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Accompagnement de la résilience familiale dans un contexte de violence politique au Liban : résilience de l’enfant ou de l’écosystème ?
Abstract
Cette recherche interroge un dispositif d’accompagnement à la résilience, proposé à dix familles dont les enfants présentent des troubles scolaires et comportementaux en lien avec le contexte d’instabilité socio-politique du Liban. Notre approche clinique est une recherche-action intégrative et systémique qui s’est déroulée durant trois ans, au sein d’une école de la banlieue-est de Beyrouth. Le périmètre regroupe les cinq acteurs suivants : l’élève, les parents, l’institution, la classe, et l’équipe thérapeutique multidisciplinaire. Chacun fait l’objet d’une hypothèse opérationnelle. Notre expérimentation sur le terrain s’est dotée d’instruments cliniques et académiques pour évaluer l’efficacité du programme auprès de l’élève. Les résultats des tests ont permis de préciser et analyser les leviers et les freins à l’accompagnement, entraînant un réajustement du plan d’action. Les principaux résultats montrent que l’ensemble du protocole augmente la résilience de l’élève et que chaque acteur y contribue à différents moments par une valence variable. Pour répondre à la complexité des relations en jeu, l’accompagnement à la résilience passe par un dispositif multimodal avec une intervention thérapeutique transversale. Nous avons constaté que le type d’attachement parental influe sur la capacité de l’enfant à profiter de l’aide offerte, et que tous les acteurs ont besoin de se sentir en sécurité pour adhérer aux changements. L’étude révèle aussi que la contribution bienveillante des enseignants et des pairs est essentielle à la motivation de l’élève à participer au programme. Par ailleurs, la qualité de l’écoute et du contre-transfert dont fait preuve l’équipe du département psychopédagogique est la clé de voûte de l’alliance thérapeutique avec chacune des parties prenantes.Cela dit, l’impact du contexte de violence politique chronique entraîne un certain nombre de dysfonctionnements à chaque niveau de l’écosystème, difficiles à compenser. Cela nous amène à reconsidérer le système en couche de Bronfenbrenner. Les crises à répétition déstabilisent totalement le macrosystème et perturbent sur le long terme tout le travail qui a été réalisé dans le mésosystème de l’enfant. Il serait vain de croire que les couches intermédiaires du modèle apportent une protection suffisante pour un néodéveloppement pérenne. Par conséquent, la résilience sous un Etat arbitraire reste encore à approfondir théoriquement et à inventer in vivo.
Since 2011, Lebanon hosts more than a million displaced Syrians fleeing from a devastating civil war. This humanitarian crisis directly questions the political economy of solidarity in municipalities of the Bekaa valley welcoming displaced populations. In the Levant, solidarity is customarily practiced as an act of “hospitality” from a “host” to a “guest”. But the Lebanese government also delegated the management of the emergency crisis to international humanitarian actors. Therefore, this article exposes how newcoming International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs) destabilised the tradition of hospitality in villages of the Bekaa by hampering the latter’s legitimacy in preserving the pre-existing social order. This research presents original mixed data observations compiling 78 elite-interviews with shapers of the political economy of solidarity in Bekaa municipalities. In addition, 146 Lebanese and displaced participants responded to two sets of surveys gathering information on their livelihoods. This research then reveals how some Lebanese mayors successfully exploited INGOs’ mishandling of the humanitarian response to rebalance the political economy of solidarity in their favour. Encouraged by the state administration, many mayors emulated corrupt practices from the national elites to blackmail some compliant INGOs. In fear of being evicted, several INGOs ceded to the mayors’ demands and involuntarily unleashed an anarchic competition of resource predation. These mayors thus instrumentalised “hospitality” into a clientelist rent perpetuating their political dominance. Conclusively, this research emphasises the importance for international NGOs to “localise” emergency programming with experienced local NGOs to avoid fueling traditional structures of corruption.
De nombreux procédés créatifs contribuent à la distanciation vis-à-vis des épreuves majeures de l’existence et aident à leur symbolisation. Chez certains sujets, ce cheminement passe par l’écriture autobiographique qui apparait comme support de la démarche élaborative. Mais cela suffit-il à se libérer des souffrances endurées et du pouvoir mortifère des souvenirs tragiques ?
L’autobiographie, souvent parée du pouvoir cathartique, a-t-elle toujours un effet libérateur ? Quel est le rôle de l’écriture dans la démarche d’exonération du passé douloureux ?
After a brief summary of Bowlby's construct of Internal Working Models in attachment relationships, and review of relevant research, the chapter presents results from a short-term longitudinal study introducing the Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT; Bretherton and Ridgeway, see Appendix, pp. 300-308 of this chapter). The authors report (1) children's detailed responses to each of the 5 stems of the Attachment Story Completion Task at 37 months, and (2) link ASCT attachment classifications translated into a security scale to the infancy Strange Situation with mother at 18 months (r = .33, p<.05), the Attachment Q-sort (mother) at age 25 months (.62, p<.001), and a Separation-Reunion Procedure at 37 months (.49, p<.01). Correlations of ASCT security with family cohesion and adaptability were .53 (p<.01) and .57 (p<.001) respectively. ASCT security was also related to the Bayley MDi and 25-months vocabulary.
Resilience : evolution of theoretical concepts and clinical applications
The conceptual approach of resilience is part of a perspective of understanding and support to people facing situations of risk or traumatic events. This approach has transformed clinical practices by offering an alternative to the psychopathological model initially focused on vulnerability, allowing it to take into account the resources and skills of people and their environment. It has applications in many clinical fields : psychology, psychiatry, education, social work, health... The concept of resilience, which now has been studied for more than forty years, is met with growing interest, as is evident by the large number of research and publications that refer to it on the international stage. Over the decades, its theoretical contours evolved and have been more specified. Resilience is now considered a complex process resulting from a balance between risk factors and protective factors. This article puts into perspective the major advances that have been made since its emergence to contemporary research and its applications.
The paper examines the clinical characteristics of trauma using a differential approach, particularly in human disaster situations (terrorist attacks, slaughter, genocide), and their specificity compared to natural disasters is explored.
Bretherton and Ridgeway’s (1990) attachment story completion task allows for the assessment of child narratives as early as 3 years of age. In the present article, we present a Q-sort for the coding of these child productions. Scores on 4 attachment dimensions (security, deactivation, hyperactivation, disorganization) can be computed by comparing participants’ responses to those of each prototype. Following a principal components analysis, 6 scales have been defined, each one corresponding to some specific aspects of child play. Certain aspects of child narratives seem to be influenced by gender and age, but not by IQ. Examples of possible applications of the Q-sort are presented, such as its use in the study of intergenerational transmission of attachment strategies or the study of the role of representations and narrative competence in psychopathology.
The research deals with teaching behaviour and practical experiences that aim at bringing together families who live in precarious contexts, involving them in their children's schooling and improving communication between partners. The school population is in difficulty and suffers from truancy problems. The qualitative analysis shows that the 16 teachers we have interviewed consider that cooperation with parents is of primordial importance and that they are closely involved. However this cooperation is weakened by a certain number of emotional and affective interventions, by idealized expectations, by offbeat interpretations and by the need for recognition and support. Unusual and experimental activities, such as a life diary, storytelling and booster clubs encourage both oral and written exchanges that get parents involved.
On the secure attachment : A resilient factor in favor of thought ability. Clinical comparative approach at children from 6 to 12 years old
The theoretical concepts adopted here cross over the psychoanalysis with the model of attachment. Our work tries to show how a secure attachment could constitute a resilience factor in favor of thought ability. The methodological plan applies with some projective tests (Rorschach and drawings) proposed to two groups at age 6-12 (20 children with an insecure attachment versus 20 children whose attachment is secure). Two major hypotheses are studied : The first one is relative to the construction of identity approached whereas the second one concerns the investigation of “the potential space” between home and school. The results suggest that children with secure attachment show more various thought ability and stable identical structure than insecure children. Subsequently, “the secure base” seems to be a fundamental factor of construction of the resilient process.
Although cast iron was used in pagoda construction in ancient China, it was in Britain in the eighteenth century that new methods allowed for its production in quantities that enabled widespread use. An engineer who had educated himself tirelessly in technical subjects from carpentry to architecture, Thomas Tredgold (1788–1829) first published this work in 1822. It served as a standard textbook for British engineers in the early nineteenth century, and several translations extended its influence on the continent. Reissued here in the fourth edition of 1842, edited and annotated by the structural engineer Eaton Hodgkinson (1789–1861), who presents his own research in the second volume, this work addresses both practical and mathematical questions in assessing metallic strength. In Volume 1, wherever progress has been made since the original publication, Hodgkinson adds notes to Tredgold's original text, pointing out certain errors.
La résilience est un processus vivant dont les conditions d’exploration sont complexes. Ces conditions doivent répondre aux particularités du néo-développement des personnes. La clinique dialogique de l’extrême permet de travailler dans un cadre sécurisé et bienveillant qui permet le développement d’une forme d’attachement narratif entre le chercheur et la personne qui participe à la recherche. Les conditions du déroulement de cette recherche correspondent aux principaux facteurs de protection du processus de résilience qui sont l’attachement sécure et la transformation du vécu traumatique.
Dans la pluralité des courants théoriques les pratiques transculturelles tentent de répondre aux incertitudes que développent la rencontre clinique avec des altérités culturelles, linguistiques et sociales de patients venant d’ailleurs. Le dispositif de médiation que constitue la consultation transculturelle semble particulièrement pertinent dans une société multiculturelle où les problématiques peuvent être imbriquées et complexes. Le terme très polysémique de culture retrouve une place légitime avec les conceptualisations de René Kaës qui considère la culture comme la troisième différence avec la différence des sexes et des générations. Ses travaux soulignent l’intérêt des dispositifs plurisubjectifs. Le dispositif transculturel propose une médiation particulièrement pertinente en clinique dans une société multiculturelle et une clinique en changement.
Mediation and resilience (R. Feuerstein and B. Cyrulnik)
The principle of the inclusive school means that not only do pupils with severe learning difficulties have their place in the classroom, but also that physically disabled pupils have a right of equal access to education. Here and there, this involves allowing each pupil to personalize or repersonalize his or her own development process in accordance with e letter of the law. However, inclusion has a price, and the law has no meaning unless teachers use every means at their disposal to live up to the obligation that it confers on them.Of course, the principle of the inclusive school assumes that everyone can be educated and presupposes that every person is ‘modifiable’, no matter what exceptional circumstances they may have. Believing, despite all evidence to the contrary, that pupils who are learning little or nothing can still learn is to admit that, in spite of appearances, they remain capable of formal or abstract thought. This is a given of the anthropological status has yet to take a strong hold in the public’s mindset. It was Vygotski who originally demonstrated that all learning is the result of human mediation, whence the idea later developed by psychologists who studied this perspective that behavioural delays or stasis may be understood as a lack or accidental interruption of the mediated experience. From among numerous responses, all of which must be adapted to each specific case, we are most especially interested in the one proposed by Reuven Feuerstein, who developed a tool called the Instrumental Enrichment Programme, which has turned out to be more than a simple tool. The mediation criteria that he defines are reflected in practices whose ‘positive treatment’ constitutes one of the dimensions, and we are using it here as a condition for the possibility of resilience, a concept that Boris Cyrulnik has written about in great depth. Enriched by the mediation of new experiences and adapted by learning, a child is changed not only cognitively but also metacognitively, conatively, and socially, because he or she is rebuilding him- or herself and recovering his or her ability to develop. This development makes resilience a possibility for this child.
Dynastic Dynamics in Lebanon: The Familial Transmission of Political Power
Ever since parliamentary democracy was established in Lebanon in 1926, political dynasties have supplied a remarkably consistent proportion of deputies and ministers. Since they are found in nearly all communities, it makes little sense to classify these families on the basis of religious criteria. What’s more, politics and economics are often correlated in the formation of these families: some seek to protect their property and investments by means of political representation while others consolidate their political ascension by taking possession of profitable activities in the economic domain. Studying the fortunes of two urban Sunni political families – the Salam and the Hariri – allows one to understand how political dynasties are formed, maintained and even reinvented in a competitive electoral system or what passes for such. The mechanisms that are thereby identified reveal the important role played by four resources – family alliances and networking, economic interests, charitable and patronage activities and moderate religious positioning – that together render relevant the concept of political dynasty in post-Taif Lebanon.
L’article se propose de presenter une definition generale de la recherche-action afin de souligner les caracteristiques de ce processus qui aide les enseignants a se doter des moyens propres a ameliorer leur pratique et a reflechir sur leur pedagogie. La recherche-action permet en effet au praticien, tout en restant en contact avec le terrain, d’apprendre a identifier ses besoins et d’etablir une demarche pour atteindre des objectifs de changement. Elle favorise egalement une meilleure appreciation de ses interventions en classe.En second lieu seront donnees quelques indications pratiques sur la mise en place d’une demarche de recherche-action en montrant le caractere cyclique et les aspects cooperatifs d’une telle action.
Cet ouvrage revisite et interroge les principales pistes théoriques contemporaines qui contribuent à éclairer la complexité des liens parents-enfants, notamment lorsqu’ils présentent des aspects inadéquats ou pathogènes. Pour appréhender ces liens, il croise des apports théoriques complémentaires en particulier ceux de la psychanalyse et de la théorie de l’attachement. Tout au long de l’ouvrage es vignettes cliniques illustrent le propos.
“Suffering at school”. Clinical and institutional issues of “Support Groups for Teachers
At a time when the very framework of schools is being attacked in their function of transmitting knowledge, it seems relevant to identify, with reference to studies on suffering at work, a “suffering at school”, not considered as an individual pathology. This suffering at work is an essential component of the teaching profession, a profession which involves weaving and sustaining educative ties as well as ties of transmission. Certain structures aimed at offering support to teachers, such as the “Support Groups for Teachers” (groupes de soutien au soutien) set up by Jacques Lévine, help to contain this suffering by restoring the thought and the supportive function of the teacher and his or her institution. Two clinical examples show how this space of group work allows complaints to be expressed and helps to think/heal relational difficulties. By having the experience of an “empathic” psychic posture and of “real communication” (“vraie parole”) which modify established ties, teachers learn to contain the instinctual excesses of their pupils.
Parents’ mentalizing capacities and child psychiatry : theoretical and clinical perspectives
The high number of children consulting in child psychiatry raises questions about the development of psychopathology. A variable of interest concerns mentalization or the capacity to perceive and interpret behaviors in terms of mental states. Since the development of mentalization is highly influenced by the parent-child relationship, it appears important to gather information about parent’s mentalizing capacities. This article aims to present a theoretical and clinical reflection about mentalizing capacities in fathers and mothers of preschool-aged children consulting in child psychiatry.
Les entretiens collectifs, entretiens de groupes, groupes de discussion sont des méthodes courammentutilisées dans la recherche appliquée, en particulier dans le domaine de la santé. Pourtant, il n’existe pas de véritable réflexion sur leurs usages. Jusqu’à présent, seuls de rares chapitres dans des livres consacrés plus généralement aux questions de méthode étaient disponibles. Pour combler ce manque un ouvrage (Duchesne S., Haegel. F, Les entretiens collectifs, Paris, Nathan/coll.128, 2004) est paru récemment; il tente de donner une appréciation des potentialités de la méthode et des différentes manières de l’utiliser. Cet article se donne pour objectif d’introduire cette discussion méthodologique en présentant les contextes dans lesquels on a généralement recours à l’entretien collectif (histoire de la méthode, domaines et questions de recherches auxquels elle est associée) et les enjeux que soulève la réalisation de ce type d’entretiens, notamment en matière de recrutement, d’organisation matérielle et d’animation. [Premier paragraphe de l'article]
Résumé : Le terme de résilience fait référence aux compétences trouvées-crées par des individus pour faire face à des situations délétères : événements de vie traumatiques, accidents, maladies, handicaps, carences affectives graves, grande précarité, etc. La résilience peut concerner des sujets qui surmontent une situation d’adversité sévère ou bien qui récupèrent ou maintiennent leur intégrité psychique après un traumatisme.
Le fonctionnement résilient s'édifie sur un jeu complexe de processus défensifs d'ordre intrapsychique et de facteurs de protection internes et externes. L’étude des processus de résilience constitue un modèle d'approche du sujet considéré dans sa globalité, avec ses ressources et ses processus défensifs autant que ses fragilités.
Cet ouvrage met en perspective les évolutions théoriques de ce modèle au cours des décennies, depuis son émergence jusqu’à nos jours. L'auteur présente les différentes approches théoriques et cliniques, discute de ses apports, de ses limites et de ses applications pratiques.
L’approche de la résilience offre un modèle conceptuel original, mais également un cadre d’accompagnement et de soutien auprès des individus, des familles et des groupes.
Actuellement, le modèle de la résilience trouve des articulations avec les activités cliniques dans de nombreux domaines : en psychologie et psychiatrie, travail social, éducation, santé (accidents, traumatismes, handicap, maladies létales, etc.).
Marie Anaut est professeur en sychologie et sciences de l’éducation à l’université de Lyon2, psychologue clinicienne et thérapeute familiale. Elle est membre du Centre de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie Clinique.
Comment et dans quelles circonstances un individu acquiert-il le sentiment de faire partie d’une equipe ? Ce sentiment se traduit-il par une volonte de cooperer avec les autres membres ? Pour repondre a ce questionnement, cet article s’appuie sur la theorie de l’identite sociale et son prolongement, la theorie de la categorisation sociale, ainsi que sur des travaux plus recents issus de ces courants qui approfondissent la question de l’influence des processus d’identification sur les pratiques de cooperation. Ces grilles de lecture conceptuelles sont mobilisees pour analyser et discuter les resultats d’une recherche longitudinale, multi-sites et multi-methodes qui s’est deroulee de novembre 1997 a mars 1999 au sein d’une entreprise du secteur electronique. Les resultats, fondes sur la comparaison de differentes equipes operationnelles, permettent de mieux comprendre comment se deroule le processus d’identification, l’evolution au fil du temps du potentiel de cooperation qui en decoule, ainsi que l’influence du design de l’equipe sur les pratiques de cooperation. Ces resultats sont discutes et des pistes de recherche sont proposees en conclusion.
Journey of transformation
In the Kanak society of the main island of New Caledonia, misfortune and illness give way to meaning and interpretations in the order to manage healing direction. A case study of the teenager emphasize the necessity of « complementarism » and indicates the importance of counter-transfert while influence the quality and the therapeutic potentiality of transference.
La spiritualite est l’un des facteurs qui permettent a l’etre humain de donner du sens a sa vie. L’experience de readaptation a la suite d’un traumatisme ou d’une maladie peut devenir une occasion de transformation et de croissance spirituelle si elle s’inscrit dans le projet de vie de la personne. Le developpement de l’outil Fil d’Ariane par le Centre de readaptation Estrie a ete realise dans cette perspective. Le regard positif pose par l’intervenant peut permettre a la personne en readaptation d’exprimer sa resilience, et par-dela, de s’adapter et de rebondir en depit de l’adversite.
The mirror petrified. Destinies of the psychic traumatism in the families confronted with the war of Lebanon
Destinies of the psychic traumatism in the families confronted with the war of Lebanon
Our medico-psychological team had to take care of Lebanon’s repatriates in RoissyCharles de Gaulle airport during the summer 2006’s war. Specially trained child and adult psychiatrists and psychologists with psychiatric nurses offered a range of first line psychiatric and psychotherapic interventions. We faced very intense trauma reactivations related to previous war in adults, with a deep impact on the children. Trauma has direct impact, but it also affects people and families through interactions with individual and groupal levels, and in regard of previous history. We discuss these points, with the study of short clinical reports. Trauma is destructive and realise a kind of curse, that can be turned most of the times in new strengths and abilities.
And if Institutions would accept to treat their troubles?
The institutions of care and education, like any organized human group, are prone to diseases and must give each other means of looking after themselves. The space of supervision can be one among them, whether it is preventive or curative. We will seek to understand what constitutes the specificity of such a space/time, and to specify some manners of making to pose the setting of a framework of work defined as a “matrix of empathy”. The space of supervision must be able to support a process of collective intelligence.
Parental involvement education, self-esteem and mobilizing college students in their studies
This study aims to analyze the influence of perceived parental involvement on the mobilizing college students to pursue their studies and the potential mediating role of self-esteem. We used a quantitative approach including the completing and statistical validation of a number of scales on a sample of 405 high-school students. This allowed us to test our hypothesis using linear regression analysis. The results support the general assumption that self-esteem has mediating effects on the relationship between parental involvement and school mobilization.
Resilience: a cultural perspective
To address relationships between resilience and culture authors present cultural protective factors (an neglected area of research) and discuss the role of traditional methods of care – at both individual and collective/societal levels – in the development of resilience. In this context, authors present the Camille’s case, a teenager living in the Reunion Island who received traditional care, treatment which is analyzed as an assisted resilience technique. Are also presented some devices used to cure traumatized societies and four therapeutic operators used in the process of healing ill societies: testimony, forgiveness, support and repair.
Sublimation and resilience: Paul and Camille Claudel
This article exposes some elements of analysis concerning the exceptional double genius in Paul and Camille Claudel. Their sibling dyad is a paradigm that interests the dynamics of sublimation as well as the recent research on the sustaining role of creativity in resilience. Based on the study of the Claudel family tree and the analysis of a severe life crisis that both brother and sister had to go through in 1905, this article aims to show in which ways the artistic activity may offer a real resilience. On the opposite, the failure of sublimation may hasten psychopathologic decompensation.
Des travailleuses sociales, impliquées dans des interventions auprès de familles faisant l'objet de plaintes pour négligence envers un enfant, ont suivi avec l'auteur un atelier dont les objectifs étaient de prendre connaissance des concepts en approche écologique, de faire la jonction entre cette approche et la problématique dans laquelle elles oeuvraient, de fournir un contexte approprié à l'analyse des territoires et d'identifier des voies nouvelles d'intervention. Cet
article est le produit des observations de fauteur et de ses discussions avec les
intervenantes.