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The Pharma Innovation Journal 2020; SP-9(11): 84-89
ISSN (E): 2277- 7695
ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.03
TPI 2020; SP-9(11): 84-89
© 2020 TPI
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 06-09-2020
Accepted: 14-10-2020
OP Mishra
Director Research Services, Dau
Shri Vasudev Chandrakar
Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya,
Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh,
India
Rupal Pathak
Department of ILFC, College of
Veterinary science & A.H., Dau
Shri Vasudev Chandrakar
Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya,
Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh,
India
Mehtab S Parmar
Assistant Professor, Veterinary
Polytechnic, Rajnandgaon, Dau
Shri Vasudev Chandrakar
Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya,
Chhattisgarh, India
Raina Doneria
Assistant Professor, Department
of Animal Nutrition, College of
Veterinary science & A.H., Dau
Shri Vasudev Chandrakar
Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya,
Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh,
India
Corresponding Author:
Rupal Pathak
Department of ILFC, College of
Veterinary science & A.H., Dau
Shri Vasudev Chandrakar
Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya,
Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh,
India
Cow dung an undeciphered boon: An overview
OP Mishra, Rupal Pathak, Mehtab S Parmar and Raina Doneria
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2020.v9.i11Sb.5370
Abstract
Current intensive agriculture system faces a major challenge to achieve higher production while
supporting soil health and biodiversity. Among the livestock, cow has a prominent place in our country.
For millennia, cow dung has been used for several purposes and served as a source of cheap fuel, housing
material and insect repellent. Panchgavya that consisted of five ingredients from cow i.e. dung, urine,
milk, curd and ghee is gaining attention of researchers for its various health benefits and its potential as
therapeutic agent against many human diseases. Moreover, the cow dung possesses myriad batteries of
microbes that exert their beneficial effects through production of metabolites. Since the ancient times,
cow dung has also been used as an vital source of organic fertilizer and in the production of biogas.
However, with modern civilization, this natural bioresource is forgotten and its exceptional qualities
largely ignored. This review article is an attempt to gather all the scientific research findings that support
the use of cow dung and its multifarious role in various sectors.
Keywords: Cow dung, bioresource, Panchgavaya, economy
Introduction
In India, total cattle population is 192.49 million (Livestock Census 2019) [1]. Cows constitute
paramount resources for dairy and agriculture sectors in India. Aimed to increase the
indigenous breed of cows ‘Rashtriya Gokul Mission’ was announced in 2014, by the
Government of India. Kamdhenu or Indian cow (Bos indicus) is revered as sacred animal by
Hindu (Kaushik et al. 2016) [18]. Cow dung is an inexpensive and economically viable option
and is locally available in the rural areas of India (Randhawa and Kullar 2011) [38]. The dung
coated mud walls and floor signifying its importance as a disinfectant and also provide
insulation during summer and winter months. Even today, cow dung cakes are used as fuel in
many rural areas. Since the ancient times, cow dung in India has been considered to be very
sacred for religious ceremonies as well. For centuries, cow dung has served myriad purposes
particularly in Indian rural households serving as a pivotal source of fuel, repelling
mosquitoes, flies and as a sanitizer. Additionally, ashes of burnt cow dung are applied for
cleaning kitchen utensils (Munshi et al. 2018) [27].
Cow dung is also serves as manure or agriculture fertilizer and escalates soil fertility
significantly. Cow manure is a cheap and prime source of renewal energy in form of Biogas in
future due to shortage of other non-renewal sources of energy like coal, oil and gases.
Livestock waste composts along with minimum inorganic fertilizer as a soil amendment in
low-input intensive farming are a viable agricultural practice to enhance soil fertility and
productivity and to further lessen soil degradation (Das et al. 2017) [8]. With this background,
it is evident that cow dung has been an indispensable and multifarious component in Indian
domestic, agricultural and ayurvedic arenas since the time immemorial. This review is an
attempt to develop an insight into various traditional and scientific role that is possessed by
this un-deciphered bioresource.
Cow Dung: A unique cocktail of microflora
The reticulorumen in ruminants in the site where digestion of structural carbohydrates such as
cellulose and hemicellulose can take place to any substantial degree through microbial
fermentation. Microbes in the reticulorumen chiefly include bacteria, protozoa, fungi where
bacteria and protozoa are harboured largely. From the perspective of a cow, a major benefit of
having rumen is to provide a home to bacteria that possess the enzymes require to break the
β1-4 linkage between the various sugars that make up cellulose and hemiceullose (Reece et al.
2015) [40].
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The reticulo-rumen contains batteries of specialized anaerobic
microbial populations responsible for the fiber breakdown,
which is affected by biochemical and microbial characteristics
of the rumen (Tesfaye and Hailu 2019) [49]. Lower part of the
gut of the cow comprises of several microorganisms including
Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus
acidophilus, B. subtilis, Enterococcus diacetylactis, Bifido
bacterium and yeasts (commonly Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
possessing probiotic activity (Ware et al. 1988) [54]. Since,
livestock practices differ from one individual to another and
from one geographical site to the other, eventually influences
the microbial structure of manure released by the animals
(Manyi-Loh et al. 2016) [22].
Cow dung is excreted by herbivore bovine animal species that
consists of undigested residues of consumed matter which has
passed through the cow’s gastrointestinal system (Teo and
Teoh 2011) [48] which is acted upon by ruminal microbes.
Cow dung contains organic matter and fibrous material like
cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose that has passed through the
cow's digestive system (Rajeswari et al. 2016; Munshi et al.
2018) [37, 27]. Generally, cow dung is composed of about 80%
water and supports a matrix of undigested plant material that
is rich in nutrients, micro-organisms, and their byproducts
(Sharma and Singh 2015) [41]. Cow dung is a mixture of dung
and urine, usually in the ratio of 3:1 that encompasses crude
fibre, crude protein, cellulose, hemicellulose and 24 types of
minerals such as N, K, S, traces of P, Fe, Co, Mg, P, Cl, Mn,
etc. (Nene 1999; Swain and Ray 2009) [28, 47]. Cow manure
contains essential micro and macronutrients and considered as
potential fertilizer for crop growth and it is an economic
substitute for synthetic fertilizers (Kiyasudeen et al. 2015) [19].
Chomini et al. (2015) [7] demonstrated that digested cow dung
had the highest percent increase for four major amino
acids viz threonine, proline, glycine, alanine. Cow dung
contains diverse microflora that comprises of about sixty
bacterial species including Bacillus sp., Corynebacterium sp.,
Lactobacillus sp., few fungal sp., (Aspergillus and
Trichoderma), about 100 species of protozoa and 2 yeasts
(Bhatt and Maheshwari 2019) [6]. Teo and Teoh (2011) [48]
recognised five distinct morphologically and physiologically
bacterial isolates from cow dung where all the isolates
produced protease, lipase and esterase lipase. In a study,
Stevenson and Weimer (2002) [46] identified a strain as a
member of the genus Trichoderma and designated strain A10,
isolated from cow dung and that initially produced about 0.4 g
ethanol l–1.
Recently Rawat et al. (2019) [39] conducted a study on
indigenous cows Sahiwal and reported a significantly higher
population of microorganism in lactating cow dung as
compare to heifer. In this study total bacterial population in
heifer and lactating cow was found to be 16.17±0.7 and
20.16±1.58 cfu/g respectively. The yeast and fungi were
(5.46±0.43 and 7.73±0.47cfu/g) respectively. In a study,
Kiyasudeen et al. (2015) [19] collected three cow dung samples
from three different farms with different feeding regime and
reported that fresh cow dung samples are rich in microbial
colonies. It was reported that total cfu/g of bacteria in CD2
(2.84±0.01x10 cfu/g) was significantly higher than CD3
(2.47±0.01x10 cfu/g) and CD1 (1.78±0.05x10 cfu/g) whereas
total CFU/g of fungi in CD3 (2.78±0.01x10 cfu/g) was found
to be substantially higher than CD2 (2.36±0.04 x10 cfu/g) and
CD1 (2.14±0.01 x10 cfu/g). It was recommended to add
nutrient rich supplements to the cows along with grass as
major diet to obtain cow dung rich in nutrients. Girija and
coworkers (2013) [12] made an attempt to probe the diversity
of microbes present in cow dung using 16S rDNA sequencing
approach and detected phyla such as Bacteroidetes, firmicutes
and proteobacteria which efficiently degrade cellulose, chitin,
lignin, xylan. Their findings also showed detection of
Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Stenotrophomona and Pseudomonas
species. Lately, Tomar et al. (2020) [51] attempted to isolate
bacteria in cow dung using nutrient agar medium (NAM). In
this study, they concluded that numerous species of gram
positive bacteria were present in cow dung which included
spore forming Bacillus spp., Enterococcus, Diploccocus and
gram negative bacteria like - pseudomonas. Cow dung serves
as a purifier of all wastes in the nature, is a rich source of
microflora that can be utilized as probiotics, live microbial
food supplements modifying the intestinal microbiota
(Sharma and Singh 2015) [41].
Cow dung: An untapped eco-friendly bioresource
Energy is one of the foremost factors to global prosperity.
With rising population, there is a steady increase in the global
demand for energy. The scientific research for renewable
sources of energy is essential owing to limited reserves for
fossil and coal energy. Furthermore, the high dependency on
fossil fuels as prime energy source has caused climate change,
environmental pollution and degradation, hence leading to
health problems in human (Aremu and Agarry 2012) [4]. The
return-to-renewables will help to lessen climate change is an
excellent way but it requires to be sustainable in order to
ensure a sustainable future and bequeath future generations to
meet their energy needs (Owusu and Asumadu-Sarkodie
2016) [31]. Using the process of anaerobic digestion, gases are
derived from a wide range of organic wastes such as biomass
waste, human waste, animal waste and used as source of
energy (Putri et al. 2012) [33]. Biogas produced from
renewable source can be one of the response for future energy
production (Ambarsari et al. 2018) [3]. Biogas, is a mixture of
diverse gases produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic
matter from methanogenic bacteria (Sharma 2011; Gupta et
al. 2016) [42, 15]. Biogas normally contains 50% and above
methane (CH4) and other gases in relatively low proportions
namely, CO2, H2, N2 and O2 (Kalia et al. 2000) [16]. Cow dung
is the main source of biogas or gobar gas production in India
(Gupta et al. 2016) [15]. Cow dung as animal waste possess
great potentials for generation of biogas and its use should be
encouraged due to its early retention time and high volume of
biogas yields (Ukpai and Nnabuchi 2012) [52].
Mixing of cow dung with manure obtained from other species
has been investigated by many researchers. Previously, effect
of mixing pig and cow dung on biogas yield was evaluated
(Kasisira and Muyiiya 2009) [17]. The study showed that co-
digestion of cow dung with pig manure increased biogas yield
as compared to pure samples of either pig or cow dung. Rabiu
et al. (2014) [34] studied the effect of cattle manure collected at
different time inoculated with rumen fluid of cattle on biogas
production at mesophilic condition. Their study revealed that
if used between the ranges of 25–50% of rumen fluid, the best
performance biogas production was observed. Furthermore,
cattle manure collected after 12 h of defecation was recorded
with the highest biogas production in comparison to 0 h and
24 h of cattle post-defecation. Similarly, in another study it
was documented that cattle rumen fluids produces more
biogas than the goats. It was further detailed that the increase
in the biogas production at certain level was in respond to the
amount of rumen fluids added into the mixture (Rabiu et al.
2014a) [35]. Poultry litter from broilers mixed with an
optimum proportion of cow dung was found to be a substrate
with a high potential for biogas generation by anaerobic
digestion (Miah et al. 2016) [23].
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With rising population, there is a tremendous pressure on
agriculture to enhance food production to meet the demand.
However, imprudent use of chemical fertilizers has led to the
decline in soil fertility. Due to hike in prices of chemical
fertilizer and their non-efficient role in long term sustainable
production, the application of organic manure including cow
dung is required for raising maximum productivity in
sustainable way with better soil health. It is an effective tool
to ameliorate physico-chemical and biological properties of
the soil with higher yield of plants in sustained basis without
altering the fertility of soil (Raj et al. 2014) [36]. Bacteria
isolated from local breeds of different bovine animal have
shown potential to be used as plant growth promoting bacteria
(Aiysha and Latif 2019) [2]. Addition of cow dung enhances
the organic carbon content of degraded soil that may further
lead to the increasing activity of beneficial soil microbes as
well as the fertility status of soil by increasing the availability
of nutrients for the plants from soil (Zaman et al. 2017) [55].
Solomon et al. (2012) [45] compared the effects of organic
manure and inorganic fertilizer (N.P.K.) on growth of Maize
(Zea Mays L) and concluded that cow dung manure can be
used in the absence of N.P.K. fertilizer. Zhang et al. (2020)
[56] reported the suitability of cow manure fertilization for tea
plantation and highlighted that application of cow manure can
not only improve the variety of soil bacteria, but also
effectively regulates the structure of soil bacterial community
in tea plantation. In similar study, cow dung application have
been found to be increased the total N, available P,
exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, available S, Zn and B contents in
soils and biomass yield of stevia (Zaman et al. 2017) [55].
Studies have suggested that exposure to the smoke of
mosquito coils can pose significant acute and chronic health
risks (Liu et al. 2003) [20]. Cow dung has been studied for it
properties as mosquito repellent. Cow dung is a cheap, eco-
friendly herbal repellent with long lasting protection that is
safe for human and domestic animal skin with no side effect
and no feedback of environmental ill effect, as a substitute to
synthetic chemical repellents (Mandavgane et al., 2005;
Mukherjee and Ghosh 2020) [21, 26]. Cow dung alone or in
combination with other mosquito repellent plant species,
could effectively used for the preparation of mosquito
repellent products (Mukherjee and Ghosh 2020) [26].
Cow dung: a multifaceted biomass for bioremediation
In the last few decades, industrial revolution has caused an
exceptional release of hazardous compounds into the
environment, jeopardising the environmental balance of our
planet (Godambe and Fulekar 2016) [13]. The presence
of inorganic pollutants such as metal ions in the ecosystem
pose a major environmental problem (Ojedokun et al. 2016)
[29]. Bioremediation methods use naturally occurring
microorganisms to detoxify man-made pollutants so that they
change pollutants to harmless products that make soil fertile
in the process (Randhawa and Kullar 2011) [38]. Cow dung ash
is a bio-organic waste and absorbent and is an excellent water
purifier. Entire harmful bacteria are killed just by adding a
pinch or two of cow dung ash in few liters of water (Thakare
et al. 2019) [50]. The adsorption abilities of cow dung by using
aqueous solution of chromium has been investigated and it
was concluded that adsorption highly depends on pH, time
and initial concentration of chromium. Cow dung exhibited
maximum adsorption at an acidic pH (Mohan and Gupta
2014) [25]. Few years back, Godambe and Fulekar (2016) [13]
established a unique strategy for biodegradation of one of the
most potent and widely accumulated hydrocarbons pollutant,
benzene using indigenous source of cow dung. They
documented that cow-dung harbour a range of microbes that
show a great potential to degrade benzene. These bacteria in
isolation or as a consortium utilize and multiply in presence of
high benzene concentrations. Similarly, it has been reported
that cow dung ash can be used for the removal of dyes from
the waste water by adsorption (Sharma and Patel 2017) [43].
Similarly, bio-waste cow dung ash is an efficacious adsorbent
in purifying biodiesel analogous to traditional water washing
technology (Avinash and Murugesan 2017) [5]. Recently,
Ojeme and coworkers (2019) [30] conducted batch experiments
to investigate the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous
solutions using chemically and thermally activated cow dung
(CTAC) ash and non-chemically but thermally activated cow
dung (NTAC) ash under various experimental conditions and
reported cow dung as a potent absorbent as shown by its
efficacy for Pb(II) ion removal.
Cow dung: A natural therapeutic gateway?
Cow dung has been referred to as a “gold mine” owing to its
vast applications in the arena of agriculture, energy resource,
environmental protection, and therapeutic applications
(Randhawa and Kullar, 2011) [38]. The people frustrated from
the heavy medication of allopathy are now using cowpathy
drugs and being benefited by the panchgavya products for
numerous diseases (Dhama et al. 2005) [10]. Previously, in a
study it was documented that cow dung extracts exhibited
partial antimicrobial property against human pathogens.
Furthermore, the Indian cow dung extracts possess greater
antimicrobial activity in comparison to other cow dung
(Rajeswari et al. 2016) [37]. In a study, Mishra and coworkers
(2014) [24] revealed that cow dung extract possess
antimicrobial properties, that can be used to counter certain
pathogenic diseases and other ailments. In another study,
dung obtained from Indian cow exhibited superior
antimicrobial activity compared to Jersey and Holstein cow
dung. The extracts of the Indian cow dung showed
antimicrobial activity against test organisms like Klebsiella
pneumonia and Escherichia coli (Rajeswari et al., 2016) [37].
Interestingly, cow dung has been used as the economical
substrate for the production of fibrinolytic enzyme
(Vijayaraghavan et al. 2016) [53]. Cow dung is a home remedy
used by many African communities to manage burn wounds
and for its validation. Gololo et al. (2019) [14] suggested that
the presence of proteases in cow dung could be one of the
contributing factors towards its efficiency in managing
traditional African burn wound. Cow dung has been
documented to act as skin tonic and on mixing with crushed
neem leaves and smeared on skin, it demonstrates good
results for boils and heat rashes. Cow dung also used as tooth
polish and relieves toothache (Kaushik et al. 2016) [18].
Traditionally, Panchgavya (Sanskrit for a blend of ‘five
products from cow’) that consisted of five ingredients from
cow i.e. dung, urine, milk, curd and ghee has shown
numerous health benefits and possess many therapeutic
properties against many ailments (Rajeswari et al. 2016) [37].
These five products are either used individually or in
combination with other herbs, often referred to as Cowpathy
or Panchgavya Therapy (Dhama et al. 2013) [9]. Panchgavya
appears to be useful for the diseases such as cancer, acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and diabetes (Gupta et
al. 2016) [15]. Paliwal et al. (2013) [32] determined the efficacy
of Panchgavya on Spontaneous Motor Activity, muscle tone
and pain on albino rats through administration of Panchgavya
(50 mg/rat, orally) daily for 30 consecutive days. Their
findings indicated a gradual increase in the muscle tone
activity and analgesic activity in terms of reaction time.
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Undoubtly, with these preliminary studies it is evident that
cow dung can offer alternate low cost therapy having no side
effects, however, there is a meagre scientific data to validate
these claims and assertions before establishing efficacy of
cow dung and its role as a prominent therapeutic agent. For
this proper support and more in-depth probe should be
undertaken by the scientists, researchers and clinicians/
physicians that will ultimately foster confidence in the public
about its good virtues.
Estimates of production of dung
Dikshit and Birthali (2010) [11] estimated the total wet dung
production (about 562 million tonnes) for the year 2003, out
of which cattle contributed around 60% while buffalo
contributed around 40% of total dung due to difference in the
population share in total bovine. The evacuation rate of
animal (average dung production/animal/day) mainly depends
upon certain factors like quantity of feed intake, type of feed
and physiological and environmental factors. It also varied
among different species, age-groups and functional
classification of bovines.
Table 1: Dung production by different categories of bovines, 2003
Categories
Evacuation
rate
(kg/day)
Population
(million)
Dung production
(million tonnes)
% Share in total
dung produced
Cattle
In-milk
6.63
35.80
86.63
25.78
Dry
6.58
22.30
53.56
15.94
Adult male
4.46
57.60
93.77
27.91
Young stock
4.43
63.10
102.03
30.37
Total
178.80
335.99
59.79
Buffalo
In-milk
8.35
33.30
101.49
44.91
Dry
8.49
13.90
43.07
19.06
Adult male
6.65
6.70
16.26
7.20
Young stock
4.43
40.30
65.16
28.83
Total
94.20
225.99
40.21
Grand total
273.00
561.98
100.00
Source: Dikshit and Birthali (2010) [11].
If we arbitrary follow the value of evacuation rate as cited
above and estimate the dung production for the year 2019, the
production of dung as calculated would be about 629.91
million tonnes (Table 2).
Table 2: Dung production by different categories of bovines, 2019 with the help of evacuation rate suggested by Dikshit and Birthali in 2010
Categories
Evacuation rate (kg/day)
Population* (million)
Dung production (million tonnes)
% Share in total dung produced
Cattle
In-milk
6.63
51.98
125.78
19.97
Dry
6.58
22.20
53.31
8.46
Adult male
4.46
47.40
77.16
12.25
Young stock
4.43*
70.91
114.66
18.20
Total
192.49
370.91
58.88
Buffalo
In-milk
8.35
38.16
116.30
18.46
Dry
8.49
13.01
40.31
6.40
Adult male
6.65
9.28
22.52
3.58
Young stock
4.43
49.40
79.87
12.68
Total
109.85
259.00
41.12
Grand total
302.34
629.91
100.00
*Source: 20th livestock census for animal population as on 2019
Probable economy of dung
As the largest livestock population of the world, our country
is also facing international scrutiny for its greenhouse gases
emission. Therefore, some serious measures should be taken
on the issue. We should try to convert our negative into
positive. Dung can be utilized as the organic fertilizer instead
of chemical fertilizers in the agricultural land. Setting up of
biogas plant in the rural area for the prevention of fire wood
usage in the domestic work can also reduce the problem of
increasing pollution. Conversion of dung into the valuable
products such as vermin-compost will not only add-up in the
income of the farmer but also replacing it with chemical
fertilizer will improve the soil fertility and will enrich the
environment. The conversion rate of organic matter (75-80%
moisture) into vermicompost is about 40-50 % (Sinha et al.
2010) [44]. If the total dung estimated could have been used for
vermicomposting, we would had produced around 314.955
million tonnes of vermin-compost generating income
(Rs.10/kg) of Rs. 3,149 billion/- (approx.).
Conclusion
Being largest total bovine population in world but reasonably
low per animal productivity, only milk cannot be a way to
improve economic status of small scale farmers. Dung has
multifaceted properties that were largely ignored, can be a
vital player in improving the income of the farmers in today’s
time. In the present work, scientific studies published in
relation to the multiple usage of cow dung were reviewed and
it can be concluded that owing to its rich microflora and many
properties cow dung can serve through multiple ways and
thus, it is a boon for sustainable livestock farming and can be
viable alternative for non-renewable energy source.
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