Chemical composition of essential oils of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) flowers and fruits

Abstract

The majority of essential oils obtained from medicinal plants have been
demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of different kinds of
diseases, and they are increasingly used in the diet. Due to their chemical
composition, essential oils are a very interesting product of the secondary
metabolism of plants, for both consumers and researchers. Among others,
elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) is mostly a woody plant, while it can rarely
be found as a herbaceous perennial plant. This plant species has been used
in traditional medicine because it is a very rich source of phytochemicals.
The aim of this study was to identify and compare the composition of
essential oils obtained from flowers and fruits of this plant, collected
from the Balkan Peninsula. The oils were obtained using the Clevenger
apparatus, and their composition was evaluated by gas chromatography - mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil composition was affected by the part of the
plants used: the most abundant bioactive compounds in the essential oil of
air-dried elderberry fruits were β-damascenone (35.70%) and linalyl
anthranilate (24.15%). β-damascenone was the dominant compound in the
essential oil of lyophilized elderberry fruits (38.64%), while linalool was
detected in the concentration of 32.80%. In the essential oil of air-dried
elderflowers, the most abundant compound was carane (13.19%). The essential
oils of S. nigra shown substantial chemical composition and could be used as
a potential source of natural products in the cosmetics and food industry.

Full text

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF ELDERBERRY
(SAMBUCUS NIGRA L.) FLOWERS AND FRUITS
Milena D. VUJANOVIĆ
1
*, Saša D. ĐUROVIĆ
2
, Marija M. RADOJKOVIĆ
1
1
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia
2
Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
Received: 07 September 2021 Revised: 18 September 2021 Accepted: 20 September 2021
The majority of essential oils obtained from medicinal plants have been demonstrated to be
effective in the treatment of different kinds of diseases, and they are increasingly used in the diet. Due
to their chemical composition, essential oils are a very interesting product of the secondary meta-
bolism of plants, for both consumers and researchers. Among others, elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.)
is mostly a woody plant, while it can rarely be found as a herbaceous perennial plant. This plant
species has been used in traditional medicine because it is a very rich source of phytochemicals. The
aim of this study was to identify and compare the composition of essential oils obtained from flowers
and fruits of this plant, collected from the Balkan Peninsula. The oils were obtained using the Cle-
venger apparatus, and their composition was evaluated by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). The oil composition was affected by the part of the plants used: the most abundant bioac-
tive compounds in the essential oil of air-dried elderberry fruits were β-damascenone (35.70%) and
linalyl anthranilate (24.15%). β-damascenone was the dominant compound in the essential oil of lyo-
philized elderberry fruits (38.64%), while linalool was detected in the concentration of 32.80%. In the
essential oil of air-dried elderflowers, the most abundant compound was carane (13.19%). The essen-
tial oils of S. nigra shown substantial chemical composition and could be used as a potential source
of natural products in the cosmetics and food industry.
Keywords: essential oils, Sambucus nigra L., chemical composition, hydrodistillation.
INTRODUCTION
The pace of modern life has influenced the development of various diseases that have
become the primary concern of contemporary society. The scientific community has focu-
sed its research on the treatment of diseases of modern society by using plants. Plant speci-
es that grow on the Balkan Peninsula are very available and cheap sources of biopotent mo-
lecules and have been used for centuries in traditional medicine. Essential oils are recogni-
zed as a very promising product of secondary plant metabolism (1). The use of essential
oils in herbal medicine dates back to the early development of civilization. The essential oil
has found its application in various cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products. Also, in
aromatherapy the essential oil is used in pure or diluted form. Plant raw materials are
recognized as a source of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antitumor agents, therefore
metabolites that are produced in plant metabolism have biological and pharmacological
potential in the prevention and treatment of diseases of modern society (2).
One of the unutilized plant species in our region is elderberry (Sambucus nigra L).
Elderberry is a wild-growing plant species that belongs to the Adoxaceae family. This plant
species is characterized by whitish flowers and small dark purple fruits. Of the 30 species
* Corresponding author: Milena D. Vujanović, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar
cara Lazara 1, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia, e-mail: milenavujanovic@uns.ac.rs

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named in the world, nine have use-value, while only two species, S. nigra L. (black elder-
berry) and S. canadensis L. (Canadian, American elderberry), are used for commercial pur-
poses. Three species grow in the Balkans: Sambucus nigra L., Sambucus ebulus L., and
Sambucus racemosa L. (3). Black elderberry is widespread in western and central Europe,
it can grow at an altitude of 1200 meters, it is also present in the south of Europe, in Sicily,
and in the continental regions of Greece. The natural limit for the growth of the plant spe-
cies Sambucus nigra is Scotland and southern Scandinavia. In addition to the European
continent, elderberry also grows in Asia, North Africa, and North America. For the suitable
growth of the elderberry, fertile humus and moist soil rich in nitrogen are needed, so it can
be found in villages, fields, thickets, on the banks of rivers, in lighter forests (4).
Since the development of civilization, it has been used in traditional medicine and
nutrition. Elderberry flowers and fruit were used to treat flu and colds, while in traditional
nutrition they were used to make syrups, juices, jams, jellies. Numerous studies have shown
that elderberry has pronounced biological properties if they are antioxidant, anti-inflamma-
tory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial (5). Based on data from the literature, it was determi-
ned that that research focused on methods for isolation of elderberry essential oil is scarce.
The studies that have dealt with the isolation and characterization of essential oil from el-
derberry are Najar et al., 2021 (6) and Agalar et al., 2014 (7). A special contribution and
novelty within this research were based on the application of drying techniques, especially
lyophilization as a modern drying technology, with the idea of preserving the chemical
composition of elderberry, in order to obtain quality products that are not yet available on
the market. Hence, the aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of essen-
tial oil, of air-dried elderflowers and elderberry fruits, and lyophilized elderberry fruits col-
lected on the Balkan Peninsula, using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
technique.
EXPERIMENTAL
The fresh elderberry flowers and fruits used in this research were collected in June and
August 2017 in mountain Ljubišnja, Pljevlja (Montenegro). After collection, part of fresh
elderberry flowers and fruits were dried by traditional drying technique and part fresh fruits
were dried using lyophilization, as a modern drying technique at the industrial level. Tradi-
tional drying was performed in an area that is protected from sunlight and without the influ-
ence of temperature, and the drying process lasted 5 days at temperature 22 °C, while lyo-
philization lasted 48 hours. The dried plant material was prepared for hydrodistillation pro-
cess. The specimen’s voucher (Sambucus nigra L., No. 2-1512) was prepared and identified
by Milica Rat, Ph.D., and deposited at the Herbarium of the Department of Biology and
Ecology (BUNS Herbarium), University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Republic of
Serbia.
H
YDRODISTILLATION OF PLANT MATERIAL
The essential oil was isolated from the air-dried fruits and flowers and the lyophilized
elderberry fruits, in an apparatus according to Clavenger (1928). The weighed plant mate-
rial was transferred to a distillation flask, the flask was placed on a heating pad and water
was added as a solvent. The ratio of plant material to solvent was 1:10 (g/mL). The distilla-

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tion process lasted 4 hours, and the essential oil was isolated in 1 ml of n-hexane. The hexa-
ne layer was dropped into a beaker and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After 24 ho-
urs, the hexane solution was filtered and the filtrate was transferred to a previously measu-
red flask. The residual solvent was evaporated on a vacuum evaporator. The content of ea-
sily volatile components in the essential oil is expressed as a relative percentage (%, m/m).
C
HEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF
S
AMBUCUS NIGRA
The analysis of the essential oils of S. nigra included the qualitative and quantitative
composition of the oil of air-dried flowers and fruits and lyophilized fruits, which was
determined by GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) method (Thermo Fisher,
USA). TR WAX-MS (30m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm) capillary column was used, while the ana-
lyzed samples were dissolved in methylene chloride and injected into GC through TriPlus
AS autosampler (2 μL). The temperature program was: initial temperature 45 °C (8 min),
then 8.0 °C/min to 230 °C (10 min). Injector, MS transfer line and ion source temperatures
were 250 °C, 200 °C and 220 °C, respectively. The compounds were identified combining
the NIST 08 MS database and MS spectra of authenticated standards. The final results were
expressed as a relative percentage (%) (9).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the research are presented in the tables in the paper.
Figure 1. Chromatogram of elderberry and elderflowers essential oils. The numbers refer to
those in Tables 1, 2, and 3.

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Table 1. The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from air-dried elderberry
fruits
Retention time Isolated compounds Content (%, m/m)
6.12 2-hexenol 5.19±0.21
7.09 4-heptyn-3-ol 0.10±0.01
7.89 isopent
y
l acetate 0.24±0.01
11.82 2-
p
entylfuran 0.33±0.02
11.93 E)-ocimene 0.13±0.01
12.73 p-cymene 0.10±0.01
14.47 α-lonene 0.53±0.01
14.73 cis-rose oxide 0.41±0.01
15.04 trans-rose oxide 0.20±0.01
15.60 β-cyclocitral 1.63±0.06
16.46 ethil capr
y
late 3.22±0.26
16.57 β-lonene 4.46±0.17
17.93 2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,5,6,8a-
hexahydro-2H-chromene 5.20±0.16
18.44 linal
y
l anthranilate 24.15±2.31
20.74 α-terpineol 5.71±0.28
22.06 meth
y
l h
y
drocinnamate 1.66±0.07
22.55 β-damascenone 35.70±3.41
24.01 indane-4-carboxaldeh
y
de 2.45±0.15
25.82 5-methyl-2-
p
henyl-2-hexenal 8.58±0.26
Table 2. The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from lyophilized
elderberry fruits
Retention time Isolated compounds Content (%, m/m)
10.50 limonene 0.04±0.01
11.77 2-pentylfuran 0.03±0.01
11.87 cis-β-ocimene 0.04±0.02
12.33 trans-β-ocimene 0.11±0.01
12.98 terpinolene 0.12±0.01
14.40 α-lonene 0.25±0.03
14.68 cis-rose oxide 0.12±0.01
14.98 trans-rose oxide 0.04±0.01
15.54 trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien ol 0.19±0.01
16.52 β-lonene 3.25±0.16
18.04 α-lonone 6.87±0.21
18.41 linalool 32.80±3.23
18.98 β-lonone 1.07±0.05
20.70 α-terpineol 9.59±0.18
22.51 β-damascenone 38.64±3.80
31.68 phytol 6.84±0.27

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In the essential oil of air-dried fruits, 19 components were identified, which represented
99.99% of the essential oil. The main components of the essential oil of air-dried elderberry
fruits were: β-damascenone (35.70%), linalyl anthranilate (24.15%), 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2-
hexenal (8.58%) and α-terpineol (5.71%).
In the essential oil of lyophilized elderberry fruits, 16 components were identified,
which represented 100% of the composition of the essential oil. The dominant compound in
the essential oil of lyophilized fruits was also β-damascenone (38.64%), with a slightly
lower percentage of linalool (32.80%). α-Terpineol was present in the percentage of 9.59%,
while α-lonone and phytol were recorded in the percentage of 6.87% and 6.84%, respecti-
vely. Comparing the obtained results with previous studies, it was noticed that elderberry
oil contains the same groups of easily volatile compounds, but in a different percentage.
Namely, the essential oil of air-dried elderberry in study (6) as a dominant compound were
contained linalyl acetate (26.30%) and linalool (10.20%), while these compounds have not
been identified in the essential oil of air-dried elderberry, tested in this paper. However,
linalool was detected in the essential oil of lyophilized elderberries in a concentration of
32.80%, which is significantly higher, compared to the research of Najar et al., 2021 (6).
These results could be explained by the influence of the drying process on the content of
certain components, especially because lyophilization ensures the preservation of the che-
mical composition of plant materials. Also, the process of hydrodistillation affected the
content of easily volatile compounds, but also the composition of the soil on which the
plant grew.
In the essential oil of air-dried and lyophilized fruits, the dominant components belong
to rose ketones. Damascenones and lonones are compounds found in various essential oils,
including rose oil. They significantly contribute to the aroma of roses, despite the relatively
low concentration, and are important chemical substances used in the perfumery, and are
obtained by the decomposition of carotenoids (10).
Seven of the same components have been identified in the essential oil of air-dried and
lyophilized elderberry fruits (2-pentylfuran, α-lonene, cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide, β-lo-
none, α-terpineol and β-damascenone). With the exception of α-terpineol and β-damasceno-
ne, the other compounds identified were in a higher percentage presented in the essential oil
of air-dried elderberry fruits compared to the chemical composition of the essential oil of
lyophilized elderberry fruits.
The difference in the content of individual components in the essential oils of air-dried
and lyophilized elderberry is probably due to the influence of the hydrodistillation process
itself, as well as the conditions under which the processes took place. The highest yield of
essential oil is expected at the beginning of hydrodistillation until the temperature becomes
constant and until equilibrium is established (11). The mechanism of hydrodistillation is
closely related to the anatomy of berry fruits and their degree of fragmentation. The process
of drying berry fruits affects the chemical composition of the fruits. Air-drying removes
water from the plant material, but the dried material is more susceptible to contamination in
this case. On the other hand, lyophilization provides the preservation of the chemical com-
position and quality of dried material. In the process of lyophilization, the anatomy of the
berry fruits is more uniform, while air drying does not enable the uniform anatomy of the
fruits. Drying and preservation of the plant material are also associated with the process of
hydrodistillation. Higher degrees of fragmentation afford a larger contact area and easier
isolation of more volatile compounds. During hydrodistillation, the boiling temperature

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could lead to disturbances or degradation of the chemical structure of thermolabile metabo-
lites, which is directly related to the chemical composition being analyzed. The berry fruits
contain essential oil in their structure, and by crushing, the structure of the fruit is destroyed
and the essential oil is released on the surface of the particle of plant material. The oil that
has reached the surface of the particle is quickly carried away by the steam that is formed
during distillation, and that period in hydrodistillation is marked as fast hydrodistillation.
The isolation of essential oil from the inner parts of the plant material is not completely en-
sured by crushing the berries, so the diffusion of the essential oil is difficult and this period
of hydrodistillation is marked as slow hydrodistillation (12).
The difference in the content of aromatic components of essential oil also stems from
the impossibility of temperature regulation. Thermolabile aromatic compounds are subject
to degradation due to the influence of boiling temperature, in addition to hydrodistillation,
the composition of the essential oil is also affected by the chosen technique of drying the
plant material. The components present in the essential oil of air-dried elderberry fruits
were presented in a higher percentage compared to the components found in the essential
oil of lyophilized fruits, except α-terpineol and β-damascene which were the most abundant
in the essential oil of lyophilized elderberries. Comparison of the drying techniques clearly
shows the difference and efficiency of lyophilization in relation to the traditional method of
drying, as well as the higher share of compounds in the essential oil of lyophilized fruits.
Lyophilization affects the preservation of the structure of fruits, and thus their chemical
composition, which is related to the quality of dried raw materials.
In addition to the fruit, for the production of essential oil within this scientific paper, a
traditionally dried elderflower was used, and the results of the research are shown in Table
3.
The presence of 35 compounds was determined in the essential oil of the elderflowers,
where the basic components of the oil are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The most com-
mon compounds in the essential oil of elderflowers were: caran (13.19%), α-limonene di-
epoxide (7.23%), methyl salicylate (7.00%), caryophyllene (6.55%), benzopyran (5.89%),
cis-geraniol (5.78%), and linalyl anthranilate (5.48%), while other aromatic components are
presented in a smaller percentage. Compared with the chemical composition of the essential
oil of the elderberry fruits, it was noted that monoterpenes cis-rose oxide and trans-rose
oxide, as well as linalyl anthranilate belonging to the terpene family, are presented in the
essential oil of both the fruits and the flowers of Sambucus nigra. Qualitative analysis of
the oil showed that monoterpene cis-rose oxide and trans-rose oxide were detected in a
higher percentage in the essential oil of the flowers, while linalyl anthranilate was identified
four times higher in the essential oil of air-dried elderberry fruits. Based on the conducted
examination of the essential oil from the fruits and flowers of S. nigra, it could be noticed
that the dominant compounds in the essential oil of the fruit were present in a higher per-
centage, while the components present in the essential oil of the elderflower are identified
in up to three times in a lower percentage. The composition and yield of essential oil in
different organs of the same plant species depends on biotic and abiotic factors, the genetics
of the plant itself, and the influence of the environment (13). In the families, Lamiaceae,
Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, plant species rich in essential oil
are represented. The isolation of essential oil from the fruits of berries is not particularly
interesting, as evidenced by the small number of studies. The essential oil of the elderberry
fruits was not the subject of scientific publications, and it is assumed that the main reason is

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the low content of essential oil in the plant species of the genus Sambucus. Essential oil as a
product of secondary metabolism of plants has a number of pharmacological activities,
fungicidal, antirheumatic, as well as antiseptic effects.
Table 3. The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the traditionally dried
elderflower
Retention time Isolated compounds Content (%, m/m)
8.44 α-
p
inene 0.01±0.01
8.94 3-
p
enten-2-ol 0.03±0.01
10.94 2-
p
ent
y
lfuran 0.06±0.02
13.07 4-
p
entyn-2-ol 2.93±0.02
13.98 cis-rose oxide 4.20±0.05
14.28 trans-rose oxide 2.09±0.02
14.78 1.2-meth
y
l-1.4-
p
entadiene 0.39±0.01
14.94 1-undecyn 4.78±0.04
15.86 linalool oxide 0.84±0.02
16.37 3.6-dihydro-4-methyl pyran 0.84±0.02
16.45 1.3-isopent
y
l-c
y
clopentene 0.31±0.01
17.16
b
enzopyran 5.89±0.07
17.78 linal
y
l anthranilate 5.48±0.05
18.43 caryophyllene 6.55±0.10
20.05 α-terpinol 2.97±0.04
20.67 epoxy-linalool 2.30±0.03
20.80 α-farnesene 0.50±0.02
20.88 β-cadinene 0.18±0.01
21.07 carane 13.19±0.27
21.20 methyl salicylate 7.00±0.37
21.54 α-limonene diepoxide 7.23±0.41
21.81 β-damascenone 1.68±0.12
22.00 6-meth
y
l-5-nonadiene-2-on 3.99±0.23
22.18 cis-geraniol 5.78±0.30
22.29 cis-
g
eran
y
lacetone 1.39±0.15
23.81
γ
-elemene 1.74±0.19
23.93 α-car
y
oph
y
llene oxide 2.91±0.21
24.02 1-
b
enzyl-1,2,3-triazole 2.51±0.17
24.42 trans-2-caren-4-ol 0.86±0.08
24.64 β- caryophyllene oxide 0.93±0.08
24.77 α-copaen-11-ol 0.58±0.03
24.89 β-methyl ionone 1.57±0.10
26.39 methyl-2-hydroxy-1,6-dimethyl
cyclohexane carboxylate
2.22±0.15
28.34 α- hex
y
l cinnamaldeh
y
de 2.18±0.18
29.64 3-p-menthen 3.88±0.26

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In the food industry, the essential oil is increasingly used as a natural preservative and a
potential alternative to synthetic preservatives to improve the taste of products, but also to
protect products from oxidation and microorganisms during packaging (14). The obtained
results indicate that the essential oils of elderberry are a good source of biopotential aro-
matic compounds. The presence of rose ketones and terpene molecules as dominant com-
ponents in the analyzed essential oils provides an opportunity to continue research in this
area in the direction of their potential application in the food industry as natural agents for
maintaining product freshness and shelf life.
CONCLUSION
The results obtained in this paper showed that elderberry essential oils have a high
content of volatile molecules belonging to rose ketones. In this regard, the further work and
development of this research could be based on the application of modern technologies in
order to isolate the dominant compounds in larger quantities. The dominant compounds
detected in the analyzed essential oils are characterized by exceptional biological activity,
especially linalool, terpineol, limonene, caryophyllene, which have antihypertensive, anti-
cancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and sedative effects. In addition, future research could be
based on testing the biological activity of the oil obtained, in order to apply it to existing
food or cosmetic products, with the idea of ensuring a better quality of products.
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