor job motivation and
satisfaction through the promotion of job satisfaction shown a positive relationship with a coefficient range of 0.700 to 0.999, indicating a
strong positive relationship with a significant confidence level of 0.01. Eventually, the correlation analysis has manifested that the
undertaken strategies enable the efficiency of IBS performance in terms of workforce factors.
5.0 Conclusion& Recommendations
It is concluded that the three primary factors have been established: Limitation of Educational/Training Factor; Low Job Motivation and
Satisfaction; and Domination of Low-Skilled Worker showing a significant relationship in effecting IBS performances among the
Construction Professional and General Worker. The research unfolded various variables made up the limitation factor and debunked to
rebuke or reinforce the theory established by the past researchers. Furthermore, upon identifying the root of the problem among
construction workforces, various strategies established by past researchers are examined. In contrast, some strategies accept specific
strategies that have shown little to no effect in improving the situation due to the ever-evolving situation. However, this study only examined
one underlying issue affecting the IBS performances of the workforce in terms of labour factor. Nevertheless, the various underlying issues
are yet to explore to understand the whole situation that is currently happening in the construction industry. Thus, to improve such
performances, issue a broad scope of study which venture beyond the labour issue shall be conducted to obtain a clearer picture of the
extended issue of IBS implementation.
Paper Contribution to Related Field of Study
Despite the claim that IBS can significantly reduce labour reliance in the construction industry, such an advantage still does not eliminate
the limiting factors of the labour-dependent industry. Furthermore, such the heavy reliance on human labour in the industry, the labour
factor often plays the most significant role in determining the performances of IBS. Thus, in this study, the factors limiting the continuous
improvement of IBS and human factors limiting the IBS to achieve higher efficiency are identified. Strategies to combat such limiting factors
that hinder the IBS technique from achieving new heights.
Khor, S.C., et.al., AQoL2021, 5th ABRA International Conference on Quality of Life, Holiday Villa Langkawi, Malaysia, 15-16 Dec 2021, E-BPJ, 6(18), Dec 2021 (pp. 49-53)
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