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Influence of fertilizers on the productivity of tea plants in the conditions of the north-west Caucasus

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The research is aimed at finding effective ways to regulate the functional state of tea plants under stress, increase in yield and its stability, preserving and improving the quality. Foliar spraying of the tea stimulated the active formation of Proline (135.1-179.2 mg/g, in the control - 122.6 mg/g) and ascorbic acid (177.8-226.5 mg/g, in the control - 131.4 mg/g) in the leaves, which indicates the inclusion of processes associated with the mechanism of nonspecific protection against stress. The optimal state of tea plants treated with fertilizers explains the more developed specific surface density of the leaf (1.44 mg/cm ² , in the control -1.24 mg/cm). The developed specific surface density of the leaf was ensuring the active operation of the leaf apparatus on the experimental variants, which is expressed in a higher productivity of the leaves (1.27-1.31 g/dm ² ), compared to the control plants. The highest yield (about 23.05 centner per ha) was observed in the variant with foliar treatments with rokogumin, in the variant with sodium humate (31.47 centner per ha), the yield exceeded the control (26.88 centner per ha) only in 2020, which may be due to the accumulative effect.
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Influence of fertilizers on the productivity of tea plants in the conditions of
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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 935 (2021) 012006
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doi:10.1088/1755-1315/935/1/012006
1
Influence of fertilizers on the productivity of tea plants in the
conditions of the north-west Caucasus
A Lagoshina1, E Pchihachev1, I Chernjavskaja2, A Aleksandrova3 and
O Belous4,*
1Adyghe Branch, Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, 2А Shkolnaja Street, 385778, Tsvetochnij Village, Adygeya Republic,
Russian Federation
2Department of Botany, Adyghe State University, 208 Pervomajckaja Street, 385000,
Majkop, Russian Federation
3Department of Agriculture and Plant Growing, Chuvash State Agrarian University,
29 K. Marx Street, 428003, Cheboksary, Russian Federation
4Laboratory of Biochemistry and Plant Phisiology, Subtropical Scientific Centre of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, 2-28 Yana Fabriciusa Street, 354002, Sochi, Russian
Federation
*E-mail: nauka-org@vniisubtrop.ru https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5613-7215
Abstract. The research is aimed at finding effective ways to regulate the functional state of tea
plants under stress, increase in yield and its stability, preserving and improving the quality.
Foliar spraying of the tea stimulated the active formation of Proline (135.1-179.2 mg/g, in the
control – 122.6 mg/g) and ascorbic acid (177.8-226.5 mg/g, in the control – 131.4 mg/g) in the
leaves, which indicates the inclusion of processes associated with the mechanism of
nonspecific protection against stress. The optimal state of tea plants treated with fertilizers
explains the more developed specific surface density of the leaf (1.44 mg/cm2, in the control –
1.24 mg/cm). The developed specific surface density of the leaf was ensuring the active
operation of the leaf apparatus on the experimental variants, which is expressed in a higher
productivity of the leaves (1.27-1.31 g/dm2), compared to the control plants. The highest yield
(about 23.05 centner per ha) was observed in the variant with foliar treatments with
rokogumin, in the variant with sodium humate (31.47 centner per ha), the yield exceeded the
control (26.88 centner per ha) only in 2020, which may be due to the accumulative effect.
1. Introduction
Since 2017, the program for the restoration of the tea growing industry in the Krasnodar Territory has
been launched, including the expansion of the area of culture in the tea-friendly northern territories.
The study of the functional state of tea plants growing in the Republic of Adygea and the search for
mechanisms of regulation of adaptive and productive potential are of great importance in this issue.
However, in the Republic of Adygea, the intensification of the tea growing industry is possible only if
conditions are created that meet the requirements of the culture, in which the genetically inherent
potential of plants would be revealed [1,2]. Agroecological assessment of the natural resources of the
region was allowed us to identify the main factors limiting the productivity of tea plants – low air
temperatures in the winter and early spring periods, insufficient moisture supply in combination with
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2
high temperatures and atmospheric drought in the summer months [3]. This is what causes the low
yield of tea plantations in this region of 20±5 c/ha (with 80±10 c/ha in the Krasnodar Territory) [4].
However, the analysis of the quality characteristics of raw materials (tannin on average 29.7±2.4%,
extractive substances – 37.6±9.7%) shows the undoubted prospects of its production in Adygea in
comparison with the biochemical indicators of the tea sprouts in coastal zones (tannin about
26.4±1.9%, extractive substances-29.2±4.2%) [5].
According to the research of domestic and foreign scientists, increasing the immunity of plants,
frost and drought resistance of crops is possible by using innovative forms of fertilizers, which are
physiologically active substances [6-8].
Since tea belongs to food products, in particular, to beverages widely consumed by different age
groups of the population, it is important to use eco-friendly technologies for cultivating tea plantations
on plantations, which include the use of innovative forms of fertilizers based on humates, amino acids,
etc., used in organic farming [6,8,9].
Impact studies of humic acids on agricultural crops, conducted by researchers in Russia and abroad,
have shown good results of their impact on plant resistance and quality indicators [9-11]. Thus,
rokohumin tests on cereals, potatoes and peppers revealed an increase in yield and sugar content. The
use of the bombardier growth stimulator on an apple tree showed an increase in the number of ovaries,
the length of the total growth, the number of apples on the tree [12,13]. When it was used on vegetable
crops, an increase in the number and weight of fruits on the plant was observed, and when tested on
grapes, an increase in the content of sugars, ascorbic acid, and dry matter was observed [14].
However, no such studies have been conducted on tea plants. So, conducting this study is important
for the development of agrotechnical recommendations for the use of innovative forms of fertilizers in
the cultivation of tea in the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea. The main objective is to study the
effectiveness of innovative forms of fertilizers on the physiological and biochemical processes that
determine the productivity and resistance of tea plants to abiotic stressors.
The research is aimed at finding effective ways to regulate the functional state of tea plants under
stress, ensuring an increase in yield and its stability in varying climatic conditions, preserving and
improving the quality of products (ready-made tea).
2. Materials and methods
The research has been conducted since 2019 on the basis of the Adyghe branch of the Subtropical
Scientific Centre. The objects of the study are tea plants of the Kimyn variety population, planted in
1969, growing on brown forest soils. We used complex fertilize (NPK 16:16:16), which applied
annually with the addition of ammonium nitrate before the beginning of the growing season in April
(N250, P100, K100 kg/ha d.v); in June, only ammonium nitrate was applied under the plants,
according Methodological guidelines on the technology of tea cultivation in the subtropical zone of the
Krasnodar Territory [15].
The following agrochemicals were used as innovative forms of fertilizers (calculated per ha):
rocogumin (5 L/150 L of water); sodium humate (150 g/1000 L of water); bombardier (5 L/1000 L of
water); consumption of working solutions – 50 L/ha. All the selected agrochemicals are humic acids
with a complex of amino acids and mineral elements. Sodium humate – is a solution of sodium salts of
humic acid, acts as a stimulator of plant development; produced in Russia. Rokohumin is a liquid
complex of amino acids with the addition of humic, fulvic acids and trace elements, the composition is
chemically neutral (pH 6.7-7.3); produced in Slovakia, tested in Russia. Bombardier – is a liquid
complex of biostimulator (amino acids, polysaccharides) and biofertilizer (humus extract with the
addition of basic macro- and microelements) of plant origin; produced in Spain, passed registration
tests in Russia. Control – treatment of plants with water.
The size of the experimental plots is 8 m2, the repetition of the experiment was three-fold, the
placement of options is randomized. Foliar spraying was carried out at the beginning of the growing
season after pruning of tea plants (the second decade of May); after the second wave of growth (the
first decade of July); in the second decade of November in preparation for the winter dormancy period.
International AgroScience Conference (AgroScience-2021)
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Laboratory tests were conducted quarterly, starting from March to November. Repeatability of
laboratory tests-three times. The following modern and routine methods were used: the dry matter
content in the leaves was determined by the weight method by drying at a temperature of 105 C to a
constant weight; the Proline (Pro) content in physiologically mature leaves was determined by the
ninhydrin method with a spectrophotometric ending [16]; the content of ascorbic acid (AA) in
physiologically mature leaves – by the iodometric method [17]; the productivity of the leaves is
calculated by the Nichiporovich’s formula, taking into account the mass and area of the leaves at the
beginning and end of the determination period [18]; the specific surface density of the sheet (SSD) -
calculated by the Mokronosov’s method [19].
The analysis of the hydrothermal conditions of the current year was carried out according to the
data www.accuweather.com [20]. One of the main factors affecting the growth processes of tea plants
is the temperature regime and precipitation during the growing season. Observation of the weather
conditions of the winter period of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 showed that were not noted there were no
low temperatures in the winter period that could lead to freezing of branches. On average, the winters
were warm (from 1.7-4.3 C) and snowless (about 54 mm of mixed snow and rain). The spring period
is prolonged, cool (on average 11.7 C), with moderate precipitation (63.0 mm). This led to a certain
delay (from a week in 2019 to two in 2020) in the start of the tea growing season.
Statistical processing of the research results was carried out according to Dospekhov [21] using the
statistical software package STATGRAPHICS Centurion XV and the mathematical software package
MS Excel.
3. Results and discussion
The summer period of 2019 was characterized as dry (an average of 22.3 mm of precipitation) and hot
(an average temperature of about 27.5 C, according to long – term data-21.5 C). The year 2020 was
even more stressful, with high temperatures of up to 30.1 31.3 C in July-August, with a prolonged
absence of precipitation (about 2-2.5 months). This led to a slowdown in the growth of flushes from
the second decade of June, which affected the yield of the plantation and the quality of the raw
materials collected (there was a greater number of coarse sprouts). The autumn months were cool (on
average from 21.9 C in September 2019 to 5.07 C in November 2020) and wet (21-80 mm of
precipitation per month, with 71 mm according to long-term data). Thus, the winter period during the
research period can be considered favorable for the tea culture, while the summer was marked by
hydrothermal stress.
The accumulation of dry substances in the leaves is an indicator of the intensity of the main
metabolic processes of the plant, and characterizes the intensity of plant growth [22]. The
accumulation of dry matter in the leaves allows us to judge the conditions of growth and development.
A decrease in the amount of dry matter is a symptom of a violation of the functional state of plants.
Determination of the dry matter content showed (table 1) that the greatest synthesis of assimilants is
carried out in plants when treated with such humic fertilizers as sodium humate and rocohumin.
Table 1. The content of non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant system in leaves when
treated with innovative forms of fertilizers, (M±m).
Options
Increase in dry
matter (% of the
initial value)
Ascorbic acid
(mg/g of the
raw mass)
Proline
(mg/g of the raw
mass)
Tannin
(%)
Control 20.3±0.35 131.4±23.0 122.6±15.6 32.46±1.23
Sodium humate 27.2±0.51* 226.5±30.1* 179.2±11.4* 36.62±2.11*
Rokogumin 26.1±0.50* 183.2±17.5* 135.1±17.5* 34.42±2.82
Bombardier 23.1±0.26* 177.8±19.0* 138.7±16.4* 34.54±2.16
LSD** (p ≤0.05) 2.3 10.2 12.7 2.15
*The differences are significant and reliable, **least significant difference.
International AgroScience Conference (AgroScience-2021)
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 935 (2021) 012006
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4
It is known that the content of AA in the leaves is a manifestation of non-enzymatic components of
the antioxidant system [23], moreover, under stress conditions, a decrease in AA occurs [24]. Also, we
found that when processing innovative forms of fertilizers in tea leaves, an active significant (LSD (p
≤0.05)=10) occurs.2) ascorbic acid growth (table 1). An increase in the concentration of this
metabolite indicates the activity of redox processes in the leaves of these variants under stress.
An increase in the proline content in plants is a common physiological response to any adverse
effects. The result of the stress effect is the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), for the
neutralization of which plants use low-molecular compounds (including proline) [25-27]. In our
experience, the treatment of tea plants with innovative forms of fertilizers led to a more active
formation of Pro in the leaves (table 1). This characterizes the active processes associated with the
activation of non-specific defense mechanisms, and modifies not only the proline content in the cell,
but also the functioning of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, treatment with sodium humate caused a
significant (LSD (p ≤0.05)=12.7) increase in Pro synthesis in the leaves.
Many studies point to the relationship between the adaptive potential of plants and the content of
tannins in the leaves [28-30].
We have shown that non-root treatment with innovative forms of fertilizers (especially with sodium
humate and bombardier (LSD (p ≤0.05)=2.15) leads to the activation of tannin synthesis (table 1),
which is a manifestation of the mechanism of stability under the action of hydrothermal stress.
Morphophysiological indicators of photosynthetic activity are important for assessing the adaptive
and productive capacity of plants, including in non-root treatments with agrochemicals. For example,
the specific surface density of the leaf is directly related to ensuring the active work of the leaves and
is an integral indicator of the content of structural and functional elements of the mesostructure of the
leaf. In its turn, the size of the assimilation apparatus and the time of its operation make it possible to
calculate the productivity of the assimilation organs, the so-called productivity of the leaves [31,32].
The developed specific surface density (SSD) (1.39-1.44 mg/cm2 at 1.24 mg/cm2 in the control)
ensures the active work of the leaves and causes greater productivity of their work on the variants with
sodium humate and bombardier treatment (1.27-1.31 g/dm2) compared to the control plants
(1.23 g/dm2); the differences with the control are significant (table 2). The formation of SSD and the
productivity of the leaves are directly related to the anatomical parameters of the leaf, such as its
thickness and area. We have shown that the treatment of plants with sodium humate and rocogumin
led to the stimulation of these biometric indicators (table 2). In these variants, there was an increase in
the area of the sheet and an increase in its thickness (LSD (p ≤0.05)=0.10-0.94, respectively).
Table 2. Anatomical and morphophysiological parameters of leaves when treated with
innovative forms of fertilizers, (M±m).
Options Leaf thickness,
mg/m2
Leaf area,
cm2
Specific surface
density,
mg/cm2
Leaf’s
productivity,
g/dm2
Control 0.67±0.085 27.35±8.903 1.24±0.150 1.23±0.081
Sodium humate 0.84±0.051* 29.76±6.289*1.44±0.200* 1.30±0.042*
Rokogumin 0.77±0.022 28.32±8.915 1.39±0.125* 1.27±0.050
Bombardier 0.78±0.066 27.04±5.121 1.40±0.109* 1.31±0.130*
LSD (p≤0.05) 0.10 0.94 0.06 0.05
*The differences are significant and reliable.
The integral indicator of the state of plants is its productivity. We have noted that non-root
treatments with innovative forms of fertilizers, improving the functional state of plants, activate
production processes (figure 1).
International AgroScience Conference (AgroScience-2021)
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 935 (2021) 012006
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doi:10.1088/1755-1315/935/1/012006
5
Figure 1. Crop productivity of tea plants, centner per ha.
Moreover, in the first year of using agrochemicals (2019), there was a slight increase in the crop
productivity of the experimental plantation on the variants with rocogumin and bombardier treatment
(25.32-24.78 centner per ha, on the control-22.64 centner per ha). In the second year of research
(2020), a cumulative effect was observed, which led to a significant increase in crop productivity on
all variants using innovative forms of fertilizers (LSD (p=0.05)=2.20).
4. Conclusion
Thus, the use of innovative forms of fertilizers can be an effective way to increase the yield of tea,
especially in stressful conditions, providing an increase in crop yields.
There was an increase in the synthesis of non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant system in
the leaves: ascorbic acid to 177.8-226.5 mg/g of the raw mass (on the control 131.4±23.0 mg/g of
the raw mass); proline, in frequency when treated with sodium humate (179.2 mg/g of the raw mass,
on control-122.6 mg/g of the raw mass) and tannins, especially-sodium humate and bombardier, LSD
(p ≤0.05)=2.15.
It is shown that the treatment of plants with sodium humate and rocogumin led to the stimulation of
the leaf thickness and area (LSD (p ≤0.05)=0.10-0.94, respectively), as well as morphophysiological
indicators of photosynthetic activity: the specific surface density of the leaf (1.39-1.44 mg/cm2 at
1.24 mg/cm2 in the control) and the productivity of their work (when treated with sodium humate and
bombardier – 1.27-1.31 g/dm2 compared to the control plants – 1.23 g/dm2).
Non-root treatments with innovative forms of fertilizers, improving the functional state of plants,
activate production processes.
Acknowledgments
The publication was prepared as part of the implementation of the state task of the Federal Research
Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences No 0492-2021-0007
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... Введение. В последние десятилетия на фоне интенсификации сельскохозяйственного производства растёт роль адаптивных технологий возделывания сельскохозяйственных культур, которые основываются на возможностях управления адаптивными ресурсами растений за счёт использования региональных особенностей климата, почвенного покрова, эколого-биологических особенностей культуры, регулирования минерального питания, использования биологически активных веществ и т. д. [5,6,10,13,17,19]. ...
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We investigated the effect on tangerine of new generation plant growth regulators. The use of drugs in the period of fruit ripening has led to increased 2.0 – 3.7 times abscisic acid (AA) and 1.9 – 4.7% of Indole-acetic acid (IAA) acid in the leaves. Studies have shown that Indole-acetic acid and abscisic acid beginning of a sharp accumulation of their hormones coincides with action of stress factors and growth dormancy period. The use of the regulators had an impact not only on their content in leaves but also on fruit quality. For example, treatment Indole-acetic acid and Obstaktin led to an increase in the fruit of vitamin C. After treatments with plant growth regulators has been a significant decline in the total number of organic acids (up to 2.35% at the option of Melaphen and to 2.50% at Obstaktin, LSD (p ≤0.05) = 0.06). By reducing the content in the fruits of organic acids to all variants increased the sugar-acid index. After each spraying tangerine on the treatment options plant growth regulators has been a significant increase the dry matter. Thus, the positive effect of plant growth regulators on all the quality characteristics of tangerine was shown. In the summer period, the treatment by regulators may have a protective effect, increases the content in plants the content of Indole-acetic acid. The plant growth regulators of new generation have a positive effect on quality of dwarf tangerine. Given that the plants of tangerine in the subtropical zone of Russia each summer have to drought and are losing not only in yield, fruit quality too, new regulators may exert a protective effect, because increases the content in plants is Indole-acetic acid, which activates gene expression of drought resistance.
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Condensed tannins (CTs) are high molar mass polyphenolic bio-polymers based on flavonol units. CTs have been well-studied due to their respective biological activity. However, the application of CTs in several areas is limited because of their physicochemical properties. The objective of this review is to investigate the state of the art regarding the chemical modification of CTs, and to outline recent and potential applications of tannin derivatives. An overview of the most important reactions is given, and a comprehensive summary of the experimental parameters for modification (chemicals, time, temperature, solvent type, and yield) is presented. The impact of the modification on the physicochemical properties of derivatives in comparison to native tannin behavior is discussed. Finally, the applicability of modified or unmodified CTs is described, referring to academic articles and patents. Future research in terms of modification reaction type, as well as derivatizing agents, is discussed.
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Auxin and cytokinin bioassays were performed to test the biological activity of soluble humic complexes (SHC). 'Pea split stem curvature' (auxin test) and 'cucumber' tests (cytokinin test) did not show any quantifiable activity of SKC. 'Cress test' and 'senescence test' offered good evidence of a hormonal-like activity 100 times lower than that of IAA (1-mg IAA.g-1 SHC) and 10 times lower than that of N6 BA (100mg N6 BA.g-1 SHC). At a high concentration of SHC, toxic effects were evident, indicating the presence of inhibitory substances which counteracted the hormone-like activity of humic complexes. -Authors
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Proline, which increases proportionately faster than other amino acids in plants under water stress, has been suggested as an evaluating parameter for irrigation scheduling and for selecting drought-resistant varieties. The necessity to analyze numerous samples from multiple replications of field grown materials prompted the development of a simple, rapid colorimetric determination of proline. The method detected proline in the 0.1 to 36.0 moles/g range of fresh weight leaf material.
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Accumulation of proline in response to environmental stresses seems tobe widespread among plants. To elucidate the role of proline in plantresponses,in vivo and in vitro, we studied theeffect of proline on catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7)and polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.14.18.1). In vivo, thesethree enzymes were activated by proline, while CAT and POD were activated andPPO was inactivated by NaCl. In vitro, CAT and POD wereactivated and PPO was inactivated by proline. Proline appeared to protect thesethree enzyme activities. The significance of these findings with regard toenvironmental stress-induced proline accumulation in vivois discussed. The ability of proline to activate the enzymes may suggest alimited conformational change. These results are important for characterisationof metabolic responses to environmental stresses and can be used as a stressindicator.