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A Study on Evaluating the Development Potential of the Station Area Using Clustering : The Case on the Capacity of Public Transportation and Land Characteristics of the Seoul Metro Line 2
Abstract
As the problems caused by rapid urbanization and reckless urban development were raised, Transit Oriented Development (TOD), an eco-friendly and sustainable complex development centered on public transportation, is being developed in urban railway station areas in metropolitan Korea. Hence, it is deemed necessary to evaluate the development potential for areas where urban development is required and find ways to efficiently utilize the urban space. However, although the Seoul Government’s urban master plan classified the spatial structure according to the central system for balanced regional development, due to the large size of the area, there is a limit on the development area suitable for the characteristics of a small area such as a single station. This study aims to evaluate the development potential of the station area of Seoul Metro Line 2 based on the current maximum capacity of public transportation and land characteristics. Furthermore, it aims to devise a method for the efficient utilization of urban space by reorganizing the existing central system. Through the analysis, we found station areas that required further development and confirmed the need for the expansion of the central system and addition of a hub. Specifically, in the case of Dongbuk (North-eastern region), there were a total of four metro lines in Wangsimni and significant traffic demand. However, compared to four other regions, overall development indicators were low. Thus, it is necessary to have additional development based on Konkuk University and Seongsu, which have sufficient transportation capacity. This study is expected to contribute to balanced regional development by evaluating the development potential of TODs based on the current development capacity of the station area Metro Line 2 and propose a reorganization of the central system of the “2030 Seoul Plan,” the urban master plan of Seoul.
This study aims to develop the typology of transit-oriented development (TOD) based on rail and rapid bus transit networks and identify the differences in transit modal split among TOD types for the Seoul Metropolitan Area. Using cluster analysis with features derived from node-place model and TOD 3Ds (Density, Diversity and Design), this study classifies 1,013 administrative dongs with wide-area transit access into 5 types, namely, Center, High-density, Hybrid, and Suburban TOD types, and TAD (Transit-adjacent Development). The findings show that firstly, there is a positive correlation between node- and place-index. However, some imbalances, particularly in the urban center, highlight the need to achieve TOD on a metropolitan scale via continuous monitoring based on the relationship between transit networks and land-use. Secondly, neighborhoods within the suburban TOD type exhibit greater rapid bus based accessibility, leading to a higher transit modal split than that in TAD type. Lastly, neighborhoods categorized as TAD exhibit a lower transit modal split owing to the combination of low transit availability and urban density. These types have contrasting levels of rail- and bus-based accessibility and varying spatial distributions. The results emphasize that TOD can help reduce private car usage and increase transit ridership, thereby helping achieve carbon neutrality within cities. However, given the existing transportation and land-use conditions within the Seoul Metropolitan Area, comprehensive TOD polices that integrate both bus and rail transit networks are required.
Previous studies have established that land use changes due to development primarily occur near the transit stations at the regional integrated level. However, this study revealed how the accessibility of metropolitan railways and highway infrastructure impacts land use changes at a micro parcel level. We analyzed the influential factors of parcel-level building constructions that have occurred in the Gangnam station area and its hinterlands over a period of five years since the opening of Shinbundang line (Jeongja-Gwanggyo) in 2016. We constructed metropolitan railway and highway accessibilities of individual parcels at the micro street network level, demonstrating the complex impact of transportation infrastructure. The results are as follows. The effect of the accessibility of the two transportation infrastructures on building construction was different, and the pattern of new construction at the micro level also differed from that of macroscopic development. Despite the improvement in the accessibility of metropolitan railways, new constructions tended to be diffused rather than concentrated in a particular area. In contrast, the accessibility of highways at the micro-level in transit station areas had a positive effect on new construction. This is because in terms of micro level accessibility, walking to transit is disadvantageous compared to driving. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the influence of metropolitan railway and manage individual constructions at a micro-level, to induce the transit-oriented land use change.
The aim of this study was to suggest characteristics and strategies of urban development focused on Transit Oriented Development (TOD). For this study, the relevant concepts of TOD were reviewed, and the types of urban development based on TOD was surveyed. As a case study, 7 TOD projects implemented in advanced countries were analyzed in the terms to change in urban spatial structure, urban balance development and connection of public transportation. The conclusions are as follows. First, the regal system and the support mechanism for success of the public-private partnership are essential for TOD. Second, the role of public sector leads planning, implementation and management should be emphasized in the development process, and mitigation of the development density and revision of a municipal ordinance for promoting TOD are necessary. Third, a public transportation plan and land-use plan in the downtown areas should be integrated, and the enlargement of the urban infrastructure through public assets by the local authority is essential.