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Archaeopress Archaeology www.archaeopress.com
ARCHEO.FOSS XIV 2020
Open software, hardware, processes, data
and formats in archaeological research
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference
15-17 October 2020
edited by
Julian Bogdani, Riccardo Montalbano,
and Paolo Rosati
Bogdani, Montalbano, and Rosati (eds) ARCHEO.FOSS XIV 2020
ArcheoFOSS XIV 2020: Open software, hardware, processes, data and formats in
archaeological research collects the proceedings of the fourteenth ArcheoFOSS
international conference, held online due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The book gathers seventeen papers on three principal topics, the main sessions of
the conference: use and application of free/libre and open-source (FLOS) tools in
archaeology; creation, use and promotion of open data and open formats in archaeology;
and development and customization of FLOS software and hardware solutions for
cultural heritage. Forty-one scholars of very diverse age, academic affi liation and
geographic location, but all actively involved in the promotion of FLOS culture, open
data and open science in digital archaeology and humanities, contribute. The volume is
completed by a critical analysis of the contribution of these important annual meetings
to the scientifi c and cultural activity of the ArcheoFOSS community. The opportunity
off ered by the pandemic-related diffi culties to widen the geographical scope of the
conference has been further boosted by the decision to adopt the English language for
most of the papers, with the hope that this will extend the work of the ArcheoFOSS
community far beyond the Italian national borders.
Julian Bogdani is an assistant professor at Sapienza University of Rome, where he
teaches Digital Archaeology and Digital Humanities. The main focus of his research is
the theoretical and practical issues related to the application of Computer Science to the
archaeological and historical domain. He is the developer of Bradypus, a cloud-based
database for archaeology. He directs the archaeological mission of Sapienza at Çuka e
Ajtoit, a Hellenistic, Roman and Late Antique site in Albania.
Riccardo Montalbano is an archaeologist, specialist in ancient topography. He is currently
GIS expert and Data Manager at Parco Archeologico di Ercolano (Naples) and Adjunct
Professor at the University Uninettuno. As GIS expert, he is involved in several fi eld
projects in Italy and abroad, and he is a member of the core team of the SITAR Project
(Superintendency of Rome) and a research fellow of MAGOH Project (University of Pisa).
Paolo Rosati received his PhD in 2016 from L’Aquila University for research on the
economic sustainability of software in archaeology and the development of FLOSS
methods in Humanities (philology, archaeology, history, topography). Today he is a
researcher at the Sapienza University of Rome as part of the ERC project PAThs (http://
paths.uniroma1.it).
Bogdani, Montalbano and Rosati cover.indd 1Bogdani, Montalbano and Rosati cover.indd 1 23/11/2021 15:08:5723/11/2021 15:08:57
ArcheoFOSS 14 | 2020
edited by
Julian Bogdani,
Riccardo Montalbano,
and Paolo Rosati
Archaeopress Archaeology
Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
Summertown Pavilion
18-24 Middle Way
Summertown
Oxford OX2 7LG
www.archaeopress.com
ISBN 978-1-80327-124-8
ISBN 978-1-80327-125-5 (e-Pdf)
© The individual authors and Archaeopress 2021
Image cover: Theatrum Pompei and surrounding areas, from SITAR - Sistema Informativo
Territoriale Archeologico di Roma, Soprintendenza Speciale Archeologia Belle Arti e
Paesaggio di Roma (Ministero della Cultura)
All contributions of this volume have undergone a double peer-review process.
The publication of this volume was made possible by the generous
supports of Wikimedia Italia and Direzione Generale Educazione, ricerca
e istituti culturali of the Italian Ministry of Culture
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence
This book is available in print and as a free download from www.archaeopress.com
i
Contents
Foreword .................................................................................................................................................iii
ArcheoFOSS 2020 Committees ............................................................................................................. v
Use, Application and Development of Free/Libre and Open-Source (FLOS) Tools in Archaeology
Strumenti digitali open-source per la documentazione della cultura visuale paleo-mesolitica:
dati preliminari da un flusso di lavoro sulle decorazioni incise su supporto calcareo dalla
Grotta di Santa Maria di Agnano (Ostuni, BR) ................................................................................... 1
Michele Pellegrino, Donato Coppola
Valutazione integrata delle dinamiche di rischio di erosione del suolo in presenza di depositi
archeologici. Il metodo proposto dal progetto RESEARCH (REmote SEnsing techniques
for ARCHaeology) ................................................................................................................................. 13
Stefano De Angeli, Fabiana Battistin, Federico Valerio Moresi, Philip Fayad, Matteo Serpetti
Rome – NE Palatine slopes: open-source methodologies and tools for the analysis of
ancient architectures .......................................................................................................................... 24
Emanuele Brienza, Giovanni Caratelli, Lorenzo Fornaciari, Cecilia Giorgi
Un workflow open-source per l’elaborazione delle immagini termiche da drone ......................35
Gabriele Ciccone
Analysis of urban mobility in 18th-century Rome: a research approach through
GIS platform .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Renata Ago, Domizia D’Erasmo
Towards FreeCAD experimentation and validation as a FOS HBIM platform for building
archaeology purposes.......................................................................................................................... 55
Filippo Diara, Fulvio Rinaudo
FLOS for Museums: open solutions to train communities and manage heritage sites ............. 68
Paolo Rosati
The virtual countryman. A GRASS-GIS tool for ancient cultivation recognition ......................... 79
Augusto Palombini
ii
Little Minions and SPARQL Unicorns as tools for archaeology .................................................... 90
Timo Homburg, Florian Thiery
Creation, use and Promotion of Open Data and Open Formats in Archaeology
The ArchAIDE Archive: the open-data policy and management of material
covered by copyright ......................................................................................................................... 101
Francesca Anichini, Gabriele Gattiglia
SITAR: a new open-data infrastructure for a public archaeology of Rome .............................. 108
Mirella Serlorenzi, Ascanio D’Andrea, Riccardo Montalbano
SPARQLing Publication of Irish ᚑᚌᚆᚐᚋ – Ogham Stones as LOD ..................................................... 119
Florian Thiery, Sophie C. Schmidt, Timo Homburg
Towards an ontology of the Museum of Archaeology of the University of Catania: from the
digitization of the legacy data to the Semantic Web ....................................................................128
Nicola Laneri, Rodolfo Brancato, Salvatore Cristofaro, Marianna Figuera, Marianna Nicolosi
Fieldnotes for the development and publication of open standards for the vectorisation of
archaeologic and architectonic topographic legacy data ............................................................138
Julian Bogdani
Analysis and comparison of open and non-open spatial formats for
archaeological research .................................................................................................................... 148
Andrea D’Andrea, Francesca Forte
Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open Science: The new research group at the Institute of
Heritage Science (CNR) ..................................................................................................................... 158
Alessandra Caravale, Alessandra Piergrossi, Irene Rossi
FOSS, Open-Data e archeologia: qualche riflessione su passato, presente e
prospettive future .............................................................................................................................. 168
Marco Ciurcina, Piergiovanna Grossi
Appendix
An introspective, incomplete, view on the activity of the FLOS community dealing with
Archaeology and Cultural Heritage .................................................................................................178
Julian Bogdani, Federico Sciacca
: 44–54
Analysis of urban mobility in 18th-century Rome:
a research approach through GIS platform
Renata Ago, Domizia D’Erasmo
Renata Ago, Sapienza University of Rome; renata.ago@uniroma1.it
Domizia D’Erasmo, Sapienza University of Rome; domizia.derasmo@uniroma1.it
Correspondence: domizia.derasmo@uniroma1.it
Abstract
The Geographic Information System (GIS) has been commonly used to analyse and elaborate the big data of urban
mobility in modern cities. At the same time a range of studies has been utilizing it to examine various kinds of
movements in old times, especially those on a large territorial scale. This article aims to highlight the use of GIS in
the study of urban mobility of Rome during the 18th century, drawing on textual evidence and archives. The results
of this work will offer new hypothesises around the most trafficked zones and the main routes of movement traveled
in the Italian capital during this period.
Keywords: URBAN MOBILITY; MOVEMENT DATA; MOVEMENT ANALYTICS; ROAD NETWORK;
HISTORICAL PATHS; 18TH CENTURY; MODERN HISTORY; GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS.
Introduction
In the last few years, many different studies have addressed the use of Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) to carry out analyses on the mass movement data. Undoubtedly, geo-informatics
is the most recent source for the management of mobility and transport planning. However,
the data set available to people who study these modern dynamics is different from that used
by those who study the same phenomena in older times. It is essential to recall that the use
of GIS and analyses of Least Coast Paths (LCP) is not lacking in the studies of the mobility of
the past (van Lanen et al. 2015; Fonte et al. 2017). Especially, the LCP approach that utilizes the
digital models of the territories and combines them with other factors (rivers, enemy borders,
etc.), is often applied. Nevertheless, the review of the available bibliography, demonstrates
that this type of methodology has been used widely for larger-scale research (regional or
national). On the other hand, those who studied smaller contexts, such as cities, did not base
their approach on information that precisely describing paths (Branting 2007), as in the
present case.
The main concern of this research is to study the use of urban space through the reconstruction
of people’s movement and transportation of Rome during the 18th century. Therefore, it is
necessary to list the sources from which data on urban mobility have been extracted. The
crucial texts are booklets which were published to describe ceremonial events. These booklets
provide information about the itinerary of imperial and religious processions in Rome. In
addition, there are sources written by the criminal and civil justice (about 600 documents).
The study of this sort of evidence gives endless information on the toponomy of streets and
people’s movements as the incidents have been registered in detail. For example, during
Analysis of urban mobility in 18th-
century Rome
45
criminal investigations, the testimony of people demonstrates where a certain incident
happened, where people came from, where they lived, etc. The case presented in this article
focuses precisely on these data source. Not only they tell stories about the old times and a
different urban layout of the city, but also provide precise descriptions about a certain path
and the movements from start to end of it.
Therefore, considering these data, one of the goals of this study was to highlight the available
information as much as possible using a GIS-based methodology. For this reason, each path has
been recreated following step by step the description given by the sources. The outcome of
this mapping made it possible to register all the ceremonial movements and daily transports
and to evaluate its impact on the city and people’s lives.
Last but not least, it should be emphasized that this research is entirely based on the use of
an open-source solution through the use of QGIS. This choice is also in line with the release
of an open-data test dataset to offer the possibility to replicate the methodology presented
in this paper1 and assumes a simple approach to the study of urban mobility that can then be
reproduced or implemented by other researchers.
Materials and Methods
The cartography
First of all, an effective way to reproduce the urban grid of 18th century Rome was sought.
Regarding this, in the field of studies investigating the past, one of the most effective responses
to the challenge of reproducing the old appearance of places has been to exploit historical
cartography. This constitutes a powerful means, especially when combined with the use of GIS
(Bogdani 2021; D’Erasmo 2019; Rumsey and Williams 2001).
For this reason, the Nuova Topografia di Roma made by the surveyor G.B. Nolli in the middle
of the 1700s was used in this project (Bevilacqua 2013). This map (downloaded from Rumsey
1 https://codeberg.org/lad/roma-nel-settecento (accessed 29/07/2021).
Figure 1: a) A section of the strada della Valle as depicted in Nolli’s map; b) Example of a path that
involves passing through a courtyard of a building in piazza Navona (base map:
Nuova Topografia di Roma).
46
2021) was georeferenced through the plugin of QGIS ‘Freehand Raster Georeferencer’
(Guilhem 2016) and used as a basic map for drawing the itineraries on it. The map has an
almost perfect correspondence with the modern urban grid, since the historical center of
Rome has undergone few changes in the last 250 years. Moreover, this map provides precise
information about the alleys, secondary entrances in palaces, etc. that no longer exist. In
order to recognize all these places, the index available within ‘The Nolli Map’ project of the
University of Oregon GIS Laboratory was also consulted (Tice and Steiner 2021). All these
topographical elements construct a scenery of daily movements of Roman citizens, whereby,
the paths have been mapped. This has allowed to work in absolute respect of the descriptions
of the city given by the sources.
The other type of base cartography used is satellite imagery (Bing Satellite in this case).
However, their use was limited to few cases where Nolli’s map could not provide complete
coverage for the entire itinerary (Figure 4).
The data structure
The mobility data differed by route type and by source. For the processional paths there is a
precise sequence of stages. However, even in cases like these where a path is well described,
there is the possibility of making assumptions about some roads that may or may not have
been taken between stages (when they are not mentioned in the sources). An example could
be the procession of the S.mo Crocifisso in 1700. The sequence of the stages indicated on the
path by the booklets is: S. Marcello al Corso, strada del Gesù, piazza dei Cesarini, strada della Valle,
piazza Pasquino, ponte S. Angelo, Borgo Nuovo and S. Pietro. Furthermore, with the analysis of the
tales of the chronicler of that time, is possible to highlight further details: a huge machine was
brought to the procession that needed more than sixty men to support it. The chronicler also
mentions that when the brothers passed through the strada della Valle (Figure 1a), there were
great difficulties in transporting the device, and to make it pass had to turn it to one side (Ago
2021). This procession was not the only one to use with such devices. Consequently, during the
vectorization of these events, only the wide streets were selected when discussing their use.
Regarding the paths of individuals, a great part of their paths was documented by the texts.
These reported a starting point, intermediate points, and an end point. Where there was
a lack of information regarding the roads taken to get from point A to point B, alleys and
side entrances in the courtyards of the buildings were favored (Figure 1b). The nature of this
choice is dictated by the movements of all these men and women. In fact, they were released
from having to follow an ‘obligatory’ path unlike the cases of processions. In addition, they
most likely preferred to take shorter routes to get to the point of arrival.
The preference for alleys was not the only arbitrary choice made during the research. In fact,
it happened that sometimes the sources spoke of places not mentioned in Nolli’s index, and
obviously no longer extant. In these cases, always trying to remain faithful to the sources,
an arbitrary decision was taken about the position of these places. One example is that of
Giuseppe Alessandri, a coachman who denounced an assault in 1749. From his complaint we
know that the man left from piazza Tomassi for piazza S. Carlo. On the way he stopped at the
osteria del Turchetto in via Frattina and was robbed there. Nolli’s map does not indicate the
location of the aforementioned inn; we chose to place it between via Frattina and piazza di
47
Spagna. Similarly, for the washerwomen’s paths the sources often spoke of the point of arrival
as fountains located near Borgo S. Spirito. In that case it was decided to use the western bank
of the Tiber river in front of the remains of the ponte Trionfale as the arrival point. These
are only a few examples of arbitrary choices, but they serve to make clear how decisive our
intervention has sometimes been.
Based on the foregoing, the paths were divided into those of ceremonial and of private citizens.
In terms of numbers, the available data mapped around 30 paths used during the ceremonial
events and 478 paths undertook by the individual citizens (Figure 2). Moreover, there are 1,221
stages make up these itineraries (Figure 2). All these data are gathered in two vector layers,
one for each type of the paths. Each layer contains two types of vectors: lines, reproducing
the paths, and points, reproducing the stages. Regarding the vector of lines, the vectorization
procedure was to keep always active the functions ‘snap’ and ‘tracing’ to hook the vertices
of the various lines and guarantee the overlap between them. Through this method, we have
been able to reproduce the ‘heaviness’ of the paths virtually, which means when a certain
trace of a street is undertaken by more than one person. Following this, it is possible to select
a trace of the street and pin a number as a record to show the crossing of the individuals by
that point (Figure 3).
Last but not least, each of these vectors has been associated with the following data: name
and surname of those travelling the path or the name of the procession, year, job, type
Figure 2: Result of the vectorization of all analysed paths by GIS platform.
48
(ceremonial; home-work; home-business), and a calculation field indicating the distance
travelled in meters (Table 1).
fid name_surname job year typology distance
1 Agnese unidentified 1739 home-work 2,336.432
2 Agostino Vigna scarpinello 1739 home-work 2,892.471
3 Agostino Vigna scarpinello 1739 home-business 2,892.471
4 Alessio Preti sbirro 1739 home-work 835.591
5 Anastasio Ricci muratore 1748 home-business 162.539
6 Anonymus (1)1 beccamorto 1739 home-work 1,077.47
7 Anonymus (2) maniscalco 1739 home-work 290.135
8 Antonia fruttarola 1739 home-business 2,806.896
9 Carlo Tognacci ortolano 1739 home-work 1,147.85
10 Ester bottonara 1739 home-work 881.372
1 Sometimes more than one path of the same typology is associated with a person. The numbers are an expedient to
count the different paths.
Table 1: Extract of the first ten records of the table of attributes of private citizens’ paths.
Data analysis
Once the vectorization of the paths was completed, the data is analysed. The information was
queried in a way as to divide the paths based on type and year. This way, it is possible to have
a diachronic vision of the quantity of the itineraries mapped by year and type. Consequently,
heatmaps were created to highlight the busiest zones of the city.
In order to use the Kernel analysis, the line vectors were transformed into points using a
SagaGIS algorithm lines to points, through QGIS interface, which allows to insert a parameter
indicating every how many meters a point must be inserted. To avoid leaving even the shortest
path, a distance of 10 meters between two points has been set. As the lines had been overlaid
in the vectorization process, the result was a layer that reproduced a concentration of points
equal to the number of overlapping lines. In this way we reproduced the frequency of use of
a certain road (Figure 4). This process was repeated for each type of path and each examined
Figure 3: a) List of ten paths of private citizens passing through a street adjacent to piazza della Rotonda;
b) vectorization result; c) list of returned records (base map: Nuova Topografia di Roma).
49
year. Finally, the Kernel analysis was applied which led to the creation of seven heatmaps
which will be discussed in the following paragraphs.
Results
The ceremonial paths
After three centuries of the building projects by both popes and noble families and elite
members of the society, Rome attained a significant urban space in the 18th century. These
building projects mainly developed the busy quarters and districts of the city which were all
in or around Trastevere. The increase in the population of Rome during the third decade of the
16th century onwards affected the whole street grid of the city and extended the inhabited
areas towards the north close to the porta del Popolo, and towards the east, close to via del
Corso until Trastevere. Furthermore, via del Corso assumed its current shape in the mid 17th
century. The noticeable architecture of the palace of Quirinale, the residence of the popes, had
a massive impact on the development of other palaces of nobles and pontiffs. They began to
rebuild and renovate their palaces on via del Corso and adjacent areas (Guidoni and Marino
1979; Bevilacqua and Madonna 2003). The outcome of this slow transformation is visible in
the maps of Nolli that indicates the centrality of the artery, crossing through the entire town
from the porta del Popolo, close to Campidoglio, and the regularity of the street grid that defines
the most recent quarters of the city (Bevilacqua 1998).
The results highlighted through the GIS platform between what this grid seems to suggest
about the set of ceremonial processions along the streets are striking (Figure 5). As mentioned
before, the booklets which had registered the itinerary of imperial processions, make the
mapping of these movements possible and helped to compare them with the existing mobility.
In addition, these booklets recall the problematic issues in choosing the right itinerary that
could have met the needs of people and eased their movements on the streets during such
events. Thus, they refer to the feeble nature of these statements, which tried to promote
propaganda only.
The ceremonial paths of the pontiffs which were held right after the election of every new
pope remained untouched according to traditions. The bishop of Rome had to receive the
possession from his diocese, located in S. Giovanni Laterano. Therefore, he had to follow the via
Figure 4: a) Vectorized paths around piazza della Rotonda; b) transformation of lines into points set 10 m
apart; c) Kernel analysis (Base map: Nuova Topografia di Roma).
50
Papale path that from the apostolic palace in the Vatican, crossed the Tiber with the bridge
of S. Angelo to reach Campidoglio and then S. Giovanni (Visceglia 2002). The first stretch of the
street that crossed through the most densely built-up neighborhoods, was never enlarged or
rebuilt as it required a series of expropriations that not even a Renaissance or Baroque pope
could have afforded. On the other hand, the abandonment of that street was quite impossible,
given the symbolic value of buildings that were built there. Despite all these attempts, during
the processions which were held for the ambassadors of other emperors to meet with the
Roman court or allies who entered the city during the holy years, they barely passed through
all those stunning streets with the magnificent palaces which were built to attract them.
Although foreigners who did not know the city might be tempted to take a route that allowed
them not to move blindly but to see their destination from afar, the presence and guidance of
locals allowed them to adopt even more tortuous routes. In this way they had the advantage
of passing through significant places, such as their national church or the residence of the
ambassador of their sovereign.
The examination of the heatmap of the ceremonial paths also showed that the same thing
happened for the processions of Catholic monarchs (or their representatives) visiting Rome.
Ambassadors who entered the city through the porta del Popolo rarely passed through via del
Corso for reaching Vatican on the east or Quirinale on the west. Sometimes they avoided certain
roads because of hostile relations with their enemies (avoid passing by their buildings). The
architects of that time were convinced that the straight and wide streets were more practical
Figure 5: Heatmap of ceremonial paths (14) of the 18th century (base maps: Nuova Topografia di Roma
and Bing Satellite).
51
Figure 6: a) Heatmap of home-business paths in 1739; b) heatmap of home-business paths in 1749; c) heatmap of home-business paths
in 1739; d) heatmap of home-business paths in 1749 (base maps: Nuova Topografia di Roma and Bing Satellite).
52
as they could allow people and carriages to pass through comfortably. However, the symbolic
value of the buildings mentioned in the itinerary rewarded everything else and the processions
of Rome continued to be held on that path.
The paths of private citizens
The analysis of the urban mobility of private citizens revealed that most of them did not go
that far from their houses, and their work location is usually not distant from their homes.
However, the landlords’ shops were in the same place as their houses were. For the workers
this was not the case: the numbers of apprentices living together with their masters were
quite rare. The explanation is to be found in the high mobility that characterized both the
home and the workplace. In fact, most of young workers could not afford a proper house,
so they mostly shared with others; in some cases, they shared the whole room. Under these
circumstances, finding accommodation was not that difficult and they could even find a place,
close to their work. Following this, staying in one place was quite common and consistent with
the economy of pre-industrial cities, where the demand for goods and services was limited
and heavily relied on a small number of people (Brewer 1982; Ago 1998). Furthermore, sales
were mainly on credit, thus, wages were paid partially, waiting for the final sale. There was no
restriction or law regarding daily trips and transport outside of one’s residency. However, it
was not always appropriate to do so for fear of losing the contacts that had been established
over time (Canepari 2017; Ago 2021).
In addition, the analysis of these paths also brought to light several unexpected data, such as
activities outside the work sphere (e.g. going to a party, a tavern, or managing a street show).
In these cases, it happened more often that people exercised their right to reside in the city,
to fully enjoy what it offered without being confined in a circumscribed space.
Conclusion
Besides mapping the movements of individuals and the distances of paths and directions,
processing the data with GIS allows evaluating the repletion of certain movements the
frequent use of certain streets. Moreover, it helps to find out which roads were busier, which
were the main directions of these movements (figs. 5, 6).
It is noteworthy that all the heatmaps, linked with any sort of movement, demonstrate
the revealing direction of north-south compared to east-west which was taken during the
ceremonial events (Figure 5). In other words, the city of daily affairs did not coincide with
that of formal occasions which were highlighted by a few significant points of attraction such
as Vatican, Campidoglio, and Quirinale. Moreover, all the economic activities and transactions
were concentrated in central districts, from piazza Navona to via del Corso in the east-west
direction and from Campo Marzio to ponte Sisto in the north-south direction. Also, this path
had built a sort of border between the central area and the peripheral areas, while its wide,
straight roads which crossed the entire city, were more frequent than via del Corso. Between
1739 and 1749 (Figure 6), the trafficked area of the city began to assume the brand-new zones
as it was drawing the passengers’ attention (Ago 2021).
53
In theory, paths that allow visual and long-distance control of the road are the friendliest.
Moreover, they are those that regardless of other characteristics of the roads or the existence
of particular poles of attraction, facilitate travel and even induce them (Hillier et al. 1993). To
conclude, the results of this research suggest that this thesis is only partially correct: the local
people who were familiar with the streets of Rome continued to use the same challenging
roads for years and the new built-up part of via del Corso became gradually more popular over
the years.
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