Sustainable Agriculture in Brunei Darussalam: Towards Food Security Development and Achieving Self-sufficiency

Abstract

This research focuses on sustainable agriculture in Brunei Darussalam through improving food security and self-sufficiency in achieving its Vision 2035 that is aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study is based on various initiatives, strategies and policies being implemented by the government that have shown positive outcomes on the improvements of food security and self-sufficiency. The results have shown there is an increase in production in the agricultural sector. This can help to accomplish Brunei Vision of 2035 in line with the SDGs specifically on SDG 1; no poverty and SDG 2; zero hunger.

Full text

Sustainable Agriculture in Brunei
Darussalam: Towards Food Security
Development and Achieving Self-sufficiency
Amal Bazilah Amal Aqilah Ibrahim
Najibah Yusof
Haji Md Noor Ili Hazimin Haji Awg Osman
Ahmad Danish Ahmad Shukor
Abdul Wafiy Haji Muhammad Ya’kub
Undergraduate Student, Universiti Brunei Darussalam,
Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
ABSTRACT
This research focuses on sustainable agriculture in Brunei Darussalam through
improving food security and self-sufficiency in achieving its Vision 2035 that is aligned
with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study is based on various initiatives,
strategies and policies being implemented by the government that have shown positive
outcomes on the improvements of food security and self-sufficiency. The results have
shown there is an increase in production in the agricultural sector. This can help to
accomplish Brunei Vision of 2035 in line with the SDGs specifically on SDG 1; no
poverty and SDG 2; zero hunger.
KEYWORDS
Food Security, Self-sufficiency, Sustainable Agriculture, Brunei Darussalam, SDG 1,
SDG 2
1. Introduction
In the modern world, natural resources are becoming scarce but there is an increase in global
population growth which has become a huge concern worldwide. There are roughly 10% of
the world with approximately 700 million of the total population living in poverty and there
are roughly 10.4% of the world with a total population of approximately 768 million are
malnourished due to hunger in 2020 (World Bank, 2020; Food and Agriculture Organization,
2021). Thus, the United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) has introduced the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that were established in September 2015 through
agreements that were made by leaders around the world. The SDGs agenda is to ensure the
community worldwide can enjoy three spheres such as social, environmental and economic
aspects to meet the current needs and future generations. According to the United Nations
(n.d.), sustainable agriculture is one of the major goals in achieving the SDGs that is known
to contribute the most on SDG 1; no poverty that can be accomplished through the agriculture
sector whereas SDG 2; zero hunger can be aimed by emphasizing food security, improved
nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture. Therefore, sustainable agriculture plays a
major role worldwide in achieving the SDGs; no poverty and zero hunger.
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1.1. Background of Study
This study intends to explore sustainable agriculture that can help to increase the availability
of food through domestic production in Brunei Darussalam. Brunei Darussalam is a small
tropical country that is situated in Borneo Island and part of a Southeast Asian country with
approximately a total population of 454,000 (Department of Economic Planning and
Statistics, 2020). The country is known for being excessively dependent on the oil and gas
sector as it contributed around 66.8% to the gross domestic product in 2015 (Southeast Asia
& European Union, n.d.). However, the forecasted oil in the country is expected to run out by
2035 (BP World Energy Outlook, 2021). This became a huge concern to the country and the
government decided to take initiatives by implementing vision 2035 towards economic
diversification to ensure the country, as well as the societies, are not left behind. The SDGs of
2030 agenda is in line with Brunei Vision 2035 where it strives to achieve a skilled, educated
and well-accomplished population to have a better way of living for a dynamic and
sustainable economy by 2035. Sustainable agriculture is one of the major goals mainly
because rice is one of the Bruneian staple foods and domestic agriculture products in the
country are lacking. Thus, the government decided to take initiatives by implementing
policies to improve food security that are in line with SDGs mainly in SDG 1; no poverty and
SDG 2; zero hunger. Moreover, several issues need to be considered including food security
as Brunei is heavily relying on imported products; it has imported excessively from over 90
countries globally in 2019 (Sustainable Development Goals, 2020). In Brunei, food security
is commonly viewed with reference to food self-reliance at the national level whereby the
country has committed to attaining food security and self-sufficiency through sustainable
agriculture to increase domestic food production. According to the Food Agriculture
Organization (n.d.), food security is defined as “all people, at all times, have physical, social
and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their preferences and
dietary needs for an active and healthy life”. The concept of food reliant is importing staple
food from the world market when the price of food is lower compared to the local ones which
causes Brunei to heavily rely on imported food. In addition, the recent Covid-19 pandemic
has set pressure on the global food system which has impacted greatly on imported products
in Brunei. Therefore, the government has implemented various initiatives, strategies and
policies to support food security in the country in achieving self-sufficiency. Therefore,
Brunei must emphasize sustainable agriculture that will help the country to achieve the vision
2035 that is aligned with SDGs; no poverty and zero hunger..
1.2. Problem Statement
Achieving food security has always been a challenge in the agriculture sector globally due to
several reasons such as poor climate, higher population growth and insufficient technology
which have impacted greatly on agricultural production that caused poverty and hunger to
occur (Food Agriculture and Organization, n.d.). These factors have prevented the countries
in achieving SDGs mainly SDG1; no poverty and SDG2; zero hunger especially for poor
people where agriculture is their main source of income and food especially in developing
countries. This includes Brunei Darussalam due to limited domestic agricultural products that
have impacted food security causing them to rely on imported food that has become a huge
concern. Moreover, due to the Covid-19 pandemic has impacted imported food worldwide
especially agricultural products that led to a rise in food insecurity in Brunei (World Bank,
2021).
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1.3. Research Scope and Limitations
The objective of this research paper is to investigate the effectiveness of sustainable
agriculture in terms of food security based on enhancing domestic food production.
However, sustainable agriculture in Brunei’s food security is understudied. This study is
based on various initiatives, strategies and policies being implemented by the government
towards sustainable agricultural development in achieving food security in Brunei
Darussalam. Therefore, this research can help the government to improve policies to support
the agricultural sector in our country in enhancing food security as well as to boost our food
production in order to achieve Vision 2035 in line with SDGs; no poverty and zero hunger.
2. Literature Reviews
2.1. Theoretical Framework of Sustainable Agricultural Development
In fact, all countries are interdependent in moving towards sustainable development. Several
researchers have stated that the main focus of SDGs of the 2030 Agenda is making sure the
community enjoys their peace and also to protect the world in terms of the three spheres;
social, environmental and economic aspects. In this study, the objective is to sustain
agricultural development which is based on food security. Economically, food security can be
further improved based on the adjustment of the agricultural sector which can relate to SDG
1; reduces poverty - has the potential and is concerned with sustaining food security whereby
the agricultural sector has played a crucial part in achieving the effectiveness of food supplies
in the long term for current needs and future generations. According to West (2015), a
landlocked country called Burkina Faso which is located in West Africa is heavily reliant on
subsistence agricultural food production to meet the basic needs. The population have faced
the crisis of land degradation resulting in droughts which leads to creating circumstances of
food insecurity. Therefore, they came up with a strategy called Local food reserves (LFR) in
order to improve their food accessibility and availability for a positive contribution to their
economy as well as to protect the vulnerable populations. LFR can be used to support the
community in terms of sustaining food security since the objective of the country is to focus
on the local capacity of food security to meet the needs of the populations.
There are several ideas in sustaining agriculture that have been long debated theoretically or
empirically in various publications and writings of economics development. Some findings
suggest that sustainable development in agriculture helps to achieve SDGs; no poverty and
zero hunger. For instance, Musa and Basir (2021) have utilized smart farming by conducting
a SWOT analysis to evaluate Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats in South-
East Asian countries to achieve SDG 2 of zero hunger. The study suggests stronger
government initiatives are required to implement policies that encourage students to learn
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) to increase students’ interest in
agriculture but at the same time, they also stimulate student’s interest in advanced
technologies where healthcare and financial services are two of industries that are prone to
have technological disruptions. As stated by Lapple et al. (2020), ways to sustainable
agriculture are to improve the food system in terms of sciences and practice to increase
knowledge that will lead to increased innovation that will benefit sustainability agriculture.
Meanwhile, Petrunenko et al. (2021) studied food security and sustainability in the European
Union (EU) regions and countries by evaluating the effectiveness of food security by
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implementing the concept of food systems and virtuous food production as well as to achieve
SDG 2. They also mentioned that the modernization of production systems can result in high
quality and safe food as well as addressing solutions on the environmental issues of
sustainable development. It concludes that the EU's excessively reliance on the world market
causes instability in agricultural food leading to food insecurity thus, implementing
appropriate policies such as a variety of agricultural programs not only can sustain food
security but also aid in rural development and organic farming.
Musa and Basir (2021) studied the impact of Covid-19 and food security in Southeast Asia
and suggests immediate action to ensure that governments are prepared with unforeseen
interruptions and those small farmers need to be assisted in meeting growing demand with
resources being scarce through innovative plannings and solutions so that SDG2 can be
achieved. A further study on food security and Covid-19 mentioned the impact of a pandemic
where greater emphasis on reducing poverty and supporting the household of low-income
people by increasing their wages can aid to reduce the food insecurity crisis (Elias & Jambor,
2021). Mutyasira's (2021) research on the effects of Covid-19 on rural livelihoods and food
systems in Zimbabwe found that the pandemic disrupted food supplies and production
operations, particularly in the agricultural sector, resulting in the loss of many lives and
revenues, necessitating policy implications such as government interventions to support input
and food distribution systems so that they become more varied and adaptable while
strengthening the small to medium agri-food enterprises through agro-dealers networks to
engage in a successful food system transformation programme involving their capacity,
liquidity and financial restrictions as well as include improvements in technology and
farmers’ knowledge on ICT and use of digital platforms.
As a result, sustainable agriculture can help the country in achieving the SDGs; no poverty
and zero hunger. Therefore, it is important for Brunei Darussalam to take initiatives by
practicing sustainable agriculture in achieving the Brunei vision 2035 aligned with the SDGs
focusing on eradication of poverty and hunger.
2.2. Background of Brunei on Sustaining Agricultural Development
Brunei Darussalam is known for being excessively dependent on imported food products.
According to Kwek (2016), the United States (U.S.) has exported agricultural, fish and
forestry products worth of USD 4.8 million to Brunei Darussalam. Additionally, the popular
products that are imported from the U.S. are processed food including convenient foods,
condiments, processed fruits and vegetables, snacks, cocoa products and chocolate in 2015.
Furthermore, the Department of Economic Planning and Development (2020) stated that
Brunei has a total of 10% of imported food and exported food for 0.2% in 2019. Therefore,
implementing suitable policies that will encourage people to participate in the agricultural
sector allows increasing domestic products through sustainable agricultural practices.
According to the United Nations (n.d.), agriculture is one of the sectors that are known to
contribute the most in reducing numbers of poverty through employment creations whereas
ending hunger through food security, improved nutrition and promoting sustainable growth.
Therefore, the government decided to take various initiatives, strategies and policies that will
help Brunei in accomplishing Brunei Vision 2035 towards economic diversification aligned
with the SDGs; no poverty and zero hunger.
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2.3. Challenges and Solutions of Agricultural Sector in Brunei
Several food security issues faced by Brunei seems to be rising mainly due to the country
having small-scale domestic food products that have caused Brunei to be heavily reliant on
imported goods. Moreover, Brunei is considered a small country with a growing population
causing natural resources to be scarce due to people in Brunei having less interest in
agricultural activity. Therefore, by looking at the successful strategy used in Singapore
known as “Singapore’s Three Food Basket” - by growing local and overseas and also
diversifying food sources, we could expand our local food production by doing fundraisers
for our agriculture and technology adoption as well as making an effort for supporting our
local farmers in terms of expanding their farm spaces.
According to Thelwell (2020), Brunei has a small population with no extreme scarcity of
food while food security has been stable for the past few years. Nevertheless, several areas
are still lacking which require improvement such as shortages of food supplies. As of 2019,
there are over 90 countries exporting food to Brunei which results in higher prices. He also
added that Brunei is still heavily reliant on imported food from other countries whereas the
Sultan of Brunei has stated that self-sufficiency is our top priority, which could allow us to be
more affordable in accessing food for the population in the near future. Therefore, by doing
this, Brunei could achieve sustainable development for future success with the country’s
potential for self-sufficiency.
As stated by Food and Agriculture Organizations (n.d.), this country also faced limited land
for agriculture due to Brunei's emphasis on conservation of forest for biodiversity as it
provides other services that produce healthy forest ecosystems that pledged Brunei to limit
agricultural conservation to 1% of the land mass area (Butler, 2014). Technology is one of
the ways to produce agricultural products without damaging forestry in Brunei Darussalam.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture (n.d.), utilizing technologies in
agriculture sectors has various benefits including increased crop productivity, reduced usage
of water, pesticides and fertilizers, reduced impacts on natural ecosystems, reduced chemical
discharge into rivers and groundwater and increased workers’ safety. Additionally, robotic
technologies are reliable in monitoring and managing natural resources such as water and air
quality and they provide farmers with greater control over the production, processing,
transportation and storage of plants and animals. As a result, increasing production efficiency
and the ability to set inexpensive products, food is safe because growing in safer conditions
and most importantly it reduces Brunei Darussalam's ecological and environmental impact.
Thus, this allows Brunei to increase agricultural food production and at the same time sustain
the agriculture sector.
Annosi et al. (2020), examine the relationship between technology and sustainable
development in the agri-food sector by looking at the existing challenges in digitalization in
the agri-food industry. The researchers found that the agri-food sector faced several problems
in adopting digital technologies such as lack of infrastructures, incentives, knowledge,
language and quality of internet access that struggles to utilize technologies. However, these
results can be tackled by following relevant guidelines and digital technologies development
by implementing suitable policies that will increase the usage of digital technologies which
can be applied in the agri-food sector through collaboration and cooperation among
competing firms in adapting and improving the development of digital technologies.
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3. Methodology
The data collection of this study is based on a qualitative method of secondary resources to
gain an in-depth understanding of the theories and concepts of food security in achieving
sustainable development goals. Data was gathered from available online sources including
online journal articles, government and non-government organizations, and commercial
information sources that were obtained from credible online articles and newspapers.
Moreover, official statistics released by previous research papers and thesis, ministries and
official documents are used in this paper. The advantages of employing this method are
readily available sources, cost-efficient and saving time. Moreover, further research on
sustainable agriculture in Brunei Darussalam is currently ongoing as there are untapped
resources such as journal articles that have yet to be officially published.
4. Results and Discussions
In this section, we will discuss the findings that were done in Brunei Darussalam in coping
with food insecurity through improvements in the agricultural sector to increase domestic
production referring to various initiatives, strategies and policies that were implemented by
the government.
4.1. Self-sufficiency and Increased Capacity in Food Security
The findings revealed that Brunei has implemented policies and initiatives that have shown
there is an increase in food production domestically as well as the capacity improvements in
boosting self-sufficiency in the country. In 2009, Brunei assumed that it is impossible to
achieve self-sufficiency. However, the country has shown remarkable outcomes of
agricultural production through investments and collaborations internationally where it shows
improvements in agri-food production that increased by 3.3% between 2015 and 2018.
Additionally, the country also reached a self-sufficiency level (SSL) of 100% because Brunei
has zero imports on chicken eggs while the SSL for red meat production is 29% and poultry
meat production is 90%. Further, the production of vegetables and fruits were 47% and 37%
respectively (Oxford Business Group, n.d.). Thus, it indicates that Brunei can achieve self-
sufficiency without relying on imported food products where it is possible to achieve by
emphasizing sustainable agriculture.
As a result, the government has put efforts in various initiatives towards enhancing the
agricultural sector through the Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism (MPRT). Thus,
the initiative’s approach has resulted in an increase of agricultural production to 6.6% from
2017 to 2018 whereby gross output was valued at BND 409.3 million in 2017 and valued at
BND 436.3 million in 2018. This includes all of the agricultural industries including
livestock, agri-food and crops has made up to 56.1%, 14.6% and 29.3% respectively.
Moreover, the government has also approached alternative initiatives to increase food
security by implementing several tests on various types of rice from other countries such as
Indonesia, Myanmar and China in their research field to examine whether or not the imported
rice can be adapted to Brunei’s soil conditions and climate. With this initiative, it is projected
that the country can attain self-sufficiency for five to six years ahead by looking at the
estimated value it indicates that there will be a growth of local paddy by three-fold by 2025
as illustrated in Figure 1.
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Figure 1. Local Paddy of Actual vs Estimated Forecasted Value
Source 1. Sustainable Development Goals: Brunei Darussalam
Therefore, although Brunei mostly relies on imported food, the country itself can also
develop its domestic production through initiatives done by the government as proven from
the results.
4.2. Food Security on Covid-19 Pandemic
According to Borneo Bulletin (2021), Brunei Darussalam is dedicated to improving the food
systems by speeding up the production of the agricultural and fisheries sector while further
promoting domestic and foreign direct investment (FDI) as well as boosting productivity
through the application of technology to meet the increase in demand on domestic product
and export. Moreover, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic causes massive disruptions
especially on food security worldwide including Brunei. In addition, improvements in the
agricultural sector in Brunei are crucial in improving food security in the country (Lim,
2021). Moreover, the Brunei government has guaranteed that the population will always have
enough rice on the market at affordable prices as the rice is being subsidized. This is proven
during the Covid-19 pandemic whereby the population had a sufficient supply of rice
(Sustainable Development Goals, 2020).
Furthermore, food security implies not only having sufficient supplies of food but also
ensuring that the food is of good quality and safe for the consumption of the population.
Therefore, Brunei has implemented policies and legislation through adapting practices from
other countries that are successful to cover aspects including agricultural pests and toxic and
harmful plants, and a variety of plant protection. As part of its efforts to provide a sufficient,
affordable, safe, and nutritious food supply, Brunei also engages in regional and bilateral
cooperation. Therefore, food security can be sustained in Brunei Darussalam by
strengthening policies and regulations that can increase food production in the agricultural
sector.
4.3. Ensuring Food Security in Brunei Darussalam
Apart from that, the objective for sustaining agricultural food and food security in Brunei is
through self-sufficiency of food production which has become the main target. Thus, the
government shifts its investment instead of the energy sector; they are focusing on investing
in the food sector and large-scale farming enterprises that specifically target exports markets
regionally with the help of foreign exports and as a result, there is a growing number of
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investors in Brunei (Oxford Business Group, n.d.). However, Brunei remains reliant on
imported food where 96% are a staple food and 80% are other foods including snacks,
beverages and so forth. Although the Department of Agriculture and Agrifood (DAA), which
is part of the Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources (MIPR), aims to boost domestic
production while developing a downstream, value-added agribusiness sector, this remains a
challenge to achieve. On the other hand, the adoption of technology brings positive impacts
on Brunei agricultural sector as it maximizes and eases the use of agricultural land so that
production can be increased. Technology also plays a crucial role in the agriculture sector as
proven from the previous study by Annosi et al. (2020) he stated that an increase in the usage
of digital technologies can help to improve the agri-food sector through collaboration and
cooperation among competing firms in adapting and improving the development of digital
technologies which can be applied to Brunei.
5. Conclusion
5.1. Results Summary
As a result, various initiatives, strategies and policies implemented by the government have
shown that Brunei Darussalam is slowly achieving sustainable agriculture development by
improving its self-sufficiency and food security. Moreover, the domestic investment and FDI
in the agriculture sector have helped in boosting productivity that was obtained from modern
machinery. Further, the government also provides infrastructures to the food sector and large-
scale farming that help to expand their business internationally. Lastly, investment through
research and development on rice production will help the country to improve the quality of
domestic rice by altering Brunei’s soil and climate conditions. Therefore, Brunei can achieve
sustainable agriculture by emphasizing self-sufficiency and food security to achieve Vision
2035 aligned with the SDGs mainly on SDG 1; no poverty and SDG 2; zero hunger.
5.2. Policy Implications
Our findings indicate that the policies and initiatives done in Brunei Darussalam have been
successful in improving its food security which helps to further closing the gap on reaching
SDG 1; no poverty and SDG2; zero hunger. This is to ensure that food security remains
sustained as well as to prepare for unforeseen circumstances such as the Covid-19 pandemic.
Therefore, it is crucial for the government to strengthen its policies in the agricultural sector
in order for food production to improve which can lead to an increase in its food security
especially through the adoption of technologies that can further reduce its reliance on
imported food. Although with improved and sophisticated technologies applied in the
agricultural sector in Brunei, there is also a need for training and practical knowledge on how
to adapt these technologies especially for traditional farmers and small-scale farmers in
Brunei to enhance knowledge on improving their agricultural production. On the other hand,
the government can also emphasize more on how to improve its local’s interest in
participating in the agricultural sector so that further improvements on food production can
be made.
5.3. Limitations
There are several restrictions for Brunei to achieve and control the sustainable agricultural
sector in terms of self-sufficiency and food security. The main problem in increasing our
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domestic food production in Brunei are shoratages availability of agricultural land. In 2014,
according to the Minister for Energy at the Prime Minister’s Office; Pehin Dato Yahya Bakar
stated that only 1% of the land mass is allowed to make agricultural conversion in Brunei due
to strong political association to conserve and protect natural forest heritage. This has made
Brunei to rely on imported productions in order to sustain food security. However, increasing
agricultural production can be done through technologies without deforestation. Lastly, as
this study is based on secondary data, there are lack of data and statistical analysis in Brunei
that can be improved by conducting primary data in this field for future study.
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