No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Immigrants and Demography: Marriage, Divorce, and Fertility
... In Europe, the growing share of international migrants from countries with different family systems contributes to this diversity (Andersson, 2021). However, despite extensive research on fertility and partnership dynamics among immigrant populations, the partnership context of fertility, including nonmarital or (pre)marital childbearing, only received passing attention (Adserà & Ferrer, 2015). ...
... Studies on fertility dynamics among immigrant populations are abundant (see Adserà & Ferrer, 2015;Kulu et al., 2019;Kulu & González-Ferrer, 2014;Kulu & Milewski, 2007 for reviews). Based on the five above-mentioned hypotheses, previous research has studied whether and how immigration influences fertility levels in European countries (Kulu & González-Ferrer, 2014). ...
... The literature on immigrants' fertility and partnership dynamics has focused only marginally on the partnership context of fertility including nonmarital and (pre)marital childbearing (Adserà & Ferrer, 2015). By jointly analysing partnership and childbearing changes, a few studies recently addressed this gap showing a stronger association between marriage and childbearing, and a lower risk of nonmarital and premarital childbearing among immigrant populations Liu & Kulu, 2021). ...
This paper examines childbearing in and outside of marriage as a manifestation of the Second Demographic Transition among immigrant populations in Switzerland. Based on full-population register data, we simultaneously analyse fertility and partnership changes at different stages of the migration process. Results from a multistate event history model show that most of the differences in family formation patterns between migrant groups and natives are in the sequencing of marriage and first birth among childless unmarried women. Out of wedlock family trajectories prove to be a common experience for European migrants, but a sustainable family pathway only among natives, as well as among immigrants from France, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Among married women, it is the risk of a third birth that marks the differences between groups; first and second birth rates are relatively similar across migrant groups. Distinguishing between the transition patterns of newly arrived immigrants and settled immigrants (characterised by various residence durations) support the disruption hypothesis among EU migrants and the interrelated life events hypothesis among non-EU groups. Family size and the partnership context of fertility highlight which family regime prevails in different population subgroups and the role that immigrants play in the Second Demographic Transition and family transformation in Europe.
... Therefore, in the period immediately around migration, couple formation might be postponed while, in the subsequent years of stay, the negative effect of migration might be weaker. In other words, a temporary drop in the risk to couple transition might be followed by a rapid resumption (rebound) of this risk afterward (Adserà & Ferrer, 2014;Carlson, 1985;Curran, 2002;Hervitz, 1985;Landale, 1994;Parrado, 2004;Parrado & Flippen, 2005). Consequently, it follows that over time the process of stabilization of immigrants favor their couple formation (Castles & Miller, 2003). ...
... The mechanisms by which migration can affect the timing of union formation include also socialization, selection, and adaptation theories (see, among others, Adserà & Ferrer, 2014;González-Ferrer, 2006;L. E. Hill, 2004;Kahn, 1988;Milewski, 2007). ...
... Scholars showed also that the sequences of the migratory and family events mostly depend on the demographic and social characteristics of the migrants, such as gender, geographical origin, and cultural/religious background (Adserà & Ferrer, 2014;Carlson, 1985;Esteve & Cortina, 2011;González-Ferrer, Hannemann, & Castro-Martín, 2016). ...
Migrant families have become relevant in Italy during the past decade and Lombardy is one of the Italian regions with the largest foreign presence. The aim of the article is to contribute to the international debate on the relationship between couple formation and migration event. Using data from the 2010 ORIM (Osservatorio Regionale sull’Immigrazione e la Multietnicità) sample survey and event history techniques, we look at the main determinants of the transition to couple formation. The results show both the presence of significant time-related interrelations between the two events and the importance of the gender role in migration. Migrant men have a low propensity of couple formation in the period around the migration event. Their length of stay at destination is positively related to such propensity. Women have the highest likelihood of transition to couple formation in proximity to the migration event. However, interesting differences in the timing of union formation persist by origin backgrounds.
... Introduction European post-war populations are characterized by an increasing share of immigrants, and the recent "refugee crisis" has significantly affected migration streams and foreign settlers' profile in some European countries (Arslan et al., 2014(Arslan et al., & 2016King and Okólski, 2019;OECD, 2010OECD, -2020EUROSTAT, 2022). Immigrants and their descendants set demographic, social, and cultural trends in European societies, and immigrant fertility has emerged as an important research topic during the last decades, especially in countries having long migration traditions (Sobotka, 2008;Kulu and Gonzalez-Ferrer, 2014;Adserà and Ferrer, 2015;Kulu, Hannemann, Pailhe, Neels et al., 2015;Kulu, Hannemann, Pailhe, Neels et al., 2019). A part of the studies is focused on period fertility indicators and their impact on overall TFR, another one on the quantum of fertility using summary measures and, recently, the largest part investigates fertility behavior at individual level, applying a life-course perspective to family formation. ...
... We estimated that, considering demographic balance and the number of persons acquiring Greek citizenship, more than 100,000 foreigners of the first immigration wave (and their descendants) Cohort and period fertility of the two main groups (VHDc+HDc/MHDc+LHDc) differ. The reproductive behaviour of the first group, as in other countries with a long migratory tradition, (Coleman 1994;Andersson 2004;Milewski 2007;Camarota and Zeigler, 2015;Coleman and Dubuc 2010;Milewski 2010;Gebremariam and Beaujot, 2010;Dubuc 2012;Persson and Hoem, 2014;Adserà and Ferrer, 2015;Kulu et al., 2017;Rojas, Bernardi and Schmid, 2018) tends probably to reach progressively that of the nationals. In contrast, the fertility of recently settled women from MD and LD Asian countries mainly from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, Palestine, Turkey, Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as from African countries., most of whom come from Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Somalia, Eritrea, Republic of Congo, Congo, Cameroon, Sudan, Yemen and Nigeria (Kotzamanis and Karkanis, 2018;Kotzamanis et al. 2020), is much higher than (UN, 2019 a& b) that of nationals as well as of citizens of HD and VHD countriesbelonging to the first migration wave. ...
When birth decline is discussed in Greece (as well as in most advanced countries) the blame is usually put on low-fertility rates. Since late 1990s, fertility rates in Greece are below low levels (1.5 children per woman); as a consequence, births are quasi-steadily declining. Moreover, since 2011 births do not suffice to offset the increasing number of deaths resulting in negative natural growth rates. Therefore, it is no surprise that, as a remedy to further population decline, policymakers opt for the implementation of measures targeting at encouraging births. It is, however, more than certain that for at least a couple of decades, births will continue to fall behind deaths, even if the number of children per woman recovers up to as high as 2.1. Far from being a paradox, this is explained by the size and structure of female population at reproductive ages. Very low-fertility rates during more than three decades have resulted in small cohorts of women currently at reproductive ages. In this paper, we explain why fertility rates and number of births do not necessarily follow the same trend in the context of low-fertility settings; we present how fertility postponement slowed down the decline in birth rates and suggest what a realist expectation from demographic policies may be.
... Previous research studied immigrant employment and immigrant fertility in Germany and in other European countries mainly from the assimilation perspective, i.e., comparing immigrants over generations to non-migrants at destination (Adserà & Ferrer, 2015;Kulu et al., 2019). With respect to female labor force participation in general and to maternal employment in particular, disadvantages of migrant women as compared to non-migrants are well documented. ...
... To some extent, fertility differentials have also been found in the generation of migrant descendants. Selection and socio-demographic compositional differences, disruption, and adaptation processes were discussed as possible mechanisms of fertility change (Adserà & Ferrer, 2015;Kulu & Milewski, 2007;Kulu et al., 2019). More recent research indicates, however, that there is much heterogeneity within migrant populations, with education and regional factors at destination being important determinants for fertility differentials (Milewski & Adserà, 2023). ...
The paper investigates migrant–nonmigrant differentials over time among women in Germany after their first childbirth; we look at the transitions to paid work or to a second child. Our observation period covers almost 30 years, in which family policies changed substantially. Most notably, the year 2007 marked a shift in (West) Germany’s parental leave policy from a conservative family model to a policy directed toward fostering work and family reconciliation. Across these policy periods, we investigate whether population subgroups, i.e., first-generation migrants and migrant descendants, show different patterns in their transitions after the first childbirth compared to the non-migrant majority population. We use data of the German Socio-economic Panel Study (GSOEP). Our sample consists of 3555 mothers of one child, about 13% of whom are first-generation migrants and 16% are migrant descendants. We estimate event-history models: using competing risks analyses, we study transitions following the first birth, specifically, (re)entering work and having a second child. We find that the transition (back) to work increased significantly from one policy period to the next among non-migrants. Increases among migrants varied between the migrant generations, were smaller and occurred later. Hence, we find an increasing gap between first-generation migrants and non-migrants across policy periods, with migrant descendants in between. To some extent, the migrant–nonmigrant gap traces back to different compositional and institutional effects and varies across origin groups. By contrast, the transition rates to a second child decreased among non-migrants, but hardly varied across periods among migrants. Thus, our results demonstrate increasing differentials between societal groups in their work-family reconciliation behavior, to which the modern parental leave policies may have contributed. We discuss the implications of these results for researchers, society and policymakers.
... Further, immigrants with legal status tend to have better labor market outcomes and, in 2 Adserà and Ferrer (2015) refer to the latter as "imported brides" since the majority of those spouses are women. ...
... We do not observe marriages that occurred and dissolved during the 1990s. This typically biases a sample towards endogamous marriages, which tend to be more stable, and towards more recent marriages (Adserà and Ferrer, 2015). The low divorce rate among East Asian immigrants (e.g., Dziadula, 2022) reduces concerns about "survivor bias," as does restricting the sample to relatively young adults. ...
... Verschiedene Mechanismen wurden in der Analyse von Migrantinnenfertilität untersucht, die sich in der empirischen Realität nicht ausschließen, sondern eher ergänzen (Adserà & Ferrer, 2015;Kulu et al., 2019): Die Zerrüttungshypothese (disruption hypothesis) basiert auf der Annahme, dass eine Migration über nationale Grenzen, verbunden u. a. mit einem Wechsel von Sprach-und Kulturraum sowie des sozialen Netzwerkes, einen Einschnitt im Lebenslauf darstellt, der sich auf das Fertilitätsverhalten zumindest kurzfristig negativ auswirkt. Der Selektionshypothese zufolge ist Migration das Ergebnis von Selektionsprozessen, die mit Unterschieden in der sozio-demografischen Komposition von Migrantinnen und Nichtmigrantinnen einhergehen. ...
... Aber auch für weitere Geburten wurde ein ähnlicher Effekt gefunden, wenn der Migration eine längere Phase der räumlichen Trennung eines Paares bzw. einer Familie bedingt durch die Migration nur eines Partners vorausgeht: die Familienzusammenführung erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Geburt eines (weiteren) Kindes (Adserà & Ferrer, 2015). Die Adaptationshypothese geht davon aus, dass sich Migrantinnen über die Zeit ihrer neuen gesellschaftlichen Umgebung anpassen, wozu auch eine Annäherung im Fertilitätsverhalten gehört. ...
Nach Jahrzehnten sehr niedriger Geburtenraten sind diese in Deutschland seit einigen Jahren wieder auf Werte angestiegen, die im europäischen Mittelfeld liegen. Dieser Beitrag skizziert anhand aktueller Daten die Entwicklung der Kohorten- und Periodenfertilität und gibt einen Überblick zu zentralen Theorien zur Geburtenentwicklung. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf dem Aufschub der Geburten im Lebensverlauf von Frauen und Männern, der Geburtenentwicklung in der migrantischen Bevölkerung und einer Einordnung des jüngsten Geburtenanstiegs.
... In recent decades, the ethnic composition of the populations of many Western societies has changed enormously towards higher proportions of immigrants and their descendants. 1 Still, rates of intermarriage and other interethnic romantic partnerships remain rather low (Adsera & Ferrer, 2014), with immigrants as well as their descendants being more likely to marry co-ethnics than members of other ethnic groups or members of the majority population (Huschek et al., 2012;Muttarak, 2010). Even though intermarriage, defined as the marital union between members of two different ethnic, cultural, or religious groups, has been on the rise, it is still far less common than one would expect (Qian & Lichter, 2011;Rosenfeld, 2008). ...
Preferences for homogamous partnerships, not only in terms of having a partner with the same ethnicity, but one with the same religion, are an important factor in explaining low levels of interethnic partnerships in Western countries. However, previous research has rarely explicitly focused on the role of preferences for partnership formation patterns. Using data from a factorial survey experiment, which was implemented in the 9th wave of the “Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries” among young adults in Germany (CILS4EU-DE), this study explores patterns of religious homophily in partnership preferences among young adults in Germany. It thereby specifically focuses on individuals belonging to two major religious groups: Christians and Muslims. It investigates the effects of religious denomination, religiosity, type of intimate partnership, and gender differences for religious homophily in partnership preferences. Both male and female respondents were found to prefer partners of the same religious denomination, with this effect being stronger among Muslims than Christians. Muslim respondents showed no or little disapproval of more strongly religious partners, whereas Christian respondents showed strong disapproval of more religious partners. Among Christian and male Muslim but not among female Muslim respondents, preferences for religious homophily were lower for casual partnerships than for marriage. Overall, the findings suggest that religious homophily and religion play an important part in shaping partnership choices among young Christian and Muslim adults in Germany.
... The categorisation based on immigrant generation represents a coarse approximation for the transmission and adaptation of fertility values and behaviours. However, prior research consistently suggests a convergence in fertility patterns between the second generation of immigrants and the majority population in the country of destination (Adsera & Ferrer, 2015;Afulani & Asunka, 2015;Garssen & Nicolaas, 2008;González-Ferrer et al., 2017;Kulu et al., 2017;Milewski, 2007;Muchomba et al., 2019;Scott & Stanfors, 2011;Stichnoth & Yeter, 2016). Some studies find persistently higher fertility rates in the second generation of specific immigrant groups in the UK (Kulu & Hannemann, 2016;Wilson, 2019), indicating a strong cultural entrenchment. ...
Fertility patterns vary frequently between immigrant groups and the majority population. Although many immigrant groups and their descendants have-on average-lower educational levels than non-migrants, the role of education in fertility patterns among immigrants has received limited attention. Given the significant role of educational choices in fertility decisions, understanding heterogeneous adaptation processes over educational groups is crucial for addressing demographic and social integration challenges. This study investigates how educational differences are associated with the fertility of the descendants of immigrants. Using German microcensus data from 2009, 2013 and 2017, we estimate discrete-time event-history models of first and second births among immigrants from various regions of origin and with different migration experiences (the so-called 1.5 and second generation), compared to non-migrant Germans. First generation immigrants are another comparison group. Our analyses reveal two patterns of stratified adaptation: We find convergence in fertility patterns among highly-educated immigrants, particularly those of Turkish and Southern European descent, while immigrants from Eastern Europe have lower first and second birth probabilities compared to non-migrants. Our results highlight the adaptation processes across educational groups and regions of origin, contributing to our understanding of how immigrants navigate the cultural and socioeconomic dynamics of their destination countries.
... Many competing and partially non-exclusive hypotheses have been offered, primarily by demographers, for the comprehension of both the quantum and tempo of fertility patterns among immigrant groups to the present day (Kulu et al., 2019;Bohon & Conley, 2015;Adserà & Ferrer, 2015;Kulu & Gonzalez-Ferrer, 2014;Kulu & Milewski, 2007). A first group of hypotheses has been focusing in understanding how the experience of geographical mobility (usually intended as a unique lifecourse event) impacts demographic behaviour in terms of change or resistance to change. ...
We explore, using a unique survey dataset containing retrospective information on immigrants’ legal status, the relationship between previous irregular experience—from arrival up to the first residence permit achievement—and fertility patterns among non-EU immigrant women in Italy. While competing hypotheses explaining migrants’ fertility behaviour have been recurrently offered, there is a substantial lack of knowledge on the role of undocumented experience as a contextual barrier in shaping international migrants’ family formation processes. We adopt a life-course approach, employing event history analysis and Poisson regression modelling, to investigate how irregularity among immigrant women intertwines with the timing of the first childbirth and the total number of births occurred in Italy. We find that irregular experience—as a time-dependent process—delays the transition to childbirth post-migration. Furthermore, having experienced irregular status reduces completed fertility, offering few possibilities to catch-up over the life-course with fertility levels of women continuously having the legal status. Findings suggest long-lasting effects of irregular status and the potential disruption of migrant’s fertility induced by migration policies, admission systems, and regulation factors. The reduced possibility of legal entry channels and lack of migration policies for planning and managing migration into Italy may thus have an impact on family formation trajectories among international immigrant women.
... Actually, these hypotheses have been more defined if related to the effectiveness of multicultural policies. For example, some assimilation hypotheses argue that the more immigrants are assimilated into the cultural and economic reality of the native community, the more likely they will be to marry the natives [21]. On the level of economic and status differences, other hypotheses correspond to and reinforce many of the clichés and prejudices about mixed unions. ...
The contribution is focused on the immigrant’s re-shaping identity in the integration process through the phenomena of the “doing family” or “to continue to be a family.” This analysis looks at the relationships between immigrants, the role of family in migration and integration processes, and the challenges of managing change when people from different cultures, values, and languages live together. The basic assumption is that immigrants who arrive in a foreign country continue their lives as protagonists of their lives, seeking their authentic identity through the government of their daily practices, oscillating between defending traditions, and pushing innovation, adhering to the life models of the host society.
... The scholarly discourse on immigrant fertility predominantly pivots around five core hypotheses: Adaptation, Socialization, Selection, Disruption, and Interrelation of events. Comprehensive examinations of these hypotheses can be found in the works of noted scholars such as Kulu (2005), Kulu and González-Ferrer (2014), Milewski (2010), Mussino and Strozza (2012), and Adserà and Ferrer (2015). In brief, the Socialization hypothesis argues that fertility preferences are established during childhood, thus reflecting the ones of their origin even after migrating. ...
Studies on immigrant fertility typically compare immigrants and natives or different migrant groups at the same destination but rarely immigrants of the same origins in different destination countries. In this paper, we look at immigrants from multiple origins in multiple destination countries simultaneously, using the European Union Labour Force Survey to compare female immigrants from ten areas of origin in eight destination countries in Europe. Our results indicate a strong origin effect. However, they also suggest that when women migrate to a context where the fertility norm is different from that in their origin, they adjust their behaviors accordingly, which indicates that policy and normative context play an important role in shaping migrants’ fertility. From a policy perspective, this is important because it suggests that the fertility of immigrant women, who are exposed to different norms and normative contexts, can resemble that of native women at the destination. Our findings contribute to strengthening the role of destination in shaping fertility behavior and highlighting the importance of looking at all the possible combinations of immigrants coming from and going to different fertility regimes.
... In this regard, previous studies argue that factors influencing fertility ideals are also associated with fertility behavior (Kohler 2001;Van de Kaa 2001). In particular, the literature sets forth three main hypotheses (not necessarily exclusive of each other): socialization, adaptation, and interruption (Adserà and Ferrer 2014;Kulu 2005;Lindstrom and Giorguli 2007;Milewski 2007). ...
... Up to now, the study of different cohorts among the second generation has been hampered not only by their group size and related inclusion in data sets, but also by the overall lack of suitable data (Adserà & Ferrer, 2015). In this paper, we make use of full population longitudinal register data of Statistics Netherlands which include all legal residents of the country. ...
In this paper, we introduce cohort succession in the study of marriage behaviour among the children of immigrants. Research among majority populations in developed countries has shown an overall increase in age at first marriage. Yet whether a similar change is occurring across successive cohorts of children of immigrants is unknown but relevant given the growing shares of children of immigrants in developed countries. Using full population register data from the Netherlands, we test the theoretical assumptions of cohort succession with event history models for the timing of first marriage across entire Turkish and Moroccan second-generation birth cohorts. In line with the expectations based on diffusion theories, we find clear evidence that younger birth cohorts postpone marriage. Moreover, the marriage timing of especially the Turkish second generation and Dutch majority population converges across birth cohorts. Our findings call for a more differentiated study of the children of immigrants acknowledging diffusion of new demographic behaviour among these groups.
... The most important human capital factor is education, and its distribution among immigrants is highly conditional on the selection processes shaping migration flows. Regarding the family context, the marital status and the presence of small children matter most, as marriage and birth rates among immigrant women often exceed those among native women (Adserà and Ferrer 2015). In some cases, after accounting for compositional differences in these relevant factors between immigrant populations in destination countries, but also between origin groups within the immigrant population, nativity gaps vanish completely. ...
In this overview, we seek to provide a comprehensive resource for scholars of female immigrant labor market integration in Europe, to act both as a reference and a roadmap for future studies in this domain. We begin by presenting a contextual history of immigration to and within Europe since the Second World War, before outlining the major theoretical assumptions about immigrant women’s labor market disadvantage. We then synthesize the empirical findings from quantitative studies published between 2000 and 2020 and analyze how they line up with the theoretical predictions. We supplement the review with descriptive analyses using data from 2019, which expose any discrepancies between the current situation in European countries and the situation during the time periods considered in the reviewed studies. Our review has three main take-aways. First, the theoretically relevant determinants of immigrant women’s labor market integration are generally supported by empirical evidence, but the unexplained heterogeneity that remains in many cases between immigrant women and other groups on the labor market calls for more systematic and comprehensive investigations. Second, quantitative studies which take a holistic approach to studying the labor market disadvantages of immigrant women—and all the considerations related to their gender and nativity that this entails—are rare in this body of literature, and future studies should address this. Third, fruitful avenues for future contributions to this field include expanding on certain overlooked outcomes, like immigrant women’s self-employment, as well as geographic regions that until now have received little attention, especially by employing the most recent data.
... For mixed children (G2.5)-i.e., those who have one parent who is foreign and one parent who is nativethe migrant parent is likely to have higher levels of host country-specific cultural capital than other migrants, since migrants in mixed marriages tend to be a selective group(Adserà and Ferrer 2015). Additionally, having a native parent means that G2.5 individuals have German nationality. ...
Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), this paper employs sequence analysis to identify “typical” early (observation window limited to ages 15 to 30) employment and family formation trajectories among female second-generation migrants in Germany. For the employment domain of the life course, four types of employment trajectories were identified according to their modal states: “long education,” “full-time employment,” “part-time employment,” and “non-employment.” For the family domain of the life course, three types of family trajectories were identified: “postponement of family formation,” “early family formation,” and “early single motherhood.” For the analysis on cluster affiliation, a multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate how parental origin relates to jointly determined employment and family trajectories. As expected, the descriptive results showed that trajectories of low labor market participation are highly related to trajectories of early family formation. The categorization by parental origins shows that there were few differences in the trajectories of most native and G2 women groups. One pattern that stood out was that compared to other origin groups, G2 women of Turkish parental origin were more likely to be on an early family formation path, and they were more likely to be on a path with multiple non-employment spells. In the modeling strategy, the remaining differences in the women’s patterns were partially explained by the differences in their socioeconomic backgrounds (compulsory school track and the father’s professional degree) and their maternal employment role models (the mother’s employment when the woman was age 15).
... Interestingly, concerns about the influence of parental migration on the living arrangements of the children left behind motivated the choice of the World Bank to include retrospective questions on 1 Gibson et al. (2011) and Cortés (2015) represent two exceptions, as they discuss the influence of international migration on the living arrangements of the left behind. 2 The limited evidence about the structure of the household of origin of the migrants contrasts with the scholarly interest around the living arrangements of the immigrants (see Adserà and Ferrer, 2015, for a review), which are typically considered as a yardstick of their integration in the country of destination. 3 "Changes in household structure can be explained as the result of many of the same forces as those driving marriage formation and dissolution." ...
... The selection hypothesis argues that the fertility behaviour (timing and quantum) of migrants differs from that of non-migrants at origin due to the fact that migrants are not randomly selected from their population of origin. Migrants may be selected (or self-select) on observable characteristics, such as education and other socioeconomic factors (Adserà and Ferrer 2014), as well as on unobservable characteristics such as social mobility aspirations (Milewski 2010a), openness to innovation (Lindstrom and Giorguli-Saucedo 2002), high aspirations for children or family proneness (Kulu and González-Ferrer 2014;Lindstrom and Giorguli-Saucedo 2007). Most previous studies on international migration and the fertility selection hypothesis cover Mexican migration to the USA Giorguli-Saucedo 2002, 2007), Turkish migration to Germany (Baykara-Krumme and Milewski 2017; Guveli et al. 2016) or one article on Ghanaian migration in Western Europe (Wolf and Mulder 2018), for which bi-national surveys sampling migrants and non-migrants at origin were conducted. ...
This study takes a 'country-of-origin' or dissimilation perspective to compare the timing of births and completed fertility of international migrants and of those who stay at origin. In order to disentangle selection effects determining differential fertility behaviour of migrants, other mechanisms explaining migrant fertility (disruption, interrelation of events) are also examined. Furthermore, we take into consideration the prevalence of polygamy in Senegal to enhance our knowledge of migrant fertility in this specific context. For the empirical analysis, we use longitudinal data collected in the framework of the MAFE-Senegal project (Migrations between Africa and Europe), which includes retrospective life histories of non-migrants in Senegal and migrants in France, Italy and Spain. We estimate discrete time hazard models and Poisson regressions for male and female respondents separately to analyse the timing of first and higher-order births as well as completed fertility. The results show a strong disruptive effect of migration on childbearing probabilities for men and women, clearly related to the geographic separation of partners due to the out-migration of the man. Increased birth risks in the first year upon arrival could be observed for migrant women following their husbands to Europe, suggesting an interrelation of migration and fertility events. Regarding completed fertility, migrants have significantly fewer children by the age of 40 compared to their non-migrant counterparts, which among men is largely driven by a strong negative effect of polygamous migrants.
... A variety of theoretical perspectives have been developed to explain fertility patterns among migrants and their descendants (Kulu and González-Ferrer 2014;Adserà and Ferrer 2015;Kulu et al. 2019). The analytical focus of theoretical perspectives varies with timeframes of the studies (short-, medium-or long-run periods), and reference groups to which childbearing of migrants is compared (origin or host country population). ...
An increasing number of studies point to the existence of fertility differences between immigrants and those who are native to the receiving countries. However, despite a large body of literature covering a wide range of settings, there is a lack of research into the factors that may underlie the observed differentials. In this article, we focus on the role of population composition in residential neighbourhoods and workplaces, which are assumed to influence the convergence of the fertility patterns of immigrants with those of the host country. The study is based on individual-based register data for the residential population of Finland from 1999 to 2014. We use discrete-time event history models to analyse transitions to first, second, and third births among immigrant women and their descendants of African and Middle Eastern origin whose fertility patterns are markedly different from those of the host society. We investigate whether the proportion of co-ethnic immigrants in residential neighbourhoods and workplaces is related with the fertility adaptation among that high-fertility group. Our results suggest that among them, a higher concentration of co-ethnic immigrants in the neighbourhood is associated with an elevated propensity of having a second and third child. The association persists among child migrants and the second generation. However, a similar association is not observed between fertility and the workplace context.
... Finally, the selection hypothesis considers the observed fertility of migrants in destination areas as a function of characteristics that migrants possess prior to migration (Borjas 1987(Borjas , 1991. Migrants are not a random sample of the population in the origin areas since they constitute a selected group in terms of observed characteristics, such as educational attainment, marital status, socioeconomic resources, age, health (Feliciano 2005;Adserà and Ferrer 2015) and unobserved characteristics, like social mobility ambitions, fertility preferences and family proneness (Abbasi-Shavazi and McDonald 2000;Kulu 2005). Selectivity suggests that these observed and unobserved factors may be associated with different fertility behaviors (Hill and Johnson 2004). ...
Previous research has analyzed the effect of migration on fertility, and a number of hypotheses have been developed: namely adaptation, socialization, selection, disruption and interrelation of events. Comparison among stayers in the origin countries, migrants and non-migrants in the destination country is essential to gain better understanding of the effects of migration on fertility. However, this joint comparison has been rarely conducted. We sought to fill this gap and analyze migrants’ fertility in Italy. By merging different data sources for the first time, we were able to compare our target group of migrant women, respectively, born in Albania, Morocco and Ukraine with both Italian non-migrants and stayers in the country of origin. Considering the first three orders of births, multi-process hazard models were estimated in order to provide a more exhaustive and diversified scenario and to test the existing hypotheses. The results show that there is no single model of fertility for migrants in Italy. In addition, some hypotheses provide a better explanation of the fertility behavior than others do. Among women from Morocco, the socialization hypothesis tends to prevail, whereas Albanians’ fertility is mostly explained in terms of adaptation. Disruption emerged as the main mechanism able to explain the fertility of migrants from Ukraine, and a clear interrelation between fertility and migration is apparent for women from Albania and Morocco, but only for the first birth.
... Several hypotheses may explain their importance. A thorough overview of migrant fertility hypotheses are presented in, for instance, Kulu (2005), Kulu and Milewski (2008), Milewski (2010), Kulu and González-Ferrer (2014), Wilson (2015) and Adserà et al. (2015). The hypotheses can broadly be divided into two groups: first, three different hypotheses aim at explaining why immigrants' fertility tends to change with their duration of stay. ...
In many Western countries, the total fertility rate (TFR) of immigrant women has declined over the last decades. This paper proposes two methods for investigating such changes in the aggregate immigrant fertility level: what-if scenarios and a formal decomposition. Both methods disentangle the effect of changed composition—by origin area and duration of stay—from the effect of changed fertility within subgroups. The methods are applied to data from Norway, where immigrant TFR declined from 2.6 births per women in 2000 to below 2.0 in 2017. The results show that this decline is not due to successful integration, nor changed composition of immigrant women by origin area or duration of stay. A main reason for the decline is found among newly arrived immigrant women, particularly from Asia. They have a considerably lower fertility now than what the newly arrived had 15–20 years ago. After investigating several possible reasons for the TFR decline among the newly arrived, decreased fertility in origin areas is suggested as a key driver.
... Therefore, previous research on migrants' fertility behaviour focuses on the association between migration and childbearing. Over the past ten years, three review papers were published on the topic (Adserà and Ferrer 2015;Kulu and González-Ferrer 2014;Kulu and Milewski 2007). Therefore, we focus on the main research perspectives and selected recent papers rather than summarise the results of each study published in the past decade. ...
... Others examine fertility differentials between migrants and natives in terms of their completed or cohort fertility (Alders, 2000;Castro-Martín & Rosero-Bixby, 2011;Mayer & Riphahn, 2000;Schmid & Kohls, 2009). Family formation behavior of migrants is linked to the timing of migration over the life course (Adserà & Ferrer, 2014) and the interrelation between both is related to the specific stage of a migrant in the family life cycle. ...
This article examines the relationship between the timing of international migration and family formation trajectories (union formation and fertility) of Sub-Saharan African migrants in Europe. Longitudinal life-history data from Senegalese migrants in France, Italy and Spain, collected as part of the Migrations between Africa and Europe (MAFE) project are used. Applying sequence analysis techniques and distinguishing between men and women, individuals are grouped into different clusters according to the (dis-)similarities in their family for- mation trajectories before and after migration. Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression models are used to test associations between individual and contextual characteristics and the obtained clusters. The results show important differences between men and women regarding their migration-family formation trajectories. Moreover, the interrelatedness of family and migration events was more pronounced among women than men. The regression analysis indicates that male and female trajectories are related in particular to age and the country of destination, but there are also differences by educational level. The findings stress the importance of differentiating between men and women when studying the family formation behavior of migrants.
... One measureable proxy of ethnic-specific human capital and environmental factors is the country of origin divorce rate. Immigrants may have different social and cultural norms regarding divorce and labor market attachment from their destination countries, which influences their attitudes on divorce (Adserà and Ferrer 2014). Previous research indicates that immigrants from countries with low divorce rates also have low rates of divorce in the U.S., where the effect is stronger for females than males (Furtado et al. 2013;Smith et al. 2012). ...
This paper analyzes the status of being currently divorced among European and Mexican immigrants in the U.S., among themselves and in comparison to the native born of the same ancestries. The data are for males and females age 18 to 55, who married only once, in the 2010–2014 American Community Surveys. Among immigrants, better job opportunities, measured by educational attainment, English proficiency and a longer duration in the U.S. are associated with a higher probability of being divorced. Those who married prior to migration and who first married at an older age are less likely to be divorced. Those who live in states with a higher divorce rate are more likely to be divorced. Thus, currently being divorced among immigrants is more likely for those who are better positioned in the labor market, less closely connected to their ethnic origins, and among Mexican immigrants who live in an environment in which divorce is more prevalent.
... The size of the phenomenon is more realistic when also taking into consideration all those intercultural relationships where the foreign partner has taken Italian nationality. The migrant-native unions, although recently had a surprising trend, arousing the interest of experts from various disciplines (Adsera & Ferrer, 2014). A part of them thinks that the growth of intermarriage documented in many developed countries is often regarded as an indicator of immigrants' assimilation into host societies (Alba & Nee, 2003). ...
The current study analyzed how identity, couple, and intergroup dynamics are related to life satisfaction among 210 intercultural partners living in Italy. Three levels of analysis were considered: a micro level, taking into account the identity aspect of each partner in terms of self- or hetero-ethnic identification; a meso level, examining the passion, commitment, and intimacy of the couple sphere of the partners; a macro level investigating the discrimination that partners can perceive by the community as an effect of the relationship between dominant and minority groups. The results show that for both partners, foreign and Italian, the variables that have a predictive value on life satisfaction bring into play the couple and the intergroup dynamics, leaving out the identitary one. Specifically, increased perceived discrimination as a member of a mixed couple leads to decreased life satisfaction by partners. In turn, we can see that a strong intimacy between partners enhances their life satisfaction. These results introduce a reflection on the role of the differences about the ethnic identity, considered erroneously the main cause of dissatisfaction in the mixed couple. The implications of the study are described and suggestions for future research discussed.
In July 2002, Danish reforms limited the marriage opportunities for all Danish and non–European Union (EU) citizens younger than 24 living in Denmark who wished (or whose parents wished for them) to marry someone from outside the EU. Before the reform, more than 80% of first- and second-generation immigrants from outside the EU married spouses from their parents’ origin countries; the reform drastically changed their marriage market. We examine the policy's effects on subsequent marriage behavior, the transition to motherhood, human capital accumulation, and labor market activities using full-population administrative data on 578,380 Danish-born first- and second-generation non-EU immigrants born in 1972–1990 and a difference-in-differences design. We find that the policy delayed marriages among individuals with an immigrant background, extended premarital cohabitation, changed the composition of spouses, and delayed and decreased in-wedlock fertility. Finally, the duration of obtained formal education increased. Our results emphasize that reforms constraining access to external marriage markets can have lasting impacts on marriage demographics among immigrants.
It is well-known that childbearing is associated with age at migration, but most research has focused on foreign-born women who migrated as adults. Much less is known about male immigrants or immigrants who arrived as children, despite the importance of studying these groups to understand theories of adaptation and socialization. This study addresses these gaps with a case study of Sweden, using longitudinal whole-population data to analyze the role of age at arrival in determining childbearing. The results suggest that age at arrival affects fertility across the childbearing life course, although there is little evidence of critical ages at arrival. These results hold for women and men, particularly for immigrants from higher fertility origins, with more ambiguous results for immigrants from lower fertility origins. The main findings also persist after examining sources of selection and reverse causality using sex-specific family fixed-effects models and separate analyses for specific countries of birth. Therefore, the study provides evidence of an underlying process of childhood socialization, followed by adaptation, that is common for women and men who migrate. Theoretical implications are discussed, including the need for further work on the determinants and mechanisms of adaptation.
z: Madun kesimler arasında bulunan göçmenlerin entegrasyonu için dijital iletişim ortamı önemli bir kaynak durumundadır. Farklı ülkelerde göçmenler üzerine yapılan araştırmalarda entegrasyon için dijital ortamın yoğunlukla kullanıldığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkiye 4 milyona yakın Suriyeli göçmene ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Suriyedeki karışıklık hemen çözülse bile göçmenlerin geri dönüşü uzun vadede ele alınabilecek konular arasındadır. Mevcut koşullarda Suriyeli göçmenlerin entegrasyonu önemli bir problemdir. Bu proje kapsamında maduniyet çalışmalarının, Madun konuşabilir mi? ve Madun duyulabilir mi? şeklindeki iki sorusu ödünç alınarak bir araştırma sorusu geliştirilmiştir, Madun göçmen dijital vatandaş olabilir mi? Bu yolla Türkiye?deki madun göçmenlerin entegrasyona yönelik dijital okuryazarlıklarının ölçülmesi ve dijital vatandaş olabilmelerinin önündeki imkân ve engellerin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Proje kapsamında bir karma araştırma yöntemi olarak açıklayıcı ardışık desen kullanılmıştır. Önce göçmenlerin dijital okuryazarlık seviyeleri nicel yöntemle ölçülmüştür. Ardından dijital vatandaşlık çerçevesinde derinlemesine mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dijital vatandaşlık çerçevesinde değerlendirilen sosyalleşme, politik katılım, ekonomik faaliyet ve eğitim alanındaki olanaklar ve sorunlar araştırılmıştır. Nicel araştırmada Suriyeli göçmenlerin genel olarak dijital okuryazarlık seviyelerinin ortalamanın altında ve zayıf olduğu belirlenmiştir. Eğitim durumu, gelir düzeyi, cinsiyet gibi değişkenler bazında yapılan karşılaştırmalarda dijital okuryazarlık düzeyi açısından büyük farklar bulunamamıştır. Yalnız 26-35 yaş arasındaki göçmenlerin dijital okuryazarlık seviyelerinin diğer yaş gruplarına göre anlamlı bir biçimde yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dijital vatandaşlık pratikleri araştırılan göçmenlerin özellikle sosyalleşme ve politik katılım gibi imkanlardan önyargı ve korku gibi etkenlerden dolayı yararlanmadıkları, suskun kaldıkları belirlenmiştir. Ekonomik faaliyet alanında ise Suriyelilerin özellikle dil sorunları nedeniyle kendi içlerine kapandığı, iş bulma, ticaret gibi etkinlikleri dijital ortamda yalnız kendi aralarında sürdürdükleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Suriyeli göçmenlerin en fazla eğitim alanında etkin oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre Suriyeliler özellikle günlük konuşma için Türkçe öğrenmek, Türkiye?yi tanımak ve kendi kişisel gelişimleri için dijital ortamı yoğunlukla kullanmaktadır. Proje çerçevesinde dijital vatandaşlık imkanlarının Türkçe öğrenmek dışında entegrasyona yönelik olumlu bir etkisinin olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. ARDEB PROJE TAKİP SİSTEMİ 1 T Ü B İ T A K
This introductory chapter begins with a brief outline of key aspects of the current state of research on the family-migration-nexus, subsequently identifying key knowledge gaps. From this, we develop some more general thoughts about the kind of data are needed to fill existing research gaps, and then use the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) as an example to describe a data set that already meets essential requirements for innovative research at the interface of family and migration. Finally, we provide a brief profile of German emigrants and an overview of the six empirical chapters of this volume, which clearly demonstrate the existing potential of the GERPS data for research on transnational family relationships of (German) migrants.
For the German context, we investigate whether the number of children ever born differs between mixed unions (exogamous unions between natives and migrants or migrant descendants) and endogamous unions (unions among co-ethnics). Our theoretical considerations are derived from assimilation theories, which view exogamous unions as indicators of assimilation processes, and the framework on migrant fertility. The migrant (or descendant) partner in an exogamous union may adapt to the majority group, both partners may adapt to each other, or both partners may constitute a selected group in their fertility preferences. However, due to the higher likelihood of conflicts within the partnership and of separation, exogamy may disrupt family formation processes and depress couples’ fertility. Drawing on data from the GSOEP (1984–2020), we estimate generalized Poisson regressions. The results reveal that the number of children ever born is higher in exogamous unions than in endogamous native couples. This general pattern largely persists across migrant generations and regions of origin, but we identify gender differences. While fertility in exogamous unions of native women/migrant (descendant) men is not statistically different from fertility in native/native couples, unions of migrant (descendant) women/native men have more children, especially when controlling for socio-demographic confounders. Our results demonstrate that in the German context, exogamy does not lead to fertility disruptions, and is not straightforwardly associated with assimilation to the fertility of the majority group. Instead, differences in gendered partner choice patterns and life-course transitions may influence the number of children exogamous couples have.
This article provides an overview of fertility trends during the last decade; a period marked first by the economic and then by the “refugee crisis” affecting both the intensity of migratory flows and foreigners’ profile settled in Greece. The analysis employs datasets on births by age and parity of Greek (“nationals”) and foreigner nationals (“foreigners”), a distinction quite appropriate for the study of migrant fertility. While fertility of the two components of reproductive age population in Greece declined during the recession, that of foreigners’ has been much more affected. However, over the past six years (2015–2020), fertility evolution of foreigners contrasts with those of nationals. It is fast and covers all ages. If this increase is partly due to a recovery of births, the determining factor is quite different; i.e. the recent increase of women from medium and less developed countries continues with much higher fertility than those of foreigners settled in Greece before the onset of the economic crisis.
Household formation and fertility rate are one of the markers of the extent of an immigrant community’s integration into their new society. This paper studies the demographic aspects of Iranian immigrants’ integration in Israel.
We study the interrelationships between partnership and fertility trajectories of immigrant women and female descendants of immigrants using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. We propose a novel multistate event history approach to analyse the outcomes of unpartnered, cohabiting, and married women. We find that the partnership and fertility behaviours of immigrants and descendants from European and Western countries are similar to those of native women: many cohabit first and then have children and/or marry. Those from countries with conservative family behaviours (e.g. South Asian countries) marry first and then have children. Women from the Caribbean show the weakest link between partnership changes and fertility: some have births outside unions; some form a union and have children thereafter. Family patterns have remained relatively stable across migrant generations and birth cohorts, although marriage is being postponed in all groups. Our findings on immigrants support the socialization hypothesis, whereas those on descendants are in line with the minority subculture hypothesis.
Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der Differenzkategorie und dem Strukturmerkmal „Migration“ und diskutiert, welche migrationsspezifischen Aspekte in der familiensoziologischen Forschung berücksichtigt werden sollten, um familiale Prozesse und Familienbeziehungen in einer Migrationsgesellschaft angemessen zu adressieren. Verbunden mit einer Migration sind u. a. die grenzüberschreitende Mobilität, der Herkunftsbezug und die transnationale Organisation von Familie sowie die mit Eingliederungs- und Teilhabeprozessen über die Zeit verbundenen spezifischen familialen Aufgaben und Herausforderungen. Der Beitrag präsentiert entlang dieser drei Perspektiven ausgewählte Forschungsbefunde zu den familiensoziologisch bedeutsamen Themen der Partnerschaftsgenese und -entwicklung, des generativen Verhaltens und der Generationenbeziehungen.
Prior research shows links between the timing of migration and family formation, particularly childbearing, among Hispanic immigrants in the United States, with implications for socioeconomic well-being. However, temporal connections between migration and union formation, particularly non-marital cohabiting unions, remain underexplored. As cohabiting unions have long coexisted with marriage in parts of Latin America, this omission may be particularly misrepresentative of the family formation strategies of Hispanic immigrants. Drawing on data from the National Survey of Family Growth (2011–2017), I examine the association between the timing of migration and entry into first marital or non-marital (cohabiting) union, treating marriage and cohabitation as competing events for first union type. Among women whose first union was non-marital, I also examine the relationship between migration and the likelihood of transitioning out of the non-marital union, either through marriage or union dissolution. Results show that marriage formation was high the year of migration, and increased again only after 6 years post-migration, whereas cohabitation was high the year of migration and continued to increase with each period following migration. Furthermore, non-marital unions formed prior to migration were likely to transition to marriage or dissolve, while those formed after migration were likely to remain non-marital. These findings point to distinctions in the types of partnerships formed before and after migration and to the salience of non-marital unions for women who migrate unpartnered, demonstrating the need for further research on the socioeconomic integration and well-being of unmarried or cohabiting immigrant women, and the dynamic connections between migration, gender, and family.
This paper examines the childbearing behaviour of Polish migrant women and their descendants in Sweden. Also considering stayers in the country of origin, we rely on a country-of-origin and country-of-destination approach in a careful examination regarding the relevance of three hypotheses on migrant fertility: the socialisation, selection, and adaptation hypotheses. We analyse the transitions to first and second births based on a piecewise exponential model, using Swedish register data and the Polish Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) first wave. The results support the socialisation hypothesis, as the Polish stayers and the first-generation Polish migrants have their first child at younger ages and are less likely to remain childless than the other groups but are also more likely to not proceed to a second child, unlike the Swedish natives and the second generation. We find partial support for the selection hypothesis. Descriptively, we observe signs of selection into migration based on education, cohort, and marital status. Additionally, our study shows that the impact of marriage varies between stayers and migrants, in the first-birth transition, suggesting selection into migration when it comes to unobserved characteristics as well. The adaptation hypothesis is also supported, as the fertility behaviour of the second generation more closely resembles that of the Swedish natives than that of the first generation and differs more from that of the Polish stayers in terms of both quantum and timing of the first and second births.
The study of the fertility of immigrants has received much attention in recent years, particularly in societies with fertility rates below replacement levels. However, fertility in refugee populations remains understudied. Using rich register data on all female refugees of childbearing age (15–45 years) who arrived and settled in Norway between 2002 and 2015 (N = 23,527), we utilize the Norwegian settlement policy for refugees—which assigns all refugees coming to Norway to a municipality where they start their integration process—to study how fertility behavior in the years following settlement is related to the characteristics of the municipality to which refugee women are assigned. Importantly, we are able to control for individual-level characteristics used by the government agency at assignment, thus limiting the problem of selection on (un)observables. As explanatory variables, we focus on municipality unemployment rates, the share of non-Western immigrants already living in the municipality, and the total fertility rate in the municipality, and also control for the municipality’s age structure and childcare coverage. The study is thus of an exploratory nature. We measure these municipality characteristics the year before refugees settle and estimate their respective correlations with fertility (measured as the likelihood of having had at least one child in Norway) at the individual level for up to 8 years after settlement. We also explore heterogeneity by education and parity at settlement. We find no systematic associations between the share of non-Western immigrants in the municipality and refugees’ fertility; however, the municipality’s fertility rate is positively correlated with the likelihood of giving birth to a child in Norway, especially for women who are childless at arrival. The links between local unemployment rates and fertility are heterogeneous across education groups and parity.
Literacy is a broad term that includes reading and writing abilities, as well as cognitive skills that are socially and culturally constructed. Thus, it is essential to take the family context and home literacy environment (HLE) into consideration when discussing literacy. HLE affects reading and writing development via (in)formal literacy experiences focused on the development of oral language and code skills via exposure, child-centered and instructed activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of the family type (intermarriage/exogamous and co-ethnic/endogamous) and HLE on the development of literacy in bi-/multilingual children in Cyprus. The results of the study, which was based on qualitative methodology (questionnaires, interviews and observations), showed that there was a close relationship between the family type, family language policy (FLP), the HLE and the development of children’s language and literacy skills which, in addition, depended on their socioeconomic status (SES), the level of the parents’ education, life trajectories and experience, linguistic and cultural identities, status in the society, future plans for residency, and the education and careers of their children. Overall, Russian-speaking parents in immigrant contexts realized the importance of (early) child literacy experiences at home, as well as of multiliteracy and multimodality, and attempted to enhance these experiences both in Russian and in the majority language(s), mainly via formal, didactic activities focused on code skills.
To test the Family Investment Model (FIM), we follow cohorts and individuals over time. Consistent with the FIM, women in the Asian developing country groups are more likely to work than West Europeans or Canadians during their initial U.S. years. Contradicting the FIM, the same pattern persists ten years later. To further test the cohort-based results, we exploit a feature of the decennial census to follow the same individuals. Our longitudinal analyses show that the relatively high propensity to work of Asian immigrant women does not decrease with time in the U.S. The strong positive correlation between the adjusted earnings gap for men and the propensity to work of immigrant women helps offset the low initial earnings of immigrant men from Asian developing countries.
Immigration to low fertility countries provides both needed labour and demographic growth. As immigrants often arrive as young adults, they may also contribute to population growth in the destination country through their births. In this research, we assembled data from quinquennial censuses and annual birth registers to analyse fertility amongst immigrants in Australia. We use these data to compare the number of births to immigrant women to Australian-born women. These data are also used to describe 35 years of changes that have occurred in Australia by tracking the age-specific fertility patterns of 18 different immigrant groups in Australia from 1981 to 2016. We find that age-specific fertility rates of immigrants have become more similar to those exhibited by the Australia-born population over time. Across immigrant groups and destinations in Australia, however, we find differences in both the levels and trends over time.
This paper identifies intermarriage (between non-citizens and citizens) as an important response mechanism to intensified immigration enforcement, particularly among Mexican non-citizens. Exploiting the temporal and geographic variation in the implementation of interior immigration enforcement from 2005 to 2017, we find that a one standard deviation increase in enforcement raises Mexican non-citizens' likelihood of marrying a U.S. citizen by 3 to 7%. Both police-based and employment-based enforcement contribute to this impact. The analysis adds to a growing literature examining how immigrants respond to tightened enforcement and, importantly, sheds light on the recent growth of intermarriage among Mexican immigrants.
Rationale and objectives of the study Fertility in Cuba has been below the replacement level for three decades. Concomitantly, the exit of the young population is a permanent feature of the demographic dynamics of the country. This situation worsened with the economic crisis suffered by Cuba in the 1990s, as a consequence of the Soviet Union collapse. Regarding fertility, there are several explanations found in the literature regarding the Cuban case. The substantive educational gains with which Cuban women have benefited from the 1959 Revolution and the proximate determinants affecting the supply of children are the main factors involved. Indeed, Cuba has long had extensive coverage of contraceptive methods as well as an extended practice of abortion. However, the extant literature does not cover the fertility of Cuban women living outside Cuba. This study aims to examine Cuban emigrants' reproductive behavior, specifically to examine how the relationship between fertility and the use of contraception, abortions, age at marriage, and the number of marriages varies between Cubans living in Cuba and Cuban immigrants in North America. The specific context is an important determinant of attitudes, aspirations, and reproductive related behaviors. Concerning migration, there is a tradition of Cubans migrating to the United States, and the Cuban presence in this country is one of the most numerous among the Latino community. However, the emigration of Cubans has diversified beyond United States territory in recent years. Countries with migration policies toward high education selection, as Canada is, have attracted Cuban professionals from diverse areas of training. In this scenario, women living in both countries may have different educational profiles that could be influencing their reproductive behavior. Based on these considerations, overall project will address the following research questions: 1) What are the differentials in the reproductive behavior of Cuban women living in the United States and Canada regarding fertility level and structure? 2) What are the factors that could contribute to these differentials? This proposal is to analyze the Canadian data to 1) Identify trends, patterns, and levels in the timing and quantum of fertility (when women of Cuban descent in Canada have children, how many children they have. 2) Identify key explanatory factors of behavior.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.