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Call to join the decentralized science movement
... 2023) explicitly cited the definition set forth by the Ethereum Foundation, which describes DeSci as "Decentralized science (DeSci) is a movement that aims to build public infrastructure for funding, creating, reviewing, crediting, storing, and disseminating scientific knowledge fairly and equitably using the Web3 stack" (Ethereum Foundation, 2023b). In the paper titled "Call to Join the Decentralized Science Movement," Hamburg defined DeSci in 2021 as follows: "The decentralized science (DeSci) movement aims to harness new technologies such as blockchain and 'Web3' to address some important research pain points, silos and bottlenecks" (Hamburg, 2021). This definition was cited in another definition included in the evaluation (Sicard, 2022). ...
... subcategories. Recurring 'Technological Aspects' include 'Web3' (Hamburg, 2021;Akinosho, 2022;Belova, 2022;Coinmonks, 2022;Hawkins, 2022;Moreland, 2022;Ethereum Foundation, 2023b;Ding et al., 2023;Magennis et al., 2023;Shilina, 2023;Starr et al., 2023;Xiaohui, 2023), 'Distributed Ledger Technology' (Hamburg, 2021;Belova, 2022;Hawkins, 2022;Moreland, 2022;Sicard, 2022;Wang et al., 2022;Ethereum Foundation, 2023b;Dehouche et al., 2023;JocelynDAO, 2023;Kisley, 2023) and 'Decentralization' (Golato, 2021;Koepsell, 2022;Parasol, 2022;Dehouche et al., 2023;Ding et al., 2023;Kisley, 2023;Starr et al., 2023), whereas scientific aspects frequently cite 'Research Funding' (Akinosho, 2022;Belova, 2022;Ding et al., 2022;Hamburg, 2022;FIGURE 2 Flowchart of the search and selection process for academic literature (modified from PRISMA (Tricco et al., 2018)). ...
... subcategories. Recurring 'Technological Aspects' include 'Web3' (Hamburg, 2021;Akinosho, 2022;Belova, 2022;Coinmonks, 2022;Hawkins, 2022;Moreland, 2022;Ethereum Foundation, 2023b;Ding et al., 2023;Magennis et al., 2023;Shilina, 2023;Starr et al., 2023;Xiaohui, 2023), 'Distributed Ledger Technology' (Hamburg, 2021;Belova, 2022;Hawkins, 2022;Moreland, 2022;Sicard, 2022;Wang et al., 2022;Ethereum Foundation, 2023b;Dehouche et al., 2023;JocelynDAO, 2023;Kisley, 2023) and 'Decentralization' (Golato, 2021;Koepsell, 2022;Parasol, 2022;Dehouche et al., 2023;Ding et al., 2023;Kisley, 2023;Starr et al., 2023), whereas scientific aspects frequently cite 'Research Funding' (Akinosho, 2022;Belova, 2022;Ding et al., 2022;Hamburg, 2022;FIGURE 2 Flowchart of the search and selection process for academic literature (modified from PRISMA (Tricco et al., 2018)). ...
Rapid advancements in Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), including blockchain, are foundational to a new era of digital innovation. This innovation has catalyzed the emergence of “Decentralized Science (DeSci),” a new concept and movement that aims to address the challenges of modern science. Given the novelty of the field of DeSci, this study aims to provide a comprehensive definition of the term and explore and conceptualize the shared values and guiding principles inherent to DeSci. To achieve these objectives, an exploratory literature review was conducted to identify and synthesize the scholarly and secondary literature. The search and selection process included six databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, arXiv, and Social Science Research Network), focusing on the last 15 years (2008 to 2023). Owing to the novelty of DeSci, the literature review was supplemented by an anonymous online-based expert survey using a combination of single-choice and open-ended questions. The experts were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria related to their activities in the DeSci field. Seven studies were selected for evaluation from the scholarly literature, and additional 24 sources of information were included in the analysis. In the expert survey, 39 valid datasets were collected and analyzed. The synthesis of the exploratory literature review and expert survey results led to a comprehensive definition of “Decentralized Science” (DeSci) reflecting recurring themes. As no publications explicitly discussed or addressed the values or principles of DeSci in the literature review, a set of shared values and guiding principles was defined based on the expert survey results. This study proposes a comprehensive definition of DeSci and a set of shared values and guiding principles, highlighting the importance of future research in this area.
... In a notable article ('correspondence') published in Nature in 2021, Sarah Hamburg was the first to introduce the term 'Decentralized Science' and its abbreviation 'DeSci' to a wide academic audience [39]. Hamburg characterizes DeSci as a movement that "aims to harness new technologies such as blockchain and 'Web3' to address some important research pain points, silos and bottlenecks". ...
... While Hamburg does not further elaborate on these "research pain points, silos and bottlenecks," her article provides examples of relevant projects and DAOs (e.g., Vita-DAO). Additionally, the current focus areas of DeSci, such as "efficient peer-to-peer data storage" and "improved mechanisms for funding research", have been mentioned [39]. 7 In another study published in the same year, a different understanding of 'Decentralized Science,' abbreviated as 'DecSci' is presented, diverging from the more commonly used abbreviation 'DeSci' [40]. ...
... The identified secondary sources of information are listed in Table 4. [41]. In the paper titled "Call to Join the Decentralized Science Movement," Hamburg defined DeSci in 2021 as follows: "The decentralized science (DeSci) movement aims to harness new technologies such as blockchain and 'Web3' to address some important research pain points, silos and bottlenecks" [39]. This definition was cited in another definition included in the evaluation [56]. ...
Rapid advancements in Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), including blockchain, are foundational to a new era of digital
innovation. This innovation has catalyzed the emergence of ‘Decentralized Science (DeSci),’ a new concept and movement that aims to address the challenges of modern science. Given the novelty of the field of DeSci, this study aims to provide a comprehensive definition of the term as well as explore and conceptualize shared values and guiding principles inherent to DeSci. In line with the objectives of this study, an exploratory literature review was conducted to identify and synthesize the scholarly and secondary literature. The search and selection process included six databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, arXiv, and Social Science Research Network), and the search period was limited to the last 15 years, from 2008 to 2023. Owing to the novelty of the concept and movement of DeSci, the exploratory literature review was supplemented by an anonymous online-based expert survey using a combination of single-choice and open-ended questions. The experts were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, in association with their activities in the field of DeSci. Seven studies were selected for evaluation as part of the search and selection process to identify relevant scholarly literature. Following the review of secondary literature, additional 24 publications were included in the analysis. In the expert survey, 39 valid datasets were collected and analyzed. Following the synthesis of the results of the exploratory literature review and expert survey, a comprehensive definition of the term ‘Decentralized Science’ (DeSci) was formulated to reflect recurring themes. As no publications that explicitly discussed or addressed the values or principles of DeSci in the exploratory literature review could be identified, a set of shared values and guiding principles for DeSci were defined based on the results of the expert survey. While this study proposes a comprehensive definition of DeSci as well as a set of shared values and guiding principles, the results of this study highlight the importance for future research.
... T he autonomous science, particularly decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO)-based decentralized science (DeSci), is emerging as an important movement in research and development in recent years. [1][2][3] To investigate its potential significance, on March 21 and 30, 2022, our AI Expert of the IEEE Intelligent Systems has held two decentralized hybrid workshops (DHWs) to address various issues of DeSci and its impact on the existing ecology and future evolution of scientific activities and operations. Specifically, what is DeSci? ...
... From a broader perspective, DeSci is the emergence of collective desires to improve the research and development establishments, which are expected to be transformed by intelligent technologies into more effective and efficient organizations with increased ability for sciences to fulfill their mandates and align with human values. [1][2][3][4][5] In traditional centralized science (CeSci), centralized agents, such as government institutions, philanthropic foundations, private businesses, or universities, have been organized and operated for pragmatic rather than purely epistemic purposes, where techno-scientific institutions have a core mandate of helping outside institutions in their pragmatic endeavors with an overarching goal of accumulating epistemic value along this direction. Figure 2 presents the framework for a DeSci model derived from the initial idea in Wang's work. 1 Clearly, DeSci differs from CeSci in terms of its tools, structure, governance, incentives, organization, operations, and norms, or more generally, in terms of its research and development ecology for knowledge discovery and utilization. ...
This article discusses the impact and significance of the autonomous science movement and the role and potential uses of intelligent technology in DAO-based decentralized science (DeSci) organizations and operations. What is DeSci? How does it relate the science of team science? What are its potential contributions to multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and/or transdisciplinary studies? Does it have any correspondence to the social movement organizations in traditional social sciences or the cyber movement organizations in the new digital age? Particularly, issues on DeSci to current professional communities, such as IEEE and its societies, conferences, and publications, are addressed, and the effort for the framework and process of DAO-based DeSci for free, fair, and responsibility sensitive sciences is reviewed.
... In recent years, amid the ever-changing blockchain technology landscape, early approaches using blockchain technology for implementing open science principles and advocating for transparency, collaboration, and accessibility in scientific research have emerged (Hamburg, 2021;Leible et al.,2019). These initiatives have employed blockchain technology to address some of the challenges of the current scientific system, including issues in biomedical research and the pharmaceutical industry and the lengthy time required for scientific advancements to impact everyday life. ...
... As an alternative to this traditional system, Decentralized Science (DeSci) activities or systems are gaining popularity. 15,16 Multiple scientific entities are beginning to apply Web3 technology, most notably blockchain, to obtain research funding and to publish results. 17 Web3 is a general term for distributed networks where users autonomously exchange information and communicate. ...
Scientists write research articles, process ethics reviews, evaluate proposals and research, and seek funding. Several strategies have been proposed to optimize these operations and to decentralize access to research resources and opportunities. For instance, we previously proposed the trinity review method, combining registered reports with financing and research ethics assessments. However, previously proposed systems have a number of shortcomings, including how to implement them, e.g., who manages them, how incentives for reviewers are paid, etc. Various solutions have been proposed to address these issues, employing methods based on blockchain technologies, called “decentralized science (DeSci)”. Decentralized approaches that exploit these developments offer potentially profound improvements to the troubled scientific ecosystem. Here, we propose a system that integrates ethics reviews, peer reviews, and funding in a decentralized manner, based on Web3 technology. This new method, named ABCDEF publishing, would enhance the speed, fairness, and transparency of scientific research and publishing.
... As an alternative to this traditional system, Decentralized Science (DeSci) activities or systems are gaining popularity. 14,15 Multiple scientific entities are beginning to apply Web3 technology, most notably blockchain, to obtain research funding and to publish results. 16 Web3 is a general term for distributed networks where users autonomously exchange information and communicate. ...
Scientists write research articles, process ethics reviews, evaluate proposals and research, and seek funding. Several strategies have been proposed to optimize these operations and to decentralize access to research resources and opportunities. For instance, we previously proposed the trinity review method, combining registered reports with financing and research ethics assessments. However, previously proposed systems have a number of shortcomings, including how to implement them, e.g., who manages them, how incentives for reviewers are paid, etc. Various solutions have been proposed to address these issues, employing methods based on blockchain technologies, called “decentralized science (DeSci)”. Decentralized approaches that exploit these developments offer potentially profound improvements to the troubled scientific ecosystem. Here, we propose a system that integrates ethics reviews, peer reviews, and funding in a decentralized manner, based on Web3 technology. This new method, named ABCDEF publishing, would enhance the speed, fairness, and transparency of scientific research and publishing.
... Instead, the management is often exceedingly centralized: only a handful of influential scientists are highly recognized as leaders of successful projects. Decentralized science (DeSci) is an emerging movement that proposes to build a shared infrastructure for disseminating, assessing, funding, crediting, and storing data and knowledge using blockchain technologies [Hamburg, 2021; https://ethereum.org/en/desci/]. It aims to create an ecosystem where all the researchers are motivated to share their data and receive credit for their effort while allowing everyone open access to research materials using crypto-technologies such as non-fungible tokens (NFTs). ...
The chicken continues to hold its position as a leading model organism within many areas of research, as well as a being major source of protein for human consumption. The First Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes [Schmid et al., 2000], which was published in 2000, was the brainchild of the late, and sadly missed, Prof Michael Schmid of the University of Würzburg. It was a publication bringing together updates on the latest research and resources in chicken genomics and cytogenetics. The success of this First report led to the subsequent publication of the Second [Schmid et al., 2005] and Third [Schmid et al., 2015] reports proving popular references for the research community. It is now our pleasure to be able to introduce publication of the Fourth report. Being seven years since the last report, this publication captures the many advances that have taken place during that time. This includes presentation of the detailed genomic resources that are now available, largely due to increasing capabilities of sequencing technologies and which herald the pangenomic age, allowing for a much richer and more complete knowledge of the avian genome. Ongoing cytogenetic work also allows for examination of chromosomes, specific elements within chromosomes and the evolutionary history and comparison of karyotypes. We also examine chicken research efforts with a much more ‘global’ outlook with a greater impact on food security and the impact of climate change, and highlight the efforts of international consortia, such as the Chicken Diversity Consortium. We dedicate this Report to Michael.
... It mainly completes the acquisition, scheduling, and allocation of resources, such as collecting, storing, and protecting information, as well as coordinating and controlling concurrent activities and many other tasks. This layer mainly aims to improve the SE reliability through new technologies [56], such as federated ecology, federated data, blockchain intelligence, smart contracts, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) [57], and decentralized autonomous societies (DASs), which greatly facilitate the deployment of foundation models tasks. ...
Foundation models are used to train a broad system of general data to build adaptations to new bottlenecks. Typically, they contain hundreds of billions of hyperparameters that have been trained with hundreds of gigabytes of data. However, this type of black-box vulnerability places foundation models at risk of data poisoning attacks that are designed to pass on misinformation or purposely introduce machine bias. Moreover, ordinary researchers have not been able to completely participate due to the rise in deployment standards. This study introduces the theoretical framework of scenarios engineering (SE) for building accessible and reliable foundation models in metaverse, namely“, SE-enabled foundation models in metaverse.” Particularly, the research framework comprises a six-layer architecture (infrastructure layer, operation layer, knowledge layer, intelligence layer, management layer, and interaction layer), which can provide controllability, trustworthiness, and interactivity for the foundation models in metaverse. This creates closed-loop, virtual–real, and human–machine environments that provides the best indices and goals for the foundation models, which allows us to fully validate and calibrate the corresponding models. Then, examples of use cases from the automotive industry are listed to provide transparency on the possible use and benefits of our approach. Finally, the open research topics of related frameworks are discussed.
... With the improvement of smart contract platforms, such as Ethereum and the maturity of decentralized governance tools, the application of DAOs is becoming increasingly diversified and shows a trend of integration with noncrypto industries. At present, DAOs have been applied in many fields, such as finance and venture capital, social network [37], [38], entertainment, science, etc., which led to the birth of decentralized finance (DeFi), such as Uniswap and MakerDAO, decentralized funding, such as VentureDAOs and GrantDAOs, decentralized social network, such as community DAOs and social DAOs, decentralized entertainment, such as CollectionDAOs and GameFi, and Decentralized science (DeSci) [39], [40], [41]. In addition, DAOs also have great potential in many fields, such as organization management, emergency command, and network governance. ...
Empowered by blockchain and Web3 technologies, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) are able to redefine resources, production relations, and organizational structures in a revolutionary manner. This article aims to reanalyze DAOs from the perspectives of organization and operation, and provide a more precise definition of DAOs as DAOs and Operations. Based on this, the fundamental principles and requirements of DAOs are explained, while the infrastructure based on cyber–physical–social system (CPSS) and parallel intelligence, as well as the supporting technologies, such as digital twins, metaverse, and Web3, are discussed. Besides, a five-layer intelligent architecture is presented, and the closed-loop equation and new function-oriented intelligent algorithms are also proposed. Moreover, the governance mechanisms from the individual, organizational and social perspectives are discussed, and the incentive mechanisms for the human, robot, and digital human are analyzed. This article can be regarded as a stepping stone for further research and developments of DAOs.
... In this perspective, academic institutions and governing bodies can build on blockchain technology and the early momentum generated by the decentralized science (DeSci) movement to implement a transformative solution to help trace securely the deterioration in working conditions, in particular, the average standard of overall well-being across research institutions, in a transparent and coordinated way. DeSci has recently emerged as both a scientific community movement and an alternative scientific infrastructure built on top of the blockchain to improve the modern organisation of science by addressing some important research pain points, silos, and bottlenecks (Hamburg, 2021). From a technical standpoint, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that empowers anyone with an internet connection to transfer any valuable digital asset, such as currency, software code, document, or survey answers, with unmatched security and integrity (Casino et al., 2019). ...
Academic staff’s working conditions have been deteriorating for years. In particular, the reduced availability of both research funding and permanent research positions has continuously led to insidious competition and intense stress among academics. Whereas governing bodies have made significant attempts to narrow pervasive social inequalities in the distribution of research funding within the scientific community, they have not truly taken into account the importance of the academics’ overall well-being in the development of more sustainable financing of academic researchers. This originates not only from the complexity to develop comprehensive models reflecting staff’s overall well-being in the academic environment, but also from the limited access to reliable and immutable data that transparently account for the staff’s direct experience. In this context, blockchain technology can push further the use of more transparent survey data collection and record-keeping that can help mitigate the systematic bias inherent to the centralized nature of traditional auditing. We discuss how research institutions and governing bodies can build on blockchain technology and the early momentum generated by the decentralized science (DeSci) movement to implement the future-proof research funding chain that values overall well-being across academia in a transparent and coordinated way.
The preceding chapters give an overview on the advancements of AI in fields such as mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, materials science, medicine, and astronomy. While these selected works represent only a portion of the progress made in AI for Sciences (AI4S) in recent years, these breakthroughs are truly thrilling. On the other hand, as a rapidly evolving field, AI4S encounters numerous challenges. Hence, the establishment of a robust and sustainable ecosystem is paramount. Despite its significance, the AI4S ecosystem often remains overlooked. This chapter delves into AI ecology and sustainable development issues, examining them through the lenses of Decentralized Science (DeSci), Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), Blockchain Technology, and Foundational Intelligence.
AI for Sciences (AI4S) has made significant achievements in recent years. To tackle challenges and advance future research, this chapter introduces the Parallel Intelligence perspectives for analyzing, comparing, and developing AI4S within a unified framework called HANOI-AI4S. First, a systematic introduction to Parallel Intelligence is provided, followed by the perspectives of Parallel Science, characterized by “three worlds, three ITs, three scientists, and three modes.” The challenges of AI4S and benefits of a unified AI4S framework are then analyzed. Finally, the details of HANOI-AI4S are described, with an emphasis on human roles, organizations, and AI methods.
The new generation of digital intelligence technology enables knowledge creation, dissemination, and application to undergoing parallel changes. Scientific systems face an increasingly uncertain, diverse, and complex environment, making adopting multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary approaches to research issues inevitable. Existing scientific systems follow linear value streams, leading to problems, such as inefficiency, unfairness, and knowledge monopoly. Decentralized science (DeSci) is a new scientific development paradigm based on Web3, Metaverses, and decentralized autonomous organizations and operations (DAOs) technologies, that can solve organizational and management problems in scientific systems through organizing, coordinating, and executing techniques. However, new economic theories and methods are still needed to effectively solve the problem of linear value flow in scientific systems. Metaeconomics based on the parallel intelligence theory, also known as decentralized economics (DeEco), provides a new approach and idea for redesigning the economic system of scientific markets. Thus, this article proposes a research framework and core mechanisms of DeSci MetaMarkets based on parallel economic theory to provide effective and practical methodologies for scientific system governance.
Welcome to the second issue of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL SOCIAL SYSTEMS (TCSS) of 2023. According to the latest update of CiteScoreTracker from Elsevier Scopus released on February 5, 2023, the CitesSore of TCSS has reached a historical high of 9.6. Many thanks to all for your great effort and support.
Briefing: An investigation and outline of MetaControl and DeControl in Metaverses for control intelligence and knowledge automation are presented. Prescriptive control with prescriptive knowledge and parallel philosophy is proposed as the starting point for the new control philosophy and technology, especially for computational control of metasystems in cyber-physical-social systems. We argue that circular causality, the generalized feedback mechanism for complex and purposive systems, should be adapted as the fundamental principle for control and management of metasystems with metacomplexity in metaverses. Particularly, an interdisciplinary approach is suggested for MetaControl and DeControl as a new form of intelligent control based on five control metaverses: Meta Verses, MultiVerses, InterVerses, TransVerse, and Deep Verses.
Decentralized science (DeSci) is a hot topic emerging with the development of Web3 or Web3.0 and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and operations. DeSci fundamentally differs from the centralized science (CeSci) and Open Science (OS) movement built in the centralized way with centralized protocols. It changes the basic structure and legacy norms of current scientific systems via reshaping the cooperation mode, value system, and incentive mechanism. As such, it can provide a viable path for solving bottleneck problems in the development of science, such as oligarchy, silos, and so on, and make science more fair, free, responsible, and sensitive. However, DeSci itself still faces many challenges, including scaling, balancing the quality of participants, system suboptimal loops, lack of accountability mechanism, and so on. Taking these into consideration, this article presents a systematic introduction of DeSci, proposes a novel reference model with a six-layer architecture, addresses the potential applications, and also outlines the key research directions in this emerging field. This article is committed to providing helpful guidance and reference for future research efforts on DeSci.
Centralization has dominated classic scientific, social, and economic developments. Decentralization has also received increasing attention in management, decision, governance, and economics, despite its incomparability in AI. Going beyond centralized and distributed AI, this article reviews and delineates the conceptual map, research issues, and technical opportunities of decentralized AI and edge intelligence. The complementarity and metasynthesis between centralized and decentralized AI are also elaborated. We further assess where decentralized AI and edge intelligence can enable and promote smart blockchain, Web3, metaverse and decentralized science disciplinarily, technically, practically, and more broadly.
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