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Hagenzieker et al 2021 Automated Buses in Europe An Inventory of Pilots - Final Report

February 2021

Report number: Transport & Planning, February 2021
Affiliation: Delft University of Technology

Authors:

Daniel Heikoop

Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen

Juan Pablo Nuñez Velasco

Rijkswaterstaat

Reanne Boersma

Province of Groningen

Irene Zubin

Delft University of Technology

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Abstract Automated bus systems are a promising means of future first- and last mile public transport solutions, and can even possibly become a regular part of the public transport network. Therefore, many projects appear throughout Europe to pilot the feasibility of automated bus system implementation on various locations. Keeping up with the rapidly increasing pace in which these pilots appear, this report aimed to provide an overview of past, currently on-going, and concretely planned pilots with automated bus systems in Europe. Via extensive internet searches, exhausting personal networks, and gathering information from other sources, a detailed overview was developed. In the first version, established March 2020, 118 pilots were found which were characterized by vehicles with predominantly low speeds, low capacities, and short operation routes. In this final version, established February 2021, aside from additional information on known pilots, another 13 were found, making a total of 131 pilots throughout Europe. The search in itself proved to be difficult due to the often lacking detailed information of pilots, which was argued to be due to most scientific pilots being of recent years, and therefore often still on-going, and consequentially not having published any information yet on their research. Another difficulty arose due to the rapid increase of occurring pilots with automated buses, which leads to the report already being out-of-date as this report is being written. Therefore, this report was updated early 2021. Meanwhile, the Covid-19 pandemic situation appears a major issue for automated bus systems pilots during the year 2020. The results show that currently the vast majority of automated bus system pilots occur with the presence of a steward on board, due to legislation, technological challenges, as well as passengers requesting them, raising concerns regarding (e.g., economic) efficiency. Although there are a few automated bus systems that actively show efficient operation without on-board stewards, this still appears to be a future development.

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Automated Buses in Europe

An Inventory of Pilots

Final Version

Authors:

Hagenzieker, Marjan

Boersma, Reanne

Nuñez Velasco, Pablo

Ozturker, Maryna

Zubin, Irene

Heikoop, Daniël

Automated Buses in Europe

An Inventory of Pilots

Hagenzieker, Marjan

Boersma, Reanne

Nuñez Velasco, Pablo

Ozturker, Maryna

Zubin, Irene

Heikoop, Daniël

An electronic version of this technical report is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/.

Cover picture: Opening shuttle ESA ESTEC. Picture: Irene Zubin

Contents

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 5

2. Methods ......................................................................................................................................................... 8

3. Results ............................................................................................................................................................ 9

4. Discussion and conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 15

References ....................................................................................................................................................... 17

Appendix .......................................................................................................................................................... 20

Abstract

Automated bus systems are a promising means of future first- and last mile public transport solutions, and can even

possibly become a regular part of the public transport network. Therefore, many projects appear throughout Europe to

pilot the feasibility of automated bus system implementation on various locations. Keeping up with the rapidly increasing

pace in which these pilots appear, this report aimed to provide an overview of past, currently on-going, and concretely

planned pilots with automated bus systems in Europe. Via extensive internet searches, exhausting personal networks,

and gathering information from other sources, a detailed overview was developed. In the first version, established March

2020, 118 pilots were found which were characterized by vehicles with predominantly low speeds, low capacities, and

short operation routes. In this final version, established February 2021, aside from additional information on known pilots,

another 13 were found, making a total of 131 pilots throughout Europe. The search in itself proved to be difficult due to

the often lacking detailed information of pilots, which was argued to be due to most scientific pilots being of recent years,

and therefore often still on-going, and consequentially not having published any information yet on their research.

Another difficulty arose due to the rapid increase of occurring pilots with automated buses, which leads to the report

already being out-of-date as this report is being written. Therefore, this report was updated early 2021. Meanwhile, the

Covid-19 pandemic situation appears a major issue for automated bus systems pilots during the year 2020. The results

show that currently the vast majority of automated bus system pilots occur with the presence of a steward on board, due

to legislation, technological challenges, as well as passengers requesting them, raising concerns regarding (e.g.,

economic) efficiency. Although there are a few automated bus systems that actively show efficient operation without on-

board stewards, this still appears to be a future development.

Acknowledgements

The inventory work was conducted by TU Delft as part of the Autobus project, https://www.toi.no/autobus/

funded by the Norwegian Research Council, and with additional support from the STAD project,

http://stad.tudelft.nl, and TU Delft researchers who conduct research on automated shuttles and in related

fields. Also thanks to all Autobus project partners for providing information and feedback on draft versions of

this inventory.

1. Introduction

As is becoming increasingly apparent, driving is turning into a task for an automated system instead of a human

being. Public transport is considered as one of the more suitable candidates to benefit from automating driving

tasks (Shladover et al., 2016). Henceforth, an increasing number of automated (mini)bus systems is entering

our roads, often driving in mixed traffic environments including cyclists and pedestrians. As a result, projects

involving automated public transport systems are appearing with accelerating pace, and keeping up to date

about their current developments is becoming increasingly cumbersome. A comprehensive overview of all

these projects would provide valuable insights. Overviews like this do exist, but are not always (kept) up-to-

date and usually lack the detailed information needed for research purposes. For instance, the Bloomberg.org

Group created an interactive map on current and planned projects involving autonomous vehicles

(Bloomberg.org Group, 2020), and Connected and Automated Driving Europe’s website gives an overview of

European projects in the field of automated road transport (Connected and Automated Driving Europe, 2020),

but these are not exhaustive, and detailed information is often not provided. When narrowing down to

automated bus systems, finding an exhaustive and up-to-date overview of completed, running, and planning

projects becomes even more challenging. From a technological, energy efficiency, and legality perspective, a

recent overview article investigated predominantly European completed and ongoing automated bus projects

(Ainsalu et al., 2018). It is important to keep an even pace with technology, and, if we want to have the

consumer (keep) using promising novel technology, maintain an up-to-date knowledge base of how humans

(prefer to) interact with such technologies as automated bus systems. As a first step, an inventory of what has

been done, is going on, and will be investigated in the near future, appears therefore warranted.

Henceforth, in the present document we present an inventory of real-life projects with automated bus systems

in urban settings. This work was conducted as part of the Autobus project https://www.toi.no/autobus/ funded

by the Norwegian Research Council. The inventory is not complete, mainly because many new pilots and

demo’s pop up all the time, and many of those are not well documented. Pilots and projects in countries

represented in the Autobus consortium (Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, & Sweden) are probably more

complete than those in other countries. We have attempted to collect as much information as possible in a

systematic way. The first report, upon which this final report is a continuance, was developed throughout and

up to the end of 2019, while this final report updated the initial report in the first months of 2021.

Within the Autobus project, also other studies are conducted. Recently, two systematic reviews have been

performed. One with a focus on passenger experience and road user interaction (Heikoop et al., 2020) and

another on empirical studies from interviews, focus group discussions, surveys, and (video) observations

directly addressing the interactions between cyclists and autonomous vehicle (AV) shuttles (Hagenzieker et

al., 2019). Findings of these reviews include that:

§ Public and passengers are generally enthusiastic about the AV shuttles,

§ The AV shuttles are not mature; they stop when any object (e.g., road users, static object, etc.) is within

a certain distance from the bus,

§ The AV shuttles’ speed is slow; often slower than the speed of cyclists and other surrounding traffic,

§ AV shuttles often drive on existing infrastructure, sharing the road with cyclists, or use the cycle track,

§ Infrastructural characteristics (e.g., markings, shared or separate road) influence observed interactions,

which appear to be more risky on shared narrow roads,

Other studies within the project, also focusing on the interaction of road users with automated bus

systems, are in progress. These involve surveys among passengers, pedestrians, and cyclists related to

their interaction with automated bus systems driving in Norway and analyses of real-life observations on

various routes where automated bus systems interact with other road users. First preliminary findings

(Bjørnskau et al., 2019) show that:

§ Cyclists’ opinions and safety perceptions become more positive after having interacted with AV

shuttles,

§ Cyclists seldom force the bus to stop, but interactions change: cyclists give less often way to the AV

shuttles over time, whereas pedestrian behaviour does not seem to change,

§ Cyclists cross having a very short distance ahead of the AV shuttle,

§ The AV shuttles’ abrupt breaking can cause the cyclist to perform unexpected moves,

§ Slowness of bus leads to many overtakings by cyclists (and by motor vehicles),

§ A common observation is that cyclists ride alongside (left or ride) or overtake the AV shuttle, which

can cause abrupt braking (too short distance to shuttle).

Figure 1 – WePod and cyclists in the Netherlands. Picture: Delft University of Technology

Figure 2 – Automated shuttle in Oslo, Norway. Picture: Marjan Hagenzieker

Figure 3 – Automated shuttle in Frankfurt, Germany. Picture: Roberto Giraldi

Figure 4 – Automated shuttle in Appelscha, the Netherlands. Picture: Reanne Boersma

2. Methods

In- and exclusion criteria

The aim of this research was to inventory pilots and projects with automated bus systems throughout Europe

that are, will be, or have been running, to present an as complete picture of the current state-of-the-art involving

automated bus systems in Europe. This therefore excludes demos or showcases, as those are often not well

documented, and operating in optimal conditions and do not give a realistic view of long term implementation

of the vehicle. Although this research did not actively searched for short-term demos or showcases, some can

be included when they are deemed relevant to present in this overview, for instance due to the abundance of

information, or it being a landmark demo or showcase ushering in new possibilities. This research was

specified to find automated bus systems operating on public roads with mixed traffic. Pilots on closed roads

can be included, however, when they are (similar to above) deemed relevant enough for presentation in this

overview. The vehicle type was narrowed down to a vehicle that was able to transport people as public

transport. That excludes private automated cars such as the (concept) cars presented by Google, Tesla, Volvo

and Mercedes. Pilots that did not take place, such as the Citymobil project in Rome (Delle Site, Filippi, &

Giustiniani, 2011), were excluded from the report. The entire research took place between January and March

2019, between November 2019 and January 2020, and between January and February 2021.

Step-by-step methodology

For the development of this report, several steps have been taken. First, several main online sources were

utilized (see Table 1), and complemented with other relevant online sources such as university- and news

websites. Second, a semi-structured review was conducted. Third, the results from this review were analysed

for relevant content. Fourth, this relevant content was used for both forward- and backtracking of other relevant

content (i.e., finding relevant citations leading to other pilots or projects, and finding additional information

through searching for keywords found in news articles). Lastly, personal networks were broached to

supplement the resulting data base with pilots and/or projects that are not (easily) retrievable through an online

research.

Table 1 – Main sources of the online research used for developing the overview of pilots and projects with automated bus systems in Europe.

Title

Reference

Type

Implementing Automated Road Transport

Systems in Urban Settings

Alessandrini, 2018

Book

State of the art of automated buses

Ainsalu et al., 2018

Review journal article

Initiative on Cities and Autonomous

Vehicles

Bloomberg.org Group, 2020

Online inventory

Cybercars

Parent, 2019

Blog

SPACE UITP

SPACE UITP, 2020

Project website

AVENUE

Avenue, 2020

Project website

Easymile

Easymile, 2020

Company website

Navya

Navya, 2020

Company website

The semi-structured review was performed using various search engines, namely Google Scholar, Web of

Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and ResearchGate. Narrowing down the scope of the research, keeping the

method both valid and viable, the search was restricted to only pilots and projects on automated bus systems

in Europe. Next, a set of search terms was determined, seen in Table 2, which, combined, formed the search

queries that were used for this research. The results from this research were consequently filtered for relevant

topics, meaning that the content should be on public transport vehicles only, cover pilots or projects (i.e., not

demos or showcases), indicating (quasi-)long-term employment of the automated bus system, and provide

ample information for filling out at least most of the relevant details for the overview table of this report.

From these results, other relevant sources were extracted, namely references found in reference lists and

keywords from news articles. These sources were used as keyword search terms for a follow-up online search,

after which its results were added to the rest of the results.

The final method used in this research was utilizing the authors’ personal networks, meaning that the authors

gathered information by attending relevant conferences, project meetings, and workshops, conversed with

other relevant researchers and stakeholders, and took their own personal experience into account. These results

were also added to the rest of the results.

Table 2 – Overview of terms used for the online search, complemented with the languages in which the searches were conducted.

Synonyms of automation

Synonyms of vehicle

Languages

Automated

Vehicle

English

Autonomous

Bus

Dutch

Driverless

Shuttle

French

Self-driving

People mover

Norwegian

Public transport

Italian

Public transport solution

Spanish

Road transport system

German1

Cybercar2

Cybernetic transportation system2

2021 update

The 2021 update of this report mainly resorted to internet searches on Google, due to limited temporal- and

personnel resources. Therefore, this 2021 update should not be interpreted as all-encompassing.

Only limited use.

“Cybercar” and “Cybernetic transportation system” were separate entries in the online research.

3. Results

Please note that at the time of finalising the first version of this report (November 2019 to January 2020) all

the website links used for this research were available. Information in this overview may be outdated at the

time of publication. Even though the authors tried to get a complete overview, some pilots might not be

mentioned because many new pilots keep coming up and many of those pilots are not well documented. Please

feel free to share your information about pilots and projects in Europe if you have any (the authors can be

contacted via m.p.hagenzieker@tudelft.nl).

The following presents a narrative of the pilots and projects found in this research. Its focus is to illustrate the

development of automated bus systems in Europe, based on the findings from this research. The overview (in

table form) of the found pilots and projects from this research can be found as appendix.

The idea of enhancing public transport systems with automated bus systems originates back to the 1990s from

the concept of the so-called 'cyber cars', which are in essence a low-passenger-capacity, flexible on-demand

service on dedicated infrastructure forming Cybernetic Transport Systems (CTS; Parent, 2019). A

demonstration and implementation of such a transport mode, named ParkShuttle, was realized in 1997 in the

parking area of Schiphol airport, the Netherlands, which stayed operational until 2004 (2getthere, 2019; Parent,

2019).

Since the early 2000's, a series of research projects (CyberCars, CyberMove, CyberCars2, CityMobil,

CityMobil2, etc.) have been focusing on development, improvement, and testing of technology for automated

bus systems. From cyber cars with simple obstacle detection system (scanner, laser, and safety bumper) on

dedicated closed track (Delle Site, Filippi, & Giustiniani, 2011), it matured into more advanced automated bus

systems with complex sets of internal and external sensors for vehicle positioning and navigation, to potentially

allow for driving in mixed traffic (Ainsalu et al., 2018). Examples of the latter vehicles are EasyMile’s EZ10,

Navya’s Arma, Local Motors’ Olli, and the 3rd generation of ParkShuttle. The only significant difference

between the vehicles is that ParkShuttle uses artificial landmarks (i.e., magnets) which are embedded in the

roadway for positioning (Boersma, Mica, van Arem, & Rieck, 2018). Interesting to note is that, based on pilots

found through the 2021 update of this report, there appears to start a tradition where conventional buses are

being automated (see e.g., Ásgrímsson, 2021; “Malaga to trial Spain’s first self-driving bus”, 2021; “Turkish

President Tayyip Erdoğan became the first passenger of Karsan Autonomous’ Atak Electric Bus”, n.d.).

One of some landmark pilots and projects actually involved a one-day trial in Svalbard, which was in 2019 the

first autonomous vehicle operating in the arctic circle. Even though the methodology of this research aimed at

excluding short-lived trials like these, the contributory factor of this trial made it relevant enough to include in

this report, and is thus consequentially included in the overview to be found in the appendix.

Pilot descriptives

At the time of writing, a total of 131 pilots and projects have arisen, based on the results from this research.

Unfortunately, the information about the earliest trials and pilots is scarce, as most of the links to the projects’

websites are not working anymore. Wherever possible, the pilots and projects that could be described in

enough detail are taken into account in this research, and are presented in the overview (see appendix).

The 131 pilots and projects took place in 20 different countries. The amount of the projects per country is

shown in Figure 5, with France (34 projects), Germany (12 projects), and Norway (12 projects) being the three

leading countries. Note that the name of the organizing party(ies) or the purpose of the project were used as

an indicator of the country of the pilot, as the project itself was often not a clear enough indicator for its

location.

Figure 5 – Amount of pilots per country, listed alphabetically. In blue is the data from 2020; in orange are the additional pilots found with the

2021 update

The starting and ending dates for each pilot were gathered, which are presented in the overview to be found in the appendix. Some pilots report

two different starting and ending date; in those cases, more pilots were carried out for the same project in different times. Looking at the starting

year of the pilots, the increasing interest in automated bus systems starting from 2016 can be seen, with 2018 and 2019 as peaking years (

Figure 6). Those two years mark the introduction of a new collection of automated bus systems, such as the

minibuses I-Crystal (developed by Transdev and Lohr), Gacha (Miju and Sensible4), MILLApod (Intelligent

Systems For Mobility), and HEATbus (IAV), as well as the full-size buses Citywide LF (Scania) and

Enviro200 (ADL). This consequentially explains the fact of the dominance of the vehicle types EZ10

(EasyMile) and Arma (Navya), with 61 and 38 pilots, respectively, utilizing these types of vehicles, as those

two types have been around much longer (since April and September 2015, respectively). Notably, all vehicles

used in the pilots found in this research were fully electric, apart from one: the Mercedes-Benz Future Bus,

which operated between Schiphol Airport and the city of Haarlem. Another noteworthy point is the

surprisingly small number of pilots in 2020, which likely has a two-fold reason: the Covid-19 pandemic, and

the limited resources for the 2021 update. More on this in the Discussion section.

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

Luxembourg

Norway

Poland

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

The Netherlands

Turkey

United Kingdom

2021

2020

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure 6 – Distribution of running pilots per year. Trend line in red dots. Note: the duration of each project is considered; hence, if a project

lasts for 2 years, the same project is added to both respective years. *The amount of 2020 pilots is highly likely to be incomplete. See Discussion

for explanation

Passengers

Public transport is per definition intended to transport public. Therefore, this research evaluated the

characteristics the pilots have in light of its passengers. Although the maximum passenger capacity of

automated bus systems is usually higher, the number of allowed passengers is almost always limited to seated

places, with one place reserved for the steward. An overview of the maximum amount of passengers that is

allowed in the vehicle is seen in Figure 7. The presence of the steward is mandatory in all projects except for

the ParkShuttle (Rotterdam, the Netherlands). This procedure is mostly done for safety reasons, since the

automated driving technology is still developing. However, two private trials took place in Oslo, Norway and

in Salzburg, Austria without steward on board (see appendix’ comments column for more information). Of

those pilots for which this data could be found, the vast majority (94%) would only hold less than 20

passengers, while over 70% would not take more than 12 passengers at a time. The seven exceptions are one

in Belgium, France, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey, and two in the United Kingdom (numbers 13, 30, 99, 102,

123, 128 and 130 in the appendix, respectively). Note, however, that a large proportion of the pilots did not

disclose the number of seats available (i.e., 23%).

Figure 7 – Maximum allowed passengers in the vehicle

Vehicle- and infrastructural characteristics

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

4-8 9-12 13-16 17-20 21-24 25-28 29-32 33-36 37-40 40+ Undisclosed

The infrastructural adaptations for the automated bus systems mostly include road markings and warning signs,

installation of the equipment for V2X communication (sensors, systems to communicate with a control room

and traffic lights), and temporary platforms for bus stops.

On the same line of reasoning of the available seats, the allowed speed of the automated bus systems is usually

lower than the design speed. Most pilots therefore report two different speed values: one referring to the

maximum allowed speed and one to the average operational speed. As with the information regarding capacity,

information regarding (operational) speed was not always present. Therefore, only the pilots who reported

information regarding operational speed of their automated bus system are taken into account (92 of 131

pilots). Figure 8 shows the average operational speed distribution of the considered pilots. As with the capacity

(Figure 7), the average operational speed is low (below 21 km/h) for the vast majority (78%) of the pilots.

Only two pilots exceeded 40 km/h (numbers 61 and 110 in the appendix).

Figure 8 – Number of pilots per average operational speed of the automated bus system in kilometers per hour

The application cases of the automated bus systems are mostly fitting into the concept of first/last mile

transport solutions, to provide connections between public transport stops or stations and university campuses,

business/shopping districts, or within airports, parking facilities or city centres. A total 95 pilots reported their

route length, of which 46% was below 1500m (Figure 9), and 60% below 2500m. Six pilots were longer than

five kilometres (numbers 48, 51, 62, 93, 97, and 128 in the appendix). With 28% not reporting the (length of

their) routes, these figures could change drastically.

6-11

12-16

17-21

22-26

27-31

32-36

37-41

42-46

47-51

52-56

57-61

62-66

Undisclosed

Figure 9 – Number of pilots per route length in meters

0-500

501-1000

1001-1500

1501-2000

2001-2500

2501-3000

3001-3500

3501-4000

4001-4500

4501-5000

5000+

undisclosed

4. Discussion and conclusions

The development of automated transport systems is growing explosively, and is therefore difficult to keep

track of. This report was aimed at creating an overview of pilots with automated bus systems in Europe that

have occurred, are currently running, and will be started in the near future. Recent approaches (e.g., Ainsalu

et al., 2019; Bloomberg.org, 2020) were either incomplete, had a different scope, or are not updated regularly.

Through an extensive search base, including Google and various academic search engines, 131 demonstrations

of automated bus systems have been found throughout Europe. The results in this report, and its accompanying

overview table (to be found in the appendix) have been (crudely) updated early 2021, after a thorough

inventory throughout 2019.

The majority of the information provided in the appendix table was found through overviews of upcoming or

on-going pilots with automated bus systems, as these are commonly well-covered in the press. In contrast,

research reports, such as academic journal articles or other types of academic dissemination, during pilots is

usually either not documented or not shared. The number of pilots for which detailed documentation was found

was 34% of the total amount (i.e., 44 out of 131) of pilots that resulted from the research performed in this

report. This included 10 pilots with published research (7.6%), 25 pilots with project reports (19.1%) and 4

pilots with both types of documentation (3.1%), and did not include any on-going studies. Also note that it is

likely that there are on-going projects the authors are unaware of. However, it was expected that most of those

would have become known and its information available and added in the update of this report in 2021,

especially the number of pilots which have been running in 2020 is much lower than expected (see Figure 6).

This likely has a two-fold reason, as mentioned in the Method section: the Covid-19 pandemic, and the limited

amount of time and resources for the 2021 update. It must be noted, however, that many more somewhat

similar demonstrations have been found, but were either too limited in their information, were technically not

with automated bus systems, or did not actually go beyond the planning phase. Another note is that the authors

of this report acknowledge the timeliness of this report, as it is highly likely that at the point of writing many

more pilots have arisen, which is why this report was updated early 2021. Nevertheless, it appears there is still

much to discover in terms of pilots with automated bus systems in Europe.

The Covid-19 pandemic likely put a stop to many (planned) pilots with automated bus systems. Although

many, if not most, pilots would have been planned at least a year in advance, so that it could have turned up

within this report regardless, it is also likely to expect that several pilots that were planned for 2020 did not

see the day of light due to this pandemic, and therefore also did not end up in any (news) report for us to find.

On the other hand, the time and resources we had for our first inventory was much larger than for the 2021

update. This also is likely to have influenced the amount of pilots found in this update. Although 13 new pilots

have been found through mere Google searches, having had the time and the resources to also perform a semi-

structured review, extensive forward- and backward tracking, as well as pulling from personal network

resources could have increased the findings substantially. Therefore, the reader is encouraged to both get in

contact with the authors of this report to supplement to our database, and to take the results from this report

(and consequential conclusions) with a grain of salt.

During our research, we encountered several pilots that were never realised, such as the one in Rome within

the CityMobil project, in which a Robosoft vehicle was supposed to ride for 2200 meters at a maximum speed

of 30 km/h, transporting passengers from a carpark to the entrance of the Rome Exhibition Centre (Delle Site,

Filippi, & Giustiniani, 2011). It was decided to discard these pilots from our research, in order to provide a

detailed inventory of pilots that are and were conducted in Europe, avoiding biased results for non-existing

pilots. On the other hand, however, some pilots have been included in the overview, despite the fact that it did

not meet the search criteria of the methodology used in this research. These exceptions were included when it

was considered a landmark trial that proved invaluable for future development of automated bus systems. For

instance, the Svalbard trial was included, as this marked the first trial with automated bus systems in the arctic

circle; something that was deemed impossible or at least incredibly hard due to the harsh weather

circumstances.

The lack of a structured search strategy was largely due to the unstructured nature of the variety of pilot goals

(e.g., proof of concept, demonstration, pilot, etc.), and therefore regularly lacked a standard location of

providing information of said pilots. Therefore, the authors needed to predominantly trust on their own

network and expertise in the field, rather than trusting on the internet’s knowledge base. It would be worthwhile

to test whether a systematic literature review could come up with the same or different pilots on this topic (cf.

Heikoop et al., 2020). However, during this research, it was found that the amount of lacking information was

abundant, as, for instance, several pilots and/or projects would not clearly document their starting and/or

ending date. Therefore, these types of missing information occur regularly in the overview (see appendix).

However, when only an ending date was missing, it was assumed that the respective pilot would run until the

end of the year it was currently running.

As seen in Figure 6, pilots with automated bus systems are still on the rise (assuming a correction or exception

for 2020 pilots). Only since 2016, there appears to be an increase in interest in pilots with automated bus

systems, and this interest does not yet seem to die out (again, 2020 pilot results ignored, but rather following

the trend line of Figure 6). This report should therefore be seen as an initial stepping stone towards a

systematically updated overview of automated bus system pilots throughout Europe. Other similar attempts

have also taken place, for example specifically investigating literature on automated bus system-vulnerable

road user interaction, with comparable results (Hagenzieker et al., 2019; Heikoop et al., 2020). The authors of

this report therefore encourage the readers to contact the authors to provide them with additional information

on this topic.

Despite abovementioned limitations, several conclusions can be made about automated bus system pilots in

Europe. The first is that proper documentation and information of performed pilots is currently lacking, and

any available info is distributed over many different sources. It would benefit practitioners, researchers, and

designers/engineers, as well as society as a whole, if detailed information regarding occurring struggles and

problems and the found solutions to those were to be provided. Furthermore, sharing results on public

perception and interaction with these automated bus systems could also help improving future automated bus

systems.

Second, the found pilots mostly show small buses to operate on an on-demand base and as access- and egress

mode for main facilities and/or public transport lines. In the previous preliminary draft report (version 1.0),

we suggested that in order to make automated bus systems more accessible, future pilots should aim to roll out

transit lines throughout larger (and denser) areas. Back then, predominantly first- and last mile problems are

being solved with the current line of automated bus systems, meaning technically feasible, but short route

lengths and low speeds. More than a year later, even though there appears to occur a shift in pilot goals, from

experimental to long term development, and increased usage of regular transit buses, automated bus systems

are continued to be placed and piloted at technically feasible locations instead of locations where there is actual

demand for them, which increases our already in the previous report existing concern regarding the future of

said systems.

Third, although it has been shown that automated bus systems can operate without a steward on board (albeit

on closed tracks; see the Netherlands), most pilots still have stewards on board, due to national legislations

requiring them. These legislation challenges can also be seen from the results (and Figures 7 to 9), as the

passenger allowances, speeds, and route lengths are predominantly impractically slow, as current legislation,

rather than technical feasibility, withholds automated bus systems from reaching their limits and therefore

practical implementation and utilization. Although the policies exist for guarding the safety of passengers and

other road users by limiting the possibilities of automated bus systems (as accidents do occur; see e.g., Gibbs,

2017; Porter, 2019), until countries allow more freedom to automated bus systems, the development of these

systems will continue to be held back.

A fourth point is the drop in pilots run in 2020. Although it is likely due to both the Covid-19 pandemic and

the imbalance between the two updates in terms of effort (available to) put into it, it could also be that we have

reached a ceiling for the number of pilots in Europe. In 2019, 55 pilots were held, following the trend line seen

in the previous report (v1.0), the expectancy was to have had well over 70 pilots in 2020. However, already

from 2018 to 2019, the increase appears to slow down, which could indicate that indeed a ceiling was (close

to be) reached. Further in-depth research, as well as awaiting 2021, and possibly also 2022 (given the fact that

Covid-19 regulations are still largely in place throughout Europe) data should help in conclusively saying

anything about the trend in the development of automated bus pilots in Europe.

A fifth point is a cautious one, and related to the second point, namely a possible trend in the adoption of

regular transit buses for automated bus systems. Three of the thirteen newly found, in or after 2021 (planned

to be) running automated bus systems are regular transit buses, which can be considered to be a substantial

portion of the fleet. Whether this is due to coincidence within the findings, or to an actual increasing interest

in using regular transit buses needs further research.

As a final point, it is surprising to see that even though the Netherlands is leading in automated driving

technology readiness, it is being outperformed by France, Germany, and Norway, in terms of number of pilots

with automated bus systems (34, 12, and 12, versus 9, respectively). Further investigation is needed to uncover

why this discrepancy exists. Plainly based on these results, it appears that current national legislation does not

need to hold back nationwide rollouts of automated bus systems. As has been done for this report, the authors

encourage researchers and engineers from different countries to work together, to learn from each other in

terms of possibilities and limitations, to facilitate a streamlined European-wide development of publicly

accepted and appreciated automated bus systems on locations where the demand for them is at its highest.

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Journal of urban planning and development, 126(4), 166-188.

Appendix

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

Austria

auto.Bus -

Seestadt

June 2019 - end

date not mentioned

Navya Arma

Max 11

passengers

(11 seated and 0

standing)

Max 20

km/h

Test track leads from the subway

station Seestadt via the stops

"Seeseiten", "Susanne-Schmida-

Gasse", "Schenk-Danzinger-Gasse"

and "Maria-Tusch-Straße" to the

"FeelGood" Apartments

2000 m

Not mentioned

To follow where the vehicle is

currently (as there is no timetable

yet):

https://www.wienerlinien.at/epor

tal3/ep/channelView.do/pageTyp

eId/66533/channelId/-4400687

https://www.ait.ac.at/en/news-

events/single-

view/detail/5318/?no_cache=1

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auton

omer_Bus_(Wien)

Austria

Digibus©

2017

Koppl (Salzburg

area)

April 2017 -

November 2017

Navya Arma

Max 11

passengers

(11 seated and 0

standing)

Max 16

km/h

Public road with mixed traffic in a

rural area.

1400 m

Road mostly lacking road

markings, varying inclines,

varying mobile network

coverage, varying quality of

GNSS and correction signals,

other road users driving at speeds

up to 60 km/h per hour or varying

weather conditions

Salzburg Research

Forschungsgesellschaft

1. https://www.digibus.at/en/news/

https://etrr.springeropen.com/articles

/10.1186/s12544-018-0326-4

Austria

Digibus©

Austria

Koppl (Salzburg

area)

2017-2019

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing).

Max 9

passengers in

test operation

Max 20

km/h

City center

650 m

V2X base stations al ong the test

track (transmission of correction

data for high-precision satell ite

positioning via ITS-G5),

communication steles with

passengers

Ways of communication with

passengers and technical

infrastructure

https://www.digibus.at/en/news/

https://salzburg.wirtschaftszeit.at/wi

rtschaftsnews-

detail/article/digibusR-austria-mit-

neuen-technologien-von-

heimischen-unternehmen-an-bord-

des-automatisierten-shuttles

Austria

Digibus©

Austria

Wiener Neustadt,

Niederösterreich

May 2019 –

September 2019

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing).

Max 9

passengers in

test operation

Max 20

km/h

Wiener Straße between Hauptplatz

and St. Peter an der Sperr, at the

Lower Austrian State Exhibition

“WORLD IN MOTION” in the

centre of Wiener Neustadt

560 m

Not mentioned

Salzburg Research

Forschungsgesellschaft

https://www.digibus.at/en/news/

Austria

Digibus©

Austria

Teesdorf

13th of November

2019

2019/2020

(without

passengers)

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing).

Max 9

passengers in

test operation

Max 20

km/h

ÖAMTC Verkehrstechnikzentrum

Teesdorf

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

Salzburg Research

Forschungsgesellschaft

https://www.digibus.at/en/news/

https://www.salzburgresearch.at/en/

event/digibus-demo-day-at-oeamtc-

verkehrstechnikzentrum-teesdorf/

Testing during winter.

Non-public tests. Networking

meeting for trade visitors and

demo rides with the Digibus®

including demonstration of

newly developed and proven

technologies for passenger

communication, V2X

communication, incident

management, capaci ty

management etc.

Austria

Digibus©

Austria

Salzburg

September 2019

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing).

Max 9

passengers in

test operation

Max 20

km/h

Salzburg Ring

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

Salzburg Research

Forschungsgesellschaft

https://www.digibus.at/en/news/

https://www.salzburgresearch.at/en/

presseaussendung/der-

selbstfahrende-digibus-faehrt-

erstmals-fahrerlos/

Non-public tests without a

steward on 19th of September

2019 (supervision from control

room only) with 16 volunteers

in a test ride

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

Belgium

ALEES

(Autonomo

us Logistics

Electric

EntitieS for

city

distribution

)

Mechelen

25th of May 2018

Easymile EZ10

Not applicable

– transportation

of goods in this

demo

Not

mentioned

City centre (shopping street De

Bruul) of Mechelen

Not

mentioned

Operating in cyclists/pedestrian

area. No infra changes but guided

by motorcycle/car (see video in

link)

Logistic distribution. Develop

possible applications, use cases,

technical framework conditions

and tests.

Fraunhofer IML

http://www.easymile.com/alees-

project-autonomous-logistics-

electric-entitities-for-city-

distribution/

https://www.iml.fraunhofer.de/en/ne

ws_archiv/alees---autonomous-

logistics-electric-entities-for-city-

distribu.html

https://www.zelfrijdendvervoer.nl/sp

ecials/2018/05/30/autonoom-

voertuig-biedt-oplossing-voor-

winkeldistributie-mechelen/

https://vil.be/project/alees/

VIL report (in Dutch)

available in VIL webshop (see

link 4 in More information

columns)

Belgium

Test

Easymile

Formule 1-

parcours

Francorchamps

Spa

2017

Easymile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing)

11 km/h

On circuit

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

Vias Institute

https://www.vias.be/nl/newsroom/ee

rste-test-in-belgie-van-een-

autonome-shuttle-zonder-

bestuurder/

https://www.zelfrijdendvervoer.nl/te

sts/2017/10/03/belgie-test-voor-het-

eerst-zelfrijdende-shuttle/

Belgium

Test Navya

Han-Sur-Lesse

2018

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

25 km/h

From the parkinglot to the entrance of

the tourist attraction “Caves of Han”.

500 m

Warning signs

Vias Institute

https://www.verkeersnet.nl/smart-

mobility/27370/eerste-zelfrijdende-

shuttle-op-openbare-weg-van-

belgie-rijdt-in-han/

10.

Belgium

Test Navya

Eigenbrakel

2018

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

Max 18

km/h

Average 15

km/h

From Leeuw van Waterloo to Hoeve

van Hougoumont.

2400 m

Not mentioned

Vias Institute

https://www.verkeersnet.nl/smart-

mobility/27686/tweede-test-met-

shuttle-in-belgie-stuk-uitgebreider/

https://www.vias.be/nl/newsroom/bu

sje-zonder-bestuurder-rijdt-over-

een-traject-van-meer-dan-2-

kilometer-aan-de-leeuw-van-

waterloo-/

11.

Belgium

Test during

salon

"Smart City

Wallonia"

Marche-en-

Famenne

24th of September

2019

2 shuttles from

different brands

- Navya and

Easymile -

drove on the

same route

simultaneously

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

https://mobilit.belgium.be/nl/nieuws

/nieuwsberichten/2019/een_nieuwe_

stap_genomen_de_ontwikkeling_va

n_autonome_shuttles

Test organized by Vias

institute & FOD Mobility and

Transport; both shuttles were

coordinated by Bestmile

software

12.

Belgium

Health

Campus

University

(VUB)

Brussels

23rd of August

2019 – February

2020

Easymile EZ10

Not mentioned

Average 10-

15 km/h

University hospital campus, between

the student residences and the main

building of the Faculty of Medicine

and Pharmacy

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

Free University Brussel s (VUB)

& ULB

https://www.bouwkroniek.be/article/

test-met-zelfrijdende-bus-op-

ziekenhuiscampus-in-jette.28745

Research focus on human-

machine interaction

13.

Belgium

Zaventem

airport

shuttle

Zaventem Airport,

Brussels

Planned for mid

2020

2getthere GRT

vehicle

Max 22

passengers

(8 seated and 14

standing)

Max 20

km/h

Between the airport terminal and the

cargo business zone and parking

areas in mixed traffic

Not

mentioned

Fixed route that’s equipped with

magnets. Local modificatio ns

may be needed to reduce traffic

complexity. In mixed traffic

Not mentioned

https://www.2getthere.eu/brussels-

airport-autonomous-shuttle/

2. https://www.2getthere.eu/maiden-

trip-at-brussels-airport/

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

14.

Belgium

TRIB

Brussels

28th of June – 22nd

of September 2019

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing)

Max 10

km/h

In Parc de Woluwe

1800 m

5 stops

Fixed tracking elements (posts)

are installed along the route and at

the stops with removable

platforms

Not mentioned

https://smartcity.brussels/news-678-

-stib-tests-autonomous-vehicles-

from-28-6-until-22-9-in-parc-de-

woluwe

https://easymile.com/stib-trials-the-

ez10-autonomous-shuttles-in-parc-

de-woluwe-brussels/

https://www.themayor.eu/en/stib-

tests-autonomous-buses-in-brussels-

region

http://www.stib-

mivb.be/article.html?l=fr&_guid=00

a66cc7-0769-3710-0e97-

803f4095ace7

15.

Denmark

Autonomou

s mobility

Aalborg Øst

December 2019 –

end date not

mentioned

(planned to run for

2 years)

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

Max 18

km/h

On t he Astrup Trail connecting

residential area with other local

transportation. 10 stops

2100 m

Newly designed area with shared

road for AV and cyclists.

Pedestrians and vehicles are

separated.

Aalborg University involved

https://avenue.unige.ch/?portfoli

o=copenhagen

https://nordjyske.dk/nyheder/aalborg

/aftale--chauffoererne-bliver-smidt-

af-busserne/53f6a970-01fd-4157-

a1e4-cd7b81e7743d

https://www.tv2nord.dk/aalborg/fore

rlos-busser-skal-laere-finde-vej

https://www.tv2nord.dk/aalborg/nu-

sker-det-groent-lys-til-selvkoerende-

busser

Planned for mid-2018 (delay

because of need for

permissions, finally obtained

in December 2019)

16.

Denmark

Avenue

Nordhavn,

Copenhagen

2019 – 2022

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing

Max 25

km/h

Average 10-

15 km/h

(expected)

Circulating withing

residential/business area connecting

parking/metro in Nordhavn. No exact

route available as authorities

approval is not received

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

https://h2020-

avenue.eu/?portfolio=copenhagen

https://h2020-avenue.eu/wp-

content/uploads/2019/04/h2020-

avenue-deliverable-d2.16_-final.pdf

17.

Estonia

Marking

Estonia’s

presidency

of the

Council of

the

European

Union

Tallinn

August 2017

Easymile EZ10

Max 8

passengers

12 km/h

From the city centre to the

Kultuurikatel

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

https://www.calvertjournal.com/artic

les/show/8713/near-misses-for-

tallinns-driverless-buses

18.

Estonia

Not

mentioned

Tallinn

April 2018

Easymile EZ10

Max 8

passengers

12 km/h

1. Between bus terminals in Tallinn’s

Old Port

2. From Mustamäe to the North

Estonian Regional Hospital and

Lepistiku

1. 600 m

2. Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

https://www.calvertjournal.com/artic

les/show/9823/estonias-driverless-

buses-are-back-on-the-road-in-

tallinn

19.

Estonia

Sohjoa

Baltic

project

Tallinn

August 2019 – end

date not mentioned

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing

Not

mentioned

The route connects the Kadriorg tram

stop to Kumu Art Museum and

follows Weizenbergi Street to Kumu,

then Mäekalda, Koidula and Poska

Streets back to Weizenbergi Street

Not

mentioned

4 stops

Not mentioned

https://e-estonia.com/driverless-

public-bus-tallinn/

20.

Finland

CityMobil2

Vantaa

July 2015 – August

2015

Easymile EZ10

Max 10

passengers

(6 seated and 4

standing)

Max 13

km/h

In new suburban centre Kivistö, from

the housing fair area to Kivistö

station (Ring Rail Line)

900 m

2 stops

Route was segregated by fence,

clear and identifiable marking of

the route (incl. warning signs).

There was a 100 m-long tunnel on

the route

Part of CityMobil2 project

http://www.isinnova.org/wordpress/

wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Day1-

2-Demonstration_Vantaa-

Gilbert_Koskela.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scien

ce/article/pii/S0967070X1730286X

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

21.

Finland

Sohjoa

Baltic

project

Helsinki

June 2019 –

September 2019

Navya Arma

Max 11

passengers

(11 seated and 0

standing)

Not

mentioned

From Vuosaari (Cirrus) metro station

to Aurinkolahti beach in Vuosaari

district

2500 m

7 stops

Not mentioned

Metropolia University of Applied

Sciences

http://www.sohjoabaltic.eu/fi/2019/0

6/26/helsinki-vuosaari-aurinkolahti/

https://www.epressi.com/tiedotteet/l

ogistiikka-ja-liikenne/robottibussi-

vie-uimarannalle-helsingin-

vuosaaressa.html

22.

Finland

Sohjoa

Baltic

project

Estoo

October 2017 –

November 2017

Easymile EZ10

Max 10

passengers

(6 seated and 4

standing)

Max 12

km/h

Between Otaniemi underground

station and campus of Aalto

University in Otaniemi business

district

700 m

2 stops

At int ersections other vehicles

were guided with manu ally

controlled traffic lights

Aalto University

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-

1050/11/3/588

23.

Finland

Sohjoa

Helsinki

October 2018 –

November 2018

Easymile EZ10

Max 6

passengers

(6 seated and 0

standing)

Max 12

km/h

In the Hernesaari district from

sauna/restaurant to other restaurants

500 m

4 stops

Not mentioned

Metropolia University of Applied

Sciences

https://www.sohjoa.fi/

https://www.metropolia.fi/en/about-

us/news-and-

events/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D

=5936&cHash=9babd6277100ad11

0cedb6891ddaf03e

24.

Finland

Sohjoa

Helsinki

April 2 018 - end

date not mentioned

(31st of May 2018

end of Sohjoa

project)

Easymile EZ10

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

From the gate of Suvilahti cultural

centre via Stadin Panimo to

Sörnäisten rantatie

Not

mentioned

Along with other traffic and in

narrow alleys, without clear road

traffic driving lines

Metropolia University of Applied

Sciences

https://www.sohjoa.fi/

https://forumvirium.fi/en/robot-

buses-taking-over-new-areas-in-

helsinki-2/

25.

Finland

Sohjoa

Tampere

November 2016 –

end date not

mentioned (31st of

May 2018 end of

Sohjoa project)

Easymile EZ10

Max 8

passengers

11 km/h

The route i n the Hervanta district

runs from the Tampere University of

Technology campus to Shopping

Centre Duo

500 m

Not mentioned

A particular focus is placed on the

way that self-directed buses find

their place within the wider traffic

system

http://www.tut.fi/interface/articles/2

016/2/robot-buses-in-operation-on-

campus

https://www.sohjoa.fi/

26.

Finland

Robobus

(follow-up

from

Sohjoa)

Kivikko Helsinki

1. May - November

2018

2. May - November

2019

Navya Arma

Max 8

passengers

18 km/h

1. (2018) From Kivikko's sports park

to bus stop Kivikontie. 2 stops.

2. (2019) Circular route by the Redi

shopping center to the Isoisänsilta

bridge, in in Helsinki Kalasatama

1. 1000 m

2. not

mentioned

Not mentioned

Metropolia University of Applied

Sciences

https://www.helsinkirobobusline.fi/i

n-english/

https://globenewswire.com/news-

release/2018/05/14/1501889/0/en/Se

lf-driving-Bus-on-Helsinki-

RobobusLine-Goes-to-Scheduled-

Service.html

https://forumvirium.fi/en/robotbus20

19/

27.

Finland

Not

mentioned

Estoo

September 2019

Gacha (Muji

and Sensible4

minibus)

Max 16

passengers

(10 seated and 6

standing)

Max 25

km/h

On Nokia’s campus

1500 m

Not mentioned

https://www.core77.com/posts/8781

3/Mujis-Autonomous-Shuttle-Bus-

Debuts-in-Finland

https://www.sensible4.fi/gacha/

https://www.luxturrim5g.com/new-

blog/2019/9/10/the-pilot-for-self-

driving-shuttle-bus-gacha-begins

France

CyberMove

Antibes

June 2004

ParkShuttle II

Max 20

passengers

Max 14

km/h

32km/h

(demo only)

On the Verdun Avenue

320 m (2x)

3 stops

Not mentioned

Part of CyberMove

http://www.advancedtransit.org/wp-

content/uploads/2011/08/ParkShuttl

e-II-Review-of-the-Antibes-

Experiment-A.-Alessandrini-cs..pdf

29.

France

CityMobil

La Rochelle

(Showcase)

18th of September –

28th of September

2008

CRF’s (only in

this one

passengers) and

TNO’s

Advanced ci ty

cars, INRIA’s

and Robosoft’s

cybercars

Not mentioned

Max 10

km/h

Circuit in city centre; from the quay

of the electric “passeur" to the

University

800 m

5 stops

A test track was arranged, area

was fenced. Other arrangements

are not mentioned

Part of CityMobil

http://www.citymobil-

project.eu/downloadables/Newslette

rs%20and%20Leaflets/CityMobil_F

inal_brochure%20Nov-2011.pdf

http://www.citymobil-

project.eu/downloadables/Deliverabl

es/D1.5.1.6-PU-

First%20Advanced%20city%20cars

%20showcase%20la%20rochelle-

CityMobil.pdf

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

30.

France

CityMobil

La Rochelle

(Demo)

2011 (3 months)

Yamaha-based

electric

prototype

cybercars

(renamed

“Cybus”)

Max 5

passengers

Max 10

km/h

Circuit in city centre; from the quay

of the electric “passeur" to the

University

800 m

5 stops

Wi-Fi transponders were installed

at the stops. Operating in

pedestrian area

Part of CityMobil

http://www.citymobil-

project.eu/downloadables/Newslette

rs%20and%20Leaflets/CityMobil_F

inal_brochure%20Nov-2011.pdf

http://www.isinnova.org/wordpress/

wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Day1-

6-Demonstration_La_Rochelle-

Matthieu_Graindorge.pdf

31.

France

CityMobil2

Sophia Antipolis

January - March

2016

Easymile EZ10

Max 6

passengers

(6 seated and 0

standing)

Max 13

km/h

Average 7-8

km/h

Sophia Antipolis business park

950 m

5 stops

Clear and identifiable marking of

the route (incl. warning signs),

semi-segregated lane w/

pedestrians, bicycles

Part of Citymobil2 project

http://www.isinnova.org/wordpress/

wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Day1-

3-Demonstration_CASA-

Guillaume_Drieux.pdf

32.

France

CityMobil2

La Rochelle

November 2014 -

April 2015

Robosoft

Robucity

Max 12

passengers

(12 seated and 0

standing)

Max 12

km/h

Tourist route in the Minimes district,

partly with vehicle traffic on the route

and pedestrians

1710 m

7 stops

Clear and identifiable marking of

the route (incl. warning signs)

Installation of stations

Traffic lights at 6 crossings giving

priority

Part of Citymobil2 project

http://www.isinnova.org/wordpress/

wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Day1-

6-Demonstration_La_Rochelle-

Matthieu_Graindorge.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scien

ce/article/pii/S2352146516302435

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scien

ce/article/pii/S2352146516302356

33.

France

EDF

Civaux

Spring 2016 - not

mentioned

Navya Arma

Max 11

passengers

(11 seated and 0

standing)

Max 25

km/h

On site of EDF nuclear power plant

Not

mentioned

On private road

Not mentioned

https://navya.tech/wp-

content/uploads/2017/09/NAVYA_

Brochure_Print_EN_Website.pdf

https://www.busworld.org/articles/d

etail/2789/autonomous-navya-arma-

shuttles-run-on-the-edf-nuclear-

powerplant-in-civaux

https://www.transdevna.com/service

s-and-modes/autonomous-mobility/

34.

France

AVENUE

Lyon

2019 – 2022

Navia Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

Max 25

km/h

From tram station Décines Grand

Large to the Groupama Stadium

1350 m

4 stops

Public road, but prohibited for

cars.

Part of Avenue project

https://h2020-avenue.eu/portfolio-

item/lyon/

https://h2020-avenue.eu/wp-

content/uploads/2019/04/h2020-

avenue-deliverable-d2.16_-final.pdf

35.

France

Keolis

Villeneuve d’Ascq

December 2018 –

December 2019

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

Not

mentioned

Route on campus between two metro

stations

1400 m

4 stops

Route included a roundabout.

Not mentioned

https://www.intelligenttransport.com

/transport-news/74340/electric-

autonomous-shuttle-france/

https://www.keolis.com/en/media/ne

wsroom/press-releases/keolis-

deploys-electric-autonomous-

shuttles-two-university-campuses

36.

France

Intelligent

Mobility

Rennes

November 2018 -

ongoing

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

Not

mentioned

For the area around the campus of

Rennes 1 university. Route on public

road and on a road reserved for soft

modes such as cyclists and

pedestrians.

1300 m

6 stops

Not mentioned

https://www.keolis.com/en/media/ne

wsroom/latest-news/autonomous-

vehicles-start-running-university-

campus-rennes

https://navya.tech/en/the-keolis-

autonoms-shuttles-put-into-service-

within-the-rennes-campus-1-on-

open-road/

Pilot was initially planned till

June 2019

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

37.

France

Intelligent

Mobility

(continued)

Rennes

November 2019 –

end date not

mentioned

EasyMile (Gen

3 shuttle) - in

addition to

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

Not

mentioned

For the area around the campus of

Rennes 1 university. Route on public

road and on a road reserved for soft

modes such as cyclists and

pedestrians.

1300 m

6 stops

Interoperability between different

manufacturers under single

supervision

Not mentioned

https://www.keolis.nl/over-

ons/nieuws/keolis-versnelt-

ontwikkeling-in-autonome-mobilitei

https://easymile.com/easymile-

launches-new-ez10-driverless-

shuttle-featuring-innovative-safety-

architecture-and-enhanced-

passenger-experience/

38.

France

Keolis

Paris

July 2017 - May

2019

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

Max 7 km/h

La Defense business district

2000 m

Clear markings of the route

Not mentioned

https://www.keolis.com/en/media/ne

wsroom/press-releases/keolis-starts-

operation-autonomous-electric-

shuttles-defense-paris

https://space.uitp.org/initiatives/pari

s-la-defense-av-france

https://innovationorigins.com/self-

driving-buses-paris-ends-

experiment-after-two-years/

Pilot was initially planned for

6 months

39.

France

Keolis

Paris

April - July 2018

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

Max 25

km/h

Within the Roissypôle, the business

district of Charles-de-Gaulle Airport,

connecting the RER train station to

the Groupe ADP’s headquarters

700 m

Road infrastructure system that

uses traffic signals to

communicate dynamically with

the shuttles

Not mentioned

https://navya.tech/en/the-

autonomous-shuttles-are-in-service-

at-paris-charles-de-gaulle-airport/

https://navya.tech/en/press/groupe-

adp-launches-the-first-trial-of-

autonomous-shuttles-at-a-french-

airport/

40.

France

Last mile

shuttle

Versailles

10th of December

2018

Easymile EZ10

Not mentioned

Max 10

km/h

From Cité des cadres bus stop to Les

Allées des Maronniers

1000 m

Create smart infrastructure by

installing sensors for

communication with the vehicles

Vedecom Institute: test

communication and interactions

with various AV’s and

infrastructure. Research how to

modify existing infrastr ucture for

AV’s

https://www.adentis.fr/des-navettes-

autonomes-a-la-demande-a-

versailles/

If successful route will be

extended

41.

France

Navly

(Keolis)

Lyon

September 2016 -

December 2017

Navya Arma

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

Max 20

km/h

On the banks of the River Saone in

the Confluence eco-district, between

the shopping centre and the

southernmost point of the district

1350 m

5 stops

Not mentioned

https://navya.tech/wp-

content/uploads/2017/09/NAVYA_

Brochure_Print_EN_Website.pdf

https://www.keolis.com/en/media/ne

wsroom/latest-news/navly-first-

public-transport-service-by-

autonomous-electric-shuttle

https://www.keolis.com/en/media/ne

wsroom/latest-news/successful-first-

year-world-first-conducted-by-

keolis-and-navya

42.

France

Caisse des

Dépôts,

Icade and

Transdev

Part of

Caisse des

Dépôts

demos

Paris

September –

December 2017

Easymile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

Not

mentioned

Route on the open roa d in the Icade

Park of Orly-Rungis to connect the

Augusta, Robert Schuman and

Gustave Eiffel stations. For the

employees of Rungis Business Park

1250 m

None, uncontrolled intersection

Not mentioned

https://www.transdev.com/wp-

content/uploads/2018/05/Yearbook-

1.pdf

http://www.mobilicites.com/011-

6457-Transdev-experimente-un-

service-de-navette-autonome-en-

voie-ouverte-a-Rungis.html

43.

France

Renault

Trucks

Lyon

24th of October –

23rd of November

2016

Navya

Max 15

passengers

(11 seated and 4

standing)

Not

mentioned

For employees of Renault on

industrial site of Saint Priest

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

1. https://navya.tech/wp-

content/uploads/2017/09/NAVYA_

Brochure_Print_EN_Website.pdf

https://corporate.renault-

trucks.com/en/press-

releases/2016_14_11_renault_trucks

_celebrates_the_100th_anniversary_

of_its_lyon_site.html

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

44.

France

TLD -

Sorigny

November 2018 –

end date not

mentioned

Easymile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

25 km/h

TLD’s industrial site

1500 m

Not mentioned

https://www.aviationpros.com/news/

12422717/tld-deploys-autonomous-

bus

45.

France

Seine

Quayside

Rouen

December 2016 –

January 2017

Easymile EZ10

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Along the banks of the Seine

1600 m

Not mentioned

https://presse.matmut.fr/file/105200/

Dossier-de-presse-Rouen-

Normandy-Autonomous-Lab-

2017.pdf

46.

France

Rouen

Normandy

Autonomou

s Lab

Rouen

September 2018 –

end date not

mentioned

I-Crystal

(Transdev with

Lohr)

Max 16

passengers

Not

mentioned

Connection of Rouen’s Technopole

du Madrillet, tech business cluster,

with city’s public transportation

system

10 000 m in

total (3

loops)

17 stops

Not mentioned

1. http://transdev.ca/services-and-

modes/autonomous-mobility/

https://www.zelfrijdendvervoer.nl/te

sts/2018/06/15/autonome-

voertuigen-op-openbare-weg-in-

rouen/

https://www.transdev.com/en/press-

release/final-testing-before-the-

rouen-normandy-autonomous-lab-

on-demand-mobility-service-opens-

to-the-public/

47.

France

So Mobility

as part of

the “Grand

Paris de la

Mobilité”

[Greater

Paris

Mobility]

initiative

Issy-les-

Moulineaux

March – April

2017

EasyMile EZ10

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Circuit in Ile Saint-Ger main Park

between the car park and the T2 tram

station

600 m

Not mentioned

https://www.transdev.com/en/news-

en/inauguration-of-the-autonomous-

shuttle-at-issy-les-moulineaux/

48.

France

SESNA

Saclay

13th of February

– 30th of March

2018

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing)

Not

mentioned

On the open road at the private Saclay

Nuclear Research Cent re (CEA)

facility

2600 m

7 stops

The route includes intersections

and pedestrian crossings and

speed ramps

Not mentioned

https://www.ratpdev.com/sites/defau

lt/files/annexes/communiques/RATP

%20Group%20launches%20experi

ment%20in%20driverless%20shuttl

es%20at%20CEA%20Paris%20GB.

pdf

49.

France

Paris-

Saclay

Autonomou

s Lab

Saclay

15th of May 2019 –

end date not

mentioned

I-Crystal

(Transdev with

Lohr)

Max 16

passengers

Not

mentioned

Night collective transportation

service for the Saclay Plateau

neighborhoods between the Massy

station and the Camille Claudel bus

station in Palaiseau to serve four

stops Massy Palaiseau, Palaiseau

Ville, La Vallée, Camille Claudel.

6000 m

4 stops

On public bus rapid transit lanes

The University of Paris-Saclay

https://www.transdev.com/en/press-

release/paris-saclay-autonomous-

lab/

https://media.group.renault.com/glo

bal/en-gb/groupe-

renault/media/pressreleases/2122579

1/paris-saclay-autonomous-lab-de-

nouveaux-services-de-mobilite-

autonome-electrique-et-partagee

50.

France

RATP

Group

Boulogne-sur-Mer

5th of April – 8th of

May 2017

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

Not

mentioned

On Quai des Paquebots

300 m

Not mentioned

Research to obtain passenger

opinions with improvement

suggestions. Information

regarding performance, reliability

and operating safety will also be

collected.

http://www.ratp.fr/en/groupe-

ratp/newsroom/mobility-

news/driverless-shuttlesratp-group-

announces-new-experiments-after

https://www.ratpdev.com/en/referen

ces/france-boulogne-sur-mer-bus-

car

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

51.

France

RATP

Group

Paris

23rd of January – 7th

of April 2017

EasyMile EZ10

Max 6

passengers

(6 seated and 0

standing)

Max 20

km/h

On the Charles de Gaulle bridge

between the Gare d’Austerlitz and

Gare de Lyon railway stations

250 m

On dedicated lane

Not mentioned

http://www.ratp.fr/en/groupe-

ratp/newsroom/mobility-

news/driverless-shuttlesratp-group-

announces-new-experiments-after

http://aroundtherings.com/site/A__5

9718/Title__Very-Promising-

Results-for-Autonomous-Shuttles-

Experimentation-on-the-Charles-de-

Gaulle-Bridge/292/Articles

https://www.wired.com/2017/01/tres

-dinky-self-driving-shuttle-nudges-

paris-future/#

52.

France

RATP

Group

Paris

November 2017 –

end date not

mentioned

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing)

Max 12

km/h

Between the station Château de

Vincennes (metro line 1) and the Parc

Floral de Paris (12th district in Paris)

2000 m

Not mentioned

http://www.ratp.fr/en/groupe-

ratp/new-types-mobility/new-forms-

mobility-adapting-a-changing-

society

https://www.apur.org/en/our-

works/driverless-vehicles-what-

their-future-paris (i n maps to

download)

53.

France

Smart City

Toulouse

January – May

2018

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing)

Average 13-

14 km/h

Average 7-

8km/h

(taking into

consideratio

n the

duration of

the

intermediar

y stop)

Following Allees Jules Guesdes from

« Palais de justice » Metro/Tram

station to Grand-Rond public garden

850 m

3 stops

In pedestrian zone

Not mentioned

https://www.polisnetwork.eu/wp-

content/uploads/2019/06/4a_malicet

.pdf

54.

France

Smart City

Pibrac

14th of June – 5th of

September 2017

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing)

Average 6.3

km/h

City centre (Esplanade Sainte

Germaine)

340 m

3 stops

Not mentioned

Survey on users’ opinion

https://www.polisnetwork.eu/wp-

content/uploads/2019/06/4a_malicet

.pdf

55.

France

Transdev

Verdun

29th of May – 11th

of August 2018

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing)

Max 14

km/h

City centre

1400 m

5 stops

On open road

Not mentioned

https://www.transdev.com/en/news-

en/discover-an-autonomous-city-

center-shuttle-in-verdun-during-the-

summer/

https://www.cerema.fr/fr/centre-

ressources/newsletters/transflash/tra

nsflash-ndeg-414-nov-2018/verdun-

bilan-positif-navette-autonome

56.

France

Transdev

Reims

2nd of May – 30th of

June 2018

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing)

10 km/h

Between the “Bezannes Champagne

Ardennes TGV” train station and the

“Gare Champagne TGV” tram

station located on line B of the

transport network Citura

400 m

On steep slope

Users’ perceptions by Transdev

https://www.citura.fr/fr/navette-

autonome/1010

https://www.transdev.com/en/news-

en/reims-when-shared-autonomous-

mobility-facilitates-intermodal-

transport/

https://www.construction21.org/fran

ce/infrastructure/fr/service-de-

transport-autonome-a-reims.html

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

57.

France

ISFM

Velizy-

Villacoublay

March 2019 – end

date not mentioned

MILLApod (by

Intelligent

Systems For

Mobility,

ISFM)

Max 6

passengers

(6 seated and 0

standing)

Max 30

km/h

From the Mozart and Le Clos

neighborhoods to the R. Wagner T6

station

4000 m

In mixed traffic alongside

motorists, bicycles, trams, etc.

The road network will be

equipped with sensors, allowing

MILLA to detect priorities on the

right, traffic lights, pedestrian

crossings. It can be called via

application

Users’ opinion survey

https://www.velizy-

villacoublay.fr/actualite/navette-

autonome-participez-a-l-

experimentation

https://www.velizy-

villacoublay.fr/actualite/millapod-

navette-autonome

https://pole-moveo.org/pme/la-

navette-autonome-milla-circule-

desormais-a-velizy/

58.

France

NASC

(autonomou

s shuttle

without

driver)

Velizy-

Villacoublay

1. 26th of June 2018

(for 3 weeks)

2. September 2018

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

(6 seated and 6

standing)

Max 10

km/h

Villacoublay Air Base

1. Test rides

2. To transport airmen from

operational zones to the living zone

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualit

es/communaute-defense/une-

navette-autonome-sur-la-base-

aerienne-de-villacoublay

59.

France

TOTAL

Dunkirk

May 2018 – end

date not mentioned

(Planned for 5

years)

Navya

Max 14

passengers

Max 20

km/h

In the international training site

Oléum of TOTAL between the

guards’ post and the training centre

800 m

In industrial environment

Not mentioned

https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/493289

/article/2018-11-22/sur-la-voie-des-

mobilites-nouvelles-total-fait-rouler-

une-navette-autonome

https://www.travelnet.fr/focus/824-

la-navette-autonome-navya-lancee-

sur-le-site-de-total-a-dunkerque

https://www.lesechos.fr/2018/05/ber

thelet-parie-sur-le-transport-vert-

990628

Pilot planned for 5 years

60.

Germany

Continental

Frankfurt

17th of April – 19th

of April 2018

CUbE

(Continental

Urban Mobil ity

Experience)

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

On the campus of University of

Applied Sciences

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

Share knowhow among

Continental, Easymile and VGF.

Determine futu re requirements

for AV’s and usage models

https://www.continental-

automotive.com/Landing-

Pages/CAD/CUbE/Driverless-

Mobility/Driverless-Mobility

https://www.continental.com/en/pres

s/press-releases/cube-technologies-

74492

61.

Germany

HEAT

project

(Hamburg

Electric

Autonomou

Transportat

ion)

Hamburg

Phase 1: 2019-

2020 (mid-2020

with passengers

and steward)

Phase 2: 2021

(without steward)

IAV vehicle

Max 10

passengers

Not

mentioned

Design

speed 50

km/h

In Hamburg’s HafenCity

1. Ring route: along the streets Am

Dalmannkai, Großer Grasbrook, Am

Sandtorkai and Am Sandtorpark.

2. On Am Kaiserkai and drive

directly past Hamburg’s new

landmark Elbe Philharmonic Hall

1840 m

5 stops

Supplementary intelligent

infrastructure along its route,

including sensors and a digital

communications system to

communicate with control room

and surrounding. There are 6

traffic lights and 9 intersections.

German Aerospace Center

https://www.hamburg-

news.hamburg/en/renewable-

energy/heat-project-launches-

hamburg/

https://www.hamburg.com/business/

its/12778724/heat/

https://www.hochbahn.de/hochbahn/

hamburg/en/home/projects/expansio

n_and_projects/project_heat

https://itseuropeancongress.com/201

9/07/31/heat-hamburg-electric-

autonomous-transportation/

62.

Germany

I-AT

Interreg

Deutschlan

d Nederland

(2017-

2020)

1. Airport Weeze,

Germany

2. Aachen

(Germany)-Vaals

(The Netherlands)

1. 21st of February

2019 – end date not

mentioned

2. End of 2019

1. Easymile

EZ10 from

WEpod project

2. CM Mission

1. Not

mentioned

2. Max 15

passengers

Not

mentioned

Multiple locatio ns - starting at

Airport Weeze from departure hall to

the parkinglot and airport hotel

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

TU Delft

https://www.i-at.nl/

https://www.deutschland-

nederland.eu/nl/project/i-at-2/

http://i-at.nl/iatnl/Living-Lab-

Weeze-shuttle-voor-passagiers

http://i-at.nl/iatnl/Living-Lab-Aken-

Vaals-openbaar-vervoer-shuttle

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

63.

Germany

Südwestdeu

tsche

Landesverk

ehr-AG

(SWEG)

Lahr, Baden

Württemberg

14th of July – 30th of

September 2018

Easymile EZ10

Max 6

passengers

(6 seated and 0

standing)

Max 15

km/h

From Otto-Hahn-Straße via

Mauerweg and Schwarzwaldstraße to

the roundabout at Otto-Hahn-Straße

1500 m

2 stops

Mixed traffic, speed limited to 30

km/h valid between 9 am and 4

pm (when the shuttle is operating)

Not mentioned

http://www.easymile.com/ez10-

becomes-the-first-autonomous-

shuttle-to-operate-on-public-roads-

in-lahr-germany/

https://vm.baden-

wuerttemberg.de/de/ministerium/pre

sse/pressemitteilung/pid/erste-

autonom-fahrende-bus-im-

oeffentlichen-strassenverkehr-rollt-

in-lahr/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scien

ce/article/pii/S1361920919301944

64.

Germany

NAF Bus

Schleswig-

Holstein

1. August 2018

2. May 2019

Easymile EZ10

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

1. GreenTEC Campus Enge-Sande

(private grounds)

2. Public roads in the rural district

Nordfriesland and public roads on

North Sea island Sylt, Germany

1500 m

In mixed traffic conditions,

within the business park

Gain insight into user experience

and behavior, individual and

social acceptance, risk-benefit

considerations by consulatancy

EurA. Online opinion poll b y

Christian-Albrechts-Universität

zu Kiel

http://www.easymile.com/ez10-

driverless-shuttle-begins-operation-

in-greentec-campus-germany/

https://www.naf-bus.de/

https://www.eura-

ag.de/2019/10/24/the-

autonomously-driving-electric-bus-

current-status-of-our-project/

Expansion to Dithmarschen

planned

65.

Germany

Olli

Berlin

December 2016 –

April 2017

Olli

Not mentioned

Max 10

km/h

Average

speed 8

km/h

EUREF Campus, Berlin Schöneberg.

700 m

3 stops

Warning signs, shuttle has rig ht

of way, overtaking the shuttle was

not allowed and 10m distance

from shuttle was required. In

mixed traffic (pedestrians,

cyclists, occasional cars and

trucks)

User acceptance. Sina Nordhoff,

TU Delft & Innovation Centre for

Mobility and Societal Change.

https://archiv.berliner-

zeitung.de/berlin/verkehr/-olli--

erstmals-ist-in-berlin-ein-autonom-

fahrender-bus-unterwegs-25205714

https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/ver

kehr-berliner-mobilitaetszentrum-

innoz-wird-

aufgegeben.769.de.html?dram:articl

e_id=447601

https://euref.de/euref-

campus/#mobilitae

https://www.researchgate.net/public

ation/319253225_User_acceptance_

of_automated_shuttles_in_Berlin-

Schoneberg_A_questionnaire_study

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scien

ce/article/abs/pii/S13698478183043

https://www.researchgate.net/public

ation/334803765_Passenger_opinio

ns_of_interactions_with_an_automa

ted_vehicle_An_accompanied_test_

ride_study

https://www.researchgate.net/public

ation/317497564_User_Acceptance

_of_Driverless_Shuttles_Running_i

n_an_Open_and_Mixed_Traffic_En

vironment

66.

Germany

Pole

Position

Berlin

May 2016 – April

2019

Easymile EZ10

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

EUREF Campus

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

High-power inductive energy

collector with full automated

recharging combined with on-

demand use and demonstration of

the vehicle.

https://www.emo-

berlin.de/de/projekte/pole-position/

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

67.

Germany

Ioki

Bad-Birnbach

25th of October

2017 – still in

operation

Easymile EZ10

Max 6

passengers

(6 seated and 0

standing)

Max 15

km/h

From town centre to the thermal

baths on public roads

700 meters

Since

October

2019

1400 m

Variable traffic sign system:

when bus is detected, there is a

change of traffic signs from 50

km/h to 30 km/h and the other

vehicles must slow down. Only

then the bus may drive 500 meters

on the highway

Not mentioned

https://ioki.com/en/uncategorized/fir

st-autonomous-vehicle-on-german-

public-roads/

https://www.badbirnbach.de/en/stori

es/autonomous-minibus

https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayer

n/neue-strecke-fuer-fahrerlose-

elektrobusse-in-bad-

birnbach,ReBIt7z

68.

Germany

AutoNV_O

Wusterhausen/

Dosse,

Ostprigtnitz-

Ruppin

End of 2017 – 30th

of June 2020

Easymile EZ10

Max 5

passengers

(5 seated and 0

standing)

Not

mentioned

From historic town centre to

trainstation and supermarkt. Possible

extension to Northern part of the

town.

3500 m

Mixed traffic

TU Berlin (traffic aspects) & TU

Dresden (acceptance and

economic/social aspects)

https://www.autonv.de/

https://tu-

dresden.de/bu/verkehr/ivs/vpsy/fors

chung/projekte_aktuell

https://innovationorigins.com/self-

driving-buses-paris-ends-

experiment-after-two-years/

69.

Germany

See-Meile

Berlin

August – end of

2019

Easymile EZ10

Max 6

passengers

(6 seated and 0

standing)

Max 15

km/h

Route between Alt-Tegel, Am

Tegeler Hafen, Wilkestraße and

Medebacher Weg

1200 m

Parking space and charging

infrastructure

Acceptance study by Ioki

https://www.iamexpat.de/expat-

info/german-expat-news/try-berlins-

new-driverless-bus-free

https://innovationorigins.com/projec

t-see-meile-berlin-experiment-with-

self-driving-bus-on-public-roads/

https://ioki.com/en/news-

en/autonomous-bus-in-the-streets-

of-berlin/

70.

Germany

Projekt

Stimulate

Berlin

Summer of 2017 –

spring of 2020

Navya &

Easymile EZ10

Max 11

passengers

(Navya)

Max 6

passengers

(EZ10)

Max 12

km/h

1. Route on campus Charité Mitte

2. Two routes on campus Virchow

Klinikum

1. 1200 m

2. 800 m

and 1500 m

Mixed traffic

Acceptance and pract ical

implications. City of Berlin in

collaboration with Charité and the

Institute of Medical Sociology

and Rehabilitation Science

https://www.wir-fahren-

zukunft.de/wp-

content/uploads/2017/09/PM_Stimul

ate.pdf

https://www.wir-fahren-

zukunft.de/en/2018/06/13/driverless

-buses-take-to-the-streets/

71.

Germany

Transdev

Leipzig

23th of May – 25th

of May 2018

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

Max 20

km/h

During the International Transport

Forum Summit 2018

Route along the water basins

(Merkurbrunnen) leading from the

vicinity of the tram line N°16

“Messegelände” stop to the Congress

Centre Leipzig main entrance hall

200 m

Dedicated track

Not mentioned

https://www.transdev.com/en/press-

release/transdev-presents-its-

autonomous-transport-service-at-

the-international-transport-forum-

itf-2018-summit/

72.

Greece

CityMobil2

Trikala

November/

December 2015 -

February 2016

Robosoft

Robucity

Max 12

passengers

Max 13

km/h

Trikala city centre, on a dedicated

lane alongside different transport

modes

2400 m

9 stops

Clear and identifiable marking of

the route (incl. warning signs)

Part of Citymobil2 project

http://www.isinnova.org/wordpress/

wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Day1-

5-Demonstration_Trikala-

Odisseas_Raptis.pdf

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document

/7995779

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scien

ce/article/pii/S1369847816301620

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

73.

Ireland

Smart

Docklands

Dublin

21st of September –

22nd of September

2018

EasyMile EZ10

Max 15

passengers

Max 25

km/h

From Dublin convention centre to

Arena on North Wall Quay

1000 m

4 stops

Designated route

University College Dublin

http://www.EasyMile.com/ez10-

debuts-as-first-driverless-shuttle-in-

ireland/

https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0921/

995125-driverless-cars/

https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0921/

995125-driverless-cars/

https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/z2af

http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/9

353/1/LH-Interfaces-2018.pdf

74.

Italy

CityMobil2

Oristano

July – August 2014

Robosoft

Max 12

passengers

Max 12

km/h

Seafront of Torre Grande

1300 m

5 stops

Clear and identifiable marking of

the route (incl. warning signs)

CityMobil2 project

Experiments concerned vehicle

performance, environmental

impact application in pedestrian

zones and people acceptance

http://www.fotovoltaicosulweb.it/gu

ida/primi-autobus-senza-

conducente-a-oristano-city-mobil-

2.html

75.

Italy

ITC-ILO

Turin

January – May

2020

Olli

Max 12

passengers

Max 25

km/h

ICT-ILO campus

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

ITC-ILO

University of Turin

https://www.sustainable-

bus.com/smart-mobility/olli-debuts-

in-italy-turin-deploys-the-3d-

printed-driverless-shuttle/

Printed in 3D technology

Fully electric

76.

Luxembourg

Avenue

Pfaffenthal

September 2018 –

March 2019

Navya

Max 18

passengers

(14 seated and 4

standing)

Max 25

km/h

From Pfaffenthal lift to the cable-car

and the Val des Bons Malades

Cemetery

1000 m

Not mentioned

Avenue project

http://luxembourg.public.lu/en/actua

lites/2018/09/21-

cityshuffle/index.html

2. http://www.revue.lu/der-pionier-

bus/

https://h2020-

avenue.eu/content/luxembourg-site-

description

77.

Luxembourg

Avenue

Contern

16th of September –

22nd of September

2018

Navya

Max 18

passengers

(14 seated and 4

standing)

Max 18

km/h

Connection from the train station to

the industrial zone

3500 m

Not mentioned

Avenue project

https://h2020-

avenue.eu/content/luxembourg-site-

description

https://delano.lu/d/detail/news/conte

rn-test-bed-driverless-bus/190494

78.

Norway

Applied

Autonomy

Svalbard

21st of March 2019

EasyMile EZ10

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Airport area (Not specified)

Not

mentioned

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure

Applied Autonomy

1. https://EasyMile.com/first-ever-

autonomous-vehicle-operates-in-

arctic-circle/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

jfTwpttVCY0

First autonomous vehicle

operating in the Arctic Circle

79.

Norway

Fabulos

Gjesdal

Planned for spring

2020

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

Fabulos project

Forum Virium Helsinki

https://forumvirium.fi/en/fabulos-

brings-self-driving-buses-to-the-

streets-of-europe/

Procurement process in 3

phases: 1. Feasibility study, 2.

Development of well-defined

prototypes, 3. Verification and

comparison of the first end

products in real-life situations.

80.

Norway

Gjøvik

Municipalit

NTNU/

Applied

Autonomy

Gjøvik

20th of July –

October 2018

EasyMile EZ10

Gen2

Max 6

passengers

Max 13

km/h

From Fjellhallen to centre of Gjøvik

3 stops

900m

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure

Not mentioned

https://www.gjovik.kommune.no/ny

heter/forerlos-buss-i-gjovik-

sentrum/

https://bussmagasinet.no/?p=11283

https://space.uitp.org/initiatives/auto

nomous-city-bus-av-pilot-gjovik-

norway

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

81.

Norway

Kolumbus/

Forus PRT/

Autobus

Stavanger

12th of June – 30th

of November 2018

EasyMile EZ10

Max 6

passengers

Max 12

km/h

Forus Næringspark

1200m

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure

Institute of Transport Economics

(TØI)

https://sciencenorway.no/cars-and-

traffic-forskningno-

norway/driverless-busses-coming-

to-a-street-near-you/1443619

2. https://www.toi.no/autobus/

During the test the speed of the

vehicle increased to 15 km/h

82.

Norway

OBOS/Aca

ndo

Fornebu

June –August 2018

EasyMile EZ10

Max 6

passengers

Max 12

km/h

From Fornebu S and up to

Storøyodden

1500m

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure

Evaluation by Ruter

https://norwaytoday.info/news/self-

driven-bus-tested-fornebu/

https://www.obos.no/privat/samfunn

sansvar/obos-innovasjon/norges-

forste-selvkjorende-badebuss

3. https://www.toi.no/autobus/

83.

Norway

Ruter/

Autonomou

s mobility/

Autobus

Oslo

Akershusstranda

May 2019 –

Oktober/November

2019

Navya Arma

Max 11

passengers

Max 18

km/h

Kontraskjæret - Vippetangen

1100m

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure

Evaluation by Ruter; Institute of

Transport Economics (TØI)

https://ruter.no/en/about-

ruter/reports-projects-

plans/autonomous-vehicles/

https://norwaytoday.info/news/oslos

-first-bus-route-with-driverless-bus-

opned/

https://www.ovmagazine.nl/wp-

content/uploads/2019/05/NO_Repor

t_RUTER_Frokostmoede-410-

gecomprimeerd.pdf

4. https://www.toi.no/autobus/

Self-driven buses are electric;

non-public tests without

steward autumn 2019

Max passenger capacity

includes the steward

84.

Norway

Ruter/

Autonomou

s mobility/

Autobus

Oslo Ormøya

November 2019 –

end date not

mentioned

Navya Arma

Max 8

passengers

Max 18

km/h

Bækkelaget - Malmøya

1400m

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure

Evaluation by Ruter;

Institute of Transport Economics

(TØI)

https://ruter.no/en/about-

ruter/reports-projects-

plans/autonomous-vehicles/

https://www.toi.no/autobus/

85.

Norway

Sohjoa

Baltic/Tests

ite

Kongsberg/

Autobus

Kongsberg

Phase 1: 15th of

October – 26th of

November 2018

Phase 2: 2nd of

December 2018 –

23th of April 2019

Phase 3: 23th of

April - onward

Phase 3.1: 13th of

October 2019 -

onward

2 EasyMile

EZ10 Gen2

EZ10 Gen3

starting in

January 2020

Max 6

passengers

Max 16

km/h

To Teknopark: Knutepunktet -

Tråkka -Rådhuset - Busse dalen -

Svinegropa–Tekno logiparken. From

Teknopark: Teknologiparken-

Svinegropa – Busse dalen - Rådhuset

- Gågata – Knute punktet

Phase 1:

900 m

Phase 2:

2000 m

Phase 3: to

Technology

Park 4400

Phase 3.1:

5500 m

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure

Institute of Transport Economics

(TØI), Forum Virum Helsinki

https://www.sohjoabaltic-

kongsberg.com/kongsberg-

introduces-driverless-minibuses/

https://www.brakar.no/prosjekter/tes

tprosjekt-med-selvkjorende-buss-i-

kongsberg/

https://www.uitp.org/news/applied-

autonomy-operating-autonomous-

shuttles-norway

4. https://www.toi.no/autobus/

2 vehicles in operation 4 hours

every day; service integrated

with nat ional travel planner

Entur and Brakar travel

planner & Brakar real-time

viewer of the buses;

commercial operation with

adult ticket requirements,

certain groups (e.g. children)

travel for free

86.

Norway

CityMobil

Trondheim

August 2009

INRIA

Max 6

passengers

Not

mentioned

From El geseter bridge following

Håkon Jarls gate (pedestrian and

cyclists street) to hospital entrance

170 m

3 stops

Segregated track (fenced area)

Part of CityMobil project

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

K61iDr9fYGE

87.

Poland

Sohjoa

Baltic

Gdansk

September 2019

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

Not

mentioned

From the stop at the entrance to the

ZOO, through an intermediate stop at

the car park to the final stop at

Spacerowa Street

Not

mentioned

3 stops

Not mentioned

Part of Sohjoa Baltic project

http://www.sohjoabaltic.eu/en/2019/

12/12/gdansk-pilot-2019-on-

video/#partners

http://www.sohjoabaltic.eu/en/2019/

09/11/gdansk-pilot-started/

https://www.themayor.eu/mt/starting

-today-gdansk-is-testing-an-

autonomous-electric-bus

Max passenger capacity

includes the steward

88.

Spain

Citymobil

Castellón

October 2008

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Connection between Castellòn and

Benicassim

40000 m

Dedicated lanes

Citymobil project

http://www.citymobil-

project.eu/site/en/SP1%20Castellon.

php

Hybrid system of guided

bus/tramway

89.

Spain

Citymobil2

Donostia/ San

Sebastian

April – June 2016

Robosoft/

EasyMile

Max 10

passengers

Max 30

km/h

In operation

10 km/h

Miramon Paseo Mikeletegi

1200 m

6 stops

Major infrastructural changes: car

parking facilities, limit the max

speed to 30 km/h, change traffic

direction

Citymobil2 project

http://www.autonet2030.eu/wp-

content/uploads/2016/11/12_AutoN

et2030_CityMobil2.pdf

1968 trips, 2362 km distance,

1918 passengers

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

90.

Sweden

Project S3 –

Shared

Shuttle

Services

Göteborg

April – October

2019

Navya

(operator

Autonomous

Mobility )

Max 9

passengers

Average 11

km/h

Two distinct routes:

1. Johanneberg, Chalmers

University of Technology

campus

2. First/last-mile parking

option for Lindholmen

Science Park

1200 m

Construction and changes on the

route itinerary

RISE Viktoria (mentioned in their

in newsletter 462).

Associated research:

User acceptance, open

innovation, business models and

road maps

https://www.gp.se/ekonomi/här-kan-

göteborgarna-åka-självkörande-

buss-1.14717037

https://space.uitp.org/initiatives/s3-

shared-shuttle-av-pilot-gothenburg-

sweden

91.

Sweden

Self-driving

buses in

Västerbotte

nsby

Varuträsk

September 2019 –

September 2020

EasyMile

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Rural area

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

Swedish Transport Association/

Skellefteå municipality/

Vinnova

https://www.bussmagasinet.se/2019/

04/sjalvkorande-bussar-i-

vasterbottensby/

92.

Sweden

Scania &

Nobina

Stockholm

Planned for 2020

Scania

Citywide LF

electric, full

size, bus

Max 80

passengers

(25 seated and

55 standing)

Max 24

km/h

On regular bus route from residential

area Barkarby to metro station i n

downtown Stockholm

Phase 1:

1000 m

Phase 2:

5000 m

4 stops

Dedicated lane

Not mentioned

https://www.sustainable-

bus.com/news/scania-partners-with-

nobina-for-autonomous-bus-trial-in-

stockholm/

https://www.ericsson.com/en/interne

t-of-things/trending/driverless-

buses-in-stockholm-sweden

https://www.bussmagasinet.se/2019/

04/internationellt-pris-till-barkarbys-

sjalvkorande-bussar/

93.

Sweden

CityMobil2

Stockholm

25th of April – 29th

of April 2016

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

Not

mentioned

Ericsson, Nobina Technology and

Kista Science City

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

https://www.drivesweden.net/evene

mang/kista-mobility-week

94.

Sweden

Drive

Sweden

Stockholm

January - June

2018

EasyMile EZ10

Max 12

passengers

Max 20

km/h

In Kista Science City between

Victoria Tower and Kista Galleria,

with a stop on the road outside of the

Time building (Kistagången 16)

1500 m

Not mentioned

http://www.urbanictarena.se/smart-

self-driving-buses-start-operating-

kista-today/

https://www.thelocal.se/20171227/st

ockholm-gets-scandinavias-first-

driverless-buses-on-public-road

95.

Sweden

Volvo

automated

bus (trial)

Göteborg

November 2019

Volvo, full size

buses

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Automated ride (and parking)

between the parking bay and several

different workstations (such as

cleaning, servicing, and electric

charging) at a depot used by bus

operator Keolis

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

https://dutchmobilityinnovations.co

m/spaces/86/dutch-mobility-

innovations/articles/news/29750/eur

ope-s-first-self-driving-buses-

demonstrated

https://hitecher.com/news/volvo-

tests-self-driving-bus-prototype-in-

real-conditions

96.

Switzerland

Citymobil2

Lausanne

April – August

2015

EasyMile EZ10

Not mentioned

Max 12

km/h

Campus EPFL

West Region, between metro station

and campus/working sites

Pedestrian area

1500 m

6 stops

Clear and identifiable marking of

the route (incl. warning signs)

Citymobil2 project

https://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2

015/11/17/citymobil2_at_epfl.html

4447 trips, 6970 km distance,

7000 passengers

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

97.

Switzerland

AMoTech –

Route 12

project

Neuhausen

March 2018 – end

of 2019

Navya

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Connect the centre of Ne uhausen

with Schlössli Wörth at the Rhine

Falls basin

2000 m

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure

Conducted by ISTP at ETH:

research on public perceptions

https://www.amotech.ch/en/showroo

m/projekt-linie-12

https://www.amotech.ch/pdfdocs/na

hverkehrs-

praxis%E2%80%93ausgabe7_8-

2018-interview.pdf

https://www.swisstransitlab.com/en

https://www.amotech.ch/en/referenc

https://www.research-

collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.118

50/282577

https://www.semanticscholar.org/pa

per/How-technology-commitment-

affects-willingness-to-a-Wicki-

Guidon/2d81e57abc73317a423f0ed

46fce8d04ebb5d3c8

https://www.research-

collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.118

50/339708

98.

Switzerland

Meyrin

Shuttle

Bestmile

Avenue

Geneva

June 2018 – end

date not mentioned

Navya

Max 11

passengers

Max 25

km/h

First/last mile solution for Meyrin

train station, connecting three tram

stops

2100 m

3 stops

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure

AVENUE project

https://bestmile.com/tpg-launches-

first-autonomous-service-in-geneva-

managed-by-bestmile-platform/

https://h2020-avenue.eu/portfolio-

item/geneva/

Two candidates for route

expansion in 2019:

1. Belle- Idée hospital site

(around 10 to 35 stops);

2. eco-neighbourhood of

Verges

99.

Switzerland

Pilot Zug

Zug

25th of March 2017

- end of 2019

EasyMile

EZ10

Max 9

passengers

(6 seated and 3

standing)

Max 20

km/h

From Zug railway station to

Technology cluster Zug.

Not

mentioned

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure

Mobility

https://www.mobility.ch/en/news/sel

f-driving-vehicles/

100.

Switzerland

Smartshuttl

e by

PostBus

Sion

June 2016 – end

date not mentioned

Navya

Max 11

passengers

Max 20

km/h

Route through the city centre.

3000 m

None, integrated in existing

infrastructure.

Operational in open r oads and

pedestrian zone.

Encounter traffic lights,

intersections roundabouts and

mixed traffic

Research if AV’s in public areas

give customer added value, if it is

possible to operate AV’s in public

areas (pedestrian and car-free

zones) or on company premises

https://www.postauto.ch/en/testing-

sion

https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/on-

board_sion-driverless-bus-service-

to-be-expanded/43604204

https://space.uitp.org/initiatives/sma

rtshuttle-sion-av-switzerland

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document

/8688840

https://www.researchgate.net/public

ation/316615482_On_the_Road_wit

h_an_Autonomous_Passenger_Shutt

le_Integration_in_Public_Spaces

Route was 1500 m in the

beginning and was extended to

3000m in February 2018

101.

Switzerland

AmoTech –

Trapeze

operations

Bernmobil

Bern

July 2019 –

planned to run for 2

years

EasyMile

Not mentioned

Max 30

km/h

Between the Bärenpark and the

funicular "Marzilibahn"

2000 m

6 stops

Not mentioned

https://www.trapezegroup.eu/news/

media-release-trapeze-operations-

control-system-is-ready-for-self-

driving-v

https://www.amotech.ch/en/referenc

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

102.

Switzerland

Transports

publics

fribourgeoi

s (TPF)/

Marly

Innovation

Center

(MIC)/

Municipalit

y of Marly/

Agglomerat

ion of

Fribourg/

State of

Fribourg

August –

November 2017

Navya

Max 11

passengers

Max 25

km/h

From Marly Innovation Center to

Fribourg Public Transport network.

1300 m

Not mentioned

https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/first-

autonomous-transport-service-in-

switzerland-inaugurated/43541214

https://www.tpf.ch/en/-/une-navette-

automatisee-pour-desservir-le-

marly-innovation-center

Fixed headway (7 mins)

In-vehicle time of 7 mins

103.

Switzerland

Bestmile in

collaboratio

n with

Transports

de la région

Morges

Bière

Cossonay

July – December

2017

Navya and

Bestmile

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

From the funicular station to key

attractions in the old town. Two

different loops

1700 m

8stops

Part of existing PT network. Open

streets and roads.

Address the challenge of first/last

mile connectivity

https://bestmile.com/the-transports-

de-la-region-morges-biere-

cossonay-mbc-to-partner-with-

bestmile-to-operate-a-unique-

autonomous-shuttle-service-in-the-

city-center-of-cossonay-switzerland/

104.

The Netherlands

Appelscha

13th of September –

31st of October

2016

EasyMile EZ10

Max 6

passengers

(6 seated and 0

standing)

Max 15

km/h

From visitor centre Staatsbosbeheer

to city of Appelscha.

2500 m

On bicycle track. Bicycle track

got priority at crossings during

the pilot. Warning signs

STAD-project (casestudy)

https://www.mdpi.com/2032-

6653/9/1/15

105.

The Netherlands

Drimmelen

August –

September 2019

Navya

Max 8

passengers

(8 seated and 0

standing)

Max 15

km/h

From bus stop to parking lot and

harbour of Drimmelen

Not

mentioned

Mixed traffic

Not mentioned

https://zelfrijdendeauto.com/gemeen

te-drimmelen-investeert-in-

zelfrijdende-buurtbus/

106.

The Netherlands

ESA-

ESTEC

Noordwijk

October 2019 -

2021

Navya

Max 8

passengers

(8 seated and 0

standing)

Max 15

km/h

2 phases: first on the private property

of ESA-ESTEC. Second phase the

route will be extended to public roads

Not

mentioned

Mixed traffic

Not mentioned

https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/

3732849/ESTEC-personeel-met-

zelfrijdende-shuttles-naar-het-werk

107.

The Netherlands

Haga

shuttle

Den Haag

Summer of 2019 –

end date not

mentioned

Navya

Max 8

passengers

(8 seated and 0

standing)

Max 15

km/h

From busstop ‘Leyweg’ to the Haga

Hospital.

1000 m

Lines are applied for the vehicle

to navigate and to create a lane for

the vehicle. Warning signs will be

placed including warnings on the

road surface. Part of the route is

designated lane.

TU Delft (research questions not

defined yet)

http://thefuturemobility.network/den

-haag-zelfrijdende-minibus/

https://www.ovpro.nl/bus/2019/01/1

7/htm-stuurt-zelfrijdende-bus-in-

2019-de-weg-op/?gdpr=accept

108.

The Netherlands

RiviumPark

Shuttle

Rotterdam

2005 - still in

operation

2getthere

Max 20

passengers

(8 seated and 12

standing)

Max 32

km/h

From metro station to business park

1800 m

Dedicated track with reg ulated

crossings

STAD-project (case study and

master thesis about passenger

perception)

https://www.researchgate.net/public

ation/329782024_Driverless_electri

c_vehicles_at_Businesspark_Rivium

_near_Rotterdam_the_Netherlands_

from_operation_on_dedicated_track

_since_2005_to_public_roads_in_20

https://www.semanticscholar.org/pa

per/Riding-a-self-driving-bus-to-

work%3A-Investigating-on-

Dekker/3acb428836af7d1407514e1

706c3bb6a318b8460

No steward on board

109.

The Netherlands

Scheemda

Ommelander

Ziekenhuis,

Scheemda

6th of August 2018

– end of 2019

Navya

Max 8

passengers

(8 seated and 0

standing)

Max 15

km/h

From bus stop ‘Molenstraat’ to the

Ommelander Hospital.

1500 m

Operating on extra wide (4 m)

bicycle lane

Not mentioned

https://www.autonoomvervoernoord

.nl/wp-

content/uploads/2018/08/Veel-

gestelde-vragen-zelfrijdende-shuttle-

Scheemda.pdf

If successful permanent

implementation is considered

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

110.

The Netherlands

Mercedes-

Benz Future

Bus

Schiphol airport –

Haarlem

18th of July 2016

Mercedes-Benz

Future Bus

Not mentioned

50 km/h

Max 70

km/h

On bus lane between Schiphol airport

and Haarlem

Not

mentioned

Sections of the bus lane between

Schiphol Airport and Haarlem are

closed off. At several stretches of

the route, particularly at

intersections, the bus will take the

public road. Communication

between the bus and 19 traffic

lights. Bus is given priority

Not mentioned

https://www.government.nl/latest/ne

ws/2016/07/28/successful-test-with-

first-self-driving-bus-on-a-public-

road

https://www.deingenieur.nl/artikel/p

roef-met-zelfrijdende-bus-tussen-

haarlem-en-schiphol

https://media.daimler.com/marsMed

iaSite/en/instance/ko.xhtml?oid=127

76336

Non-electric vehicle

111.

The Netherlands

WEpod

Wageningen

2014 – 2016

EasyMile

EZ10; Many

hard- and

software added

to vehicle

Max 6

passengers

(6 seated and 0

standing)

Max 15

km/h

Phase 1: Around the campus of

Wageningen Univeristy

Phase 2: From trainstation

Ede/Wageningen to Wageningen

University

Phase 1:

2500 m

Phase 2:

11000 m

Parking ban, 1 traffic light added,

wifi-p added to existing traffic

light, speed limitation, special bus

stop

TU Delft, Christian University of

Applied Scie nces, ROC A12,

HAN University of Applied

Sciences, STAD project

https://www.researchgate.net/public

ation/329781953_Casestudy_WEpo

d_een_onderzoek_naar_de_inzet_va

n_automatisch_vervoer_in_EdeWag

eningen

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.

3141/2542-09

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document

/7986800

https://www.raddelft.nl/wp-

content/uploads/2017/06/Paola-

Rodriguez-Safety-of-Pedestrians-

and-Cyclists-when-Interacting-

with....pdf

http://stad.tudelft.nl/wordpress/wp-

content/uploads/2017/01/CIT2016_J

PNunezVelasco_Stockholm.pdf

https://viridearchitecture.jimdo.com/

Most infrastructural changes

were needed for phase 2.

112.

United Kingdom

Citymobil

Heathrow PRT

1. October 2010 –

May 2011

2. May 2011 – end

date not mentioned

"ULTra" -

developed by

Advanced

Transport

Systems of

Thornbury

Max 4

passengers

Max 40

km/h

From carpark to terminal 5

3900 m

Elevated, dedicated lane

Part of Citymobil project

http://www.citymobil-

project.eu/site/en/Heathrow%20PRT

.php

1. Trials

2. Full passenger service

113.

United Kingdom

Citymobil

Daventry

24th of September

– 5th of October

2007

INRIA vehicle

Not mentioned

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

400 m

Operating on bicycle track (4 m

wide)

Part of Citymobil project

http://www.citymobil-

project.eu/downloadables/Deliverabl

es/D1.5.1.3-PU-

Daventry%20Showcase%20report-

CityMobil.pdf

114.

United Kingdom

Project

Synergy

Manchester

Airport

November 2017 –

May 2020

Westfield

electric AV pod

Max 4

passengers

(4 seated and 0

standing)

Not

mentioned

From Airport station to terminal 2.

500 m

Not mentioned

UK Autodrive

https://space.uitp.org/initiatives/proj

ect-synergy-manchester-av-uk

115.

United Kingdom

Autodrive

project

Milton Keynes

2015 - 2018

Pod buil t by

RDM-Group

Aurrigo

Max 4

passengers

(4 seated and 0

standing)

Not

mentioned

From railway station to city centre

Not

mentioned

None, operates on pavements and

other pedestrianised areas.

Not mentioned

http://www.ukautodrive.com/pods-

provide-a-first-last-mile-solution-in-

milton-keynes/

116.

United Kingdom

Stagecoach/

ADL/

Fusion

Processing

Edinburgh

Planned for 2020

Enviro200 by

ADL

Max 42

passengers

Not

mentioned

From Ferrytoll Park to Ride facility

in Fife and the Edinburgh Park

train/tram interchange

22000 m

Dedicated lanes

Stagecoach,

Transport Scotland,

bus manufacturer Alexander

Dennis,

Fusion Processing Ltd,

ESP Group

https://www.alexander-

dennis.com/media/news/2018/nove

mber/scotland-to-trial-first-

autonomous-full-sized-bus-fleet-in-

passenger-service-after-435m-

innovate-uk-funding/

https://www.sustainable-

bus.com/news/autonomous-bus-

fleet-pilot-in-scotland-from-2020-

by-stagecoach-and-adl/

3. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-

scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-

46309121

Country

Project

Location

Date

Vehicle

Capacity

Speed

Route

Length

Infrastructure

Research

More information

Comments

117.

United Kingdom

GATEway

London

February – March

2018

Fully

automated

passenger

shuttles

(provided by a

consortium of

Westfield

Sportscars,

Heathrow

Enterprises and

Fusion)

Max 4

passengers

Max 15

km/h

Along the riverside path in

Greenwich, London

1600 m

In a designated lane, sharing

space with pedestrians and

cyclists

GATEway project team

https://gateway-project.org.uk/

https://gateway-project.org.uk/wp-

content/uploads/2018/06/D3.7_TRL

-Workshop-Findings-Report.pdf

Max passenger capacity

includes the steward

118.

United Kingdom

Stagecoach/

ADL/

Fusion

Processing

(trial)

Manchester

March 2019

Single-decker

bus by

Alexander

Dennis Li mited

(ADL) and

Fusion

Processing

Max 43

passengers

(43 seated and 0

standing)

Not

mentioned

Within the grounds of a Sharston bus

depot in Manchester, England

Not

mentioned

Not mentioned

The purpose of the trial is to test

if the bus can undertake

manoeuvres s uch as parking and

moving into a washing area

https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/20/u

ks-first-self-driving-bus-begins-

trials.html

https://travelandynews.com/uk-

stagecoach-self-driving-bus-trials/

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