Determination of plasma parameters and nanomaterial’s synthesis of Zn and Mn using laser induced plasma spectroscopy

Abstract

In this work, a spectrum of zinc and manganese plasma using the emission spectroscopy (O.E.S.), which was informed to measure parameters of plasma (density of electron, temperature of electron , frequency of plasma, and length of Debye). On the other hand, the influence of energy on the morphology and structural characterization of the thin film of pure zinc and pure manganese precipitated werethe laser wavelength (1064 nm) was studied using a pulse deposition technique on glass bases (Nd : YAG). Hexagonal and cubic shape, and tests (A.F.M.) revealed that the laser decreased the average granular diameter with enhanced intensity, respectively.

Full text

AIP Conference Proceedings 2372, 080014 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0067300 2372, 080014
© 2021 Author(s).
Determination of plasma parameters and
nanomaterial’s synthesis of Zn and Mn using
laser induced plasma spectroscopy
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2372, 080014 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0067300
Published Online: 15 November 2021
Kadhim A. Aadim and Rafal H. Jassim

Determination of Plasma Parameters and
Nanomaterial's Synthesis of Zn and Mn using Laser
Induced Plasma Spectroscopy
Kadhim A. Aadima , Rafal H. Jassim
University of Baghdad, College of science physic department, plasma physics group, Baghdad, Iraq
a) Corresponding author: Email: kadhim_adem@yahoo.com
Abstract. In this work, a spectrum of zinc and manganese plasma using the emission spectroscopy (O.E.S.), which was
informed to measure parameters of plasma (density of electron, temperature of electron , frequency of plasma, and
length of Debye).On the other hand, the influence of energy on the morphology and structural characterization of the
thin film of pure zinc and pure manganese precipitated werethe laser wavelength (1064 nm) was studied using a pulse
deposition technique on glass bases (Nd : YAG). Hexagonal and cubic shape, and tests (A.F.M.) revealed that the laser
decreased the average granular diameter with enhanced intensity, respectively.
Keywords: Spectroscopic optical emission (O.E.S.), Laser-induced plasma (L.I.P.), PLD, XRD, A.F.M., Zinc , and
Manganese
INTRODUCTION
Plasma divided as plasma defined as fusion and low plasma temperature. Plasmas may be classified into
plasma thermal equilibrium and plasma plasma non thermal equilibrium. The term thermal equilibrium
refers to where all plasma species have the same temperature, such as electrons ,ions and neutral
particles[1-2].LIBS is an atomic emission spectroscopy technique that uses highly energetic laser pulses to
elicit excitation of optical samples[3]. The reaction between directed laser beams and the sample produces
plasma consisting of ionized matter[4]. The emission of plasma light can provide the chemical composition
of many different types of solid , liquid or gas with "spectral signatures"materials[5]. The diagnosis of
laboratory plasma, such as gas discharge plasma inductively coupled plasma (I.C.P.), usually involves
optical emission spectroscopy (O.E.S.).Numerous analytical techniques have developed to determine the
plasma properties such as density of electron, temperature of plasma, element recognition, and
quantification of elements present in the plasma.
For example, the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique used to study a sample's
elemental composition[6,7]. The Boltzmann plot method is a simple and widely used method for
spectroscopic measurement, especially for measuring the electron temperature of plasma from using the
relative intensity of two or more line spectra having a relatively large energy difference [8]. The latter
allows us to use the Boltzmann traditional drawing technique to define Te using the equation [9] :
[ 
 ] =- 
 (Ej) + ln [ 
() ] (1)
Where Iji is the relative length of the emission line between energy level I and j (in unspecified units);
Gjis the wavelength (in nanometers) of the degeneration or statistical weight of the leaking upper stage I of
the transformation tested; Aji is the likelihood of transfer of the random radiative emission from I to lower
stage j. Finally, the densities of N State populations,Ej it is the excitation force of the first level (eV), and K
is the constant of the Boltzmann. Phototropic reaction spectroscopy is typically used in laboratory detection
of plasma, such as plasma gas discharge, research-related plasma, or laser-induced plasma. Several
analytical methods, such as plasma temperature, electron intensity and plasma product identification, have
been established [10]
In this study, the following definition can be calculated by measuring the plasma parameters (plasma
electron temperature Te):[11]Te = 
 (  
   )
(2)
2nd International Conference in Physical Science & Advanced Materials
AIP Conf. Proc. 2372, 080014-1–080014-9; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0067300
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4170-5/$30.00
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Where, g, and λ are the upper-level strength, line width, likelihood of transfer, upper-level statistical
weight and wavelength respective electron density, the term used to measure electron density using Saha-
Boltzmann given as [12]. =
 6.04×10
(T) 3/2

  (3)
Where

∗ =  
 
Xz is the energy of ionization in eV, g2 is the statistical weight of transition from level (2) to level (1), ÿ2 is
the corresponding wavelength of transition from level (2) to level (1), and A2 is the probability of transition
from level (2) to level (1);Laser induced plasma length Debye given as [13]:
λD =(ε0KBTe /ne e2)1/2 (4)
where ε0 is the permissibility of free distance, K.Bthe Boltzmann steady and e the charge of the electron
and plasma frequency  can calculate as:

=ne e2/ ε0 me (5)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Setup
The diameter of the Laser spot may be adjusted with a repeat frequency of 6 Hz, by increasing the
difference between the target and the laser lens pulse length (9 ns). During the measurements a lens of 10
cm focal length was used in this work the same range of device sensitivity and precision. A shorter focal
lens may create a large beam waist, resulting in a more intense breakdown but a lower focus depth as well.
Section 1 displays a schematic description of the LIBS system Fig.1. Mathematically, the optical emission
spectroscopy (O.E.S.) approach used to calculate electron temperatures, densities and plasma frequency,
the duration of the Debye and Debye numbers
FIGURE 1 Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy (LIBS) System
Figure 2 shows the PLD system diagram of both a vacuum chamber and a laser source. The vacuum
chamber includes a circular stage for placing the target on and the small substrate holder parallel to the
mark and above it. The distance between the substrate and the destination fixed at 2,5mm. The PLD
chamber vacuumed to a pressure of 2.5×10-2 bar at room temperature (25ºC). The target irradiated by Nd:
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YAG laser fluencies of (650,750,850 and 950 mJ) for 100 pulses. Through the transparent Pyrex vacuum
chamber walls, the focused laser beam hits the target at an angle of45°to a regular surface. Following each
sample ablation, the objective rotated to prevent excessive drilling.
FIGURE 2.Pulsed laser deposition experimental setup
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Laser-produced (Zinc and Manganese) plasma optical emission spectrum ranges from 300 nm to 900
nm. Figure 3 showing Zn spectral lines in air atmospheric are Zn I (at 334.5 nm), Zn I (472.22 nm) and Zn
I (481.05) Zn II (at 492.40 nm), the strongest strength lines throughout the plasma continuum. We've also
recorded low intensity spectral lines, such as Zn I (at 330,26nm), Zn I (at 468.01 nm), Zn I (at 636.23nm),
and Zn II(at 589.44nm).
FIGURE 3. Spectroscopic pattern for plasma emission from Zn pure target at various laser energies
Figure 4 shows Mn I (445.16), Mn I (446.64 nm) Mn I (559.33 nm) and Mn I (600.64) Mn II (344.20 nm),
respectively, the highest plasma spectrum intensity lines in the ambient air. We have recorded low intensity
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spectral lines such as Mn I (at 304.46 nm), Mn I (at 322.81 nm), Mn I (at 354.82 nm), Mn I (at 360.75 nm)
Mn I (at 482.35), and Mn I (at 877.30)[13].The transitions identified using the spectral database of the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (N.I.S.T.). An increase in laser energy means an increase in
target ablation, finally an increase in the emission line intensity. The peaks' strengths differ from height to
height due to the variation in their statistical weight, probability of transition, and the energy of excited
level, which appoints the number of excited atoms at this level, according to Boltzmann. Also, it can notice
a difference in the percentage of increase in the peaks intensity when increasing the used laser energy
because of the difference in plasma temperature, which affects the distribution of the excited atoms,
according to Boltzmann [14].
FIGURE 4.Spectroscopic pattern for plasma emission from Mn pure target at different laser energies.
Tables 1 and 2 display the measured electron temperature, electron density, electron intensity and plasma
frequency for the zinc target, manganese at different laser energies, as all determined plasma parameters
conform to plasma conditions and plasma requirements obtained from the effects of plasma parameters
(,
,
, n) this result agrees with [15]
TABLE1.Plasma parameters for (Zn) pure target with different laser energies.
Laser energy
(M.J.)
Te (eV)
FWHM (nm)
n
e*
1017 (cm-3)
f
p
(Hz) *1012
λ
D
*10-6(cm)
650
0.0210
2.700
7.080
7.556
0.127
750
0.0215
3.000
7.867
7.965
0.121
850
0.0220
3.100
8.129
8.096
0.123
950
0.0240
3.300
8.653
8.353
0.123
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TABLE 2. Plasma parameters for (Mn) pure target with different laser energies.
Laser energy
(M.J.) Te (eV)
F.W.H.M. (nm)
ne*1018 (cm-3
)
f(Hz) *1013
λD *10-6
(cm)
650
0.214
3.200
8.889
2.677
1.153
750 0.219 3.300 9.167
2.719
1.149
850
0.225
3.500
9.722
2.800
1.129
950
0.231
3.500
10.556
2.918
1.100
With increased laser pulse energy, the electron temperature and electron density increased the reason For
this increase the laser peak energy has a powerful and essential effect on the intensity of the emission lines
in all metals as shown in Fig5. At a higher peak energy you become almost stable because the plasma
becomes opaque to the laser beam that shields the target. Shielding of plasma occurs when the plasma itself
reduces the transmission of laser peak power along the beam path[14].
FIGURE 5. Variation  and 
 plasma emitted from Zn and Mn pure target using the laser with different
energy
Figure 6, results of X-ray diffraction of pure zinc deposited on glass bases and influenced by laser energy
(950mJ) at R.T. showed, as shown in Fig6. the appearance of four separate peaks for the growth of
crystalline granules and in directions (002), (100), (101), (102) and (103) with a distinct increase in
direction (002) indicate the appearance of these vertices. That the composition obtained was polycrystalline
and also shows that the prepared membrane is of a high quality due to the high intensity this result is in
agreement with [16].
Zn
Mn
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FIGURE 6. XRD patterns of the Zn thin film using the PLD technique with the number of pulse =100
shots
The XRD pattern of Mn presented in Fig7. It can be that the film is polycrystalline and contains a cubic
structure. Diffraction peaks are located at (2θ = 40.4008, 43.0307, 47.8397, 50.0564, 52.2730, 73.6506,
75.4164, 78.8729) that belong To Miller coefficients ((400), (330), (332), (422), (431), (444), (550), (633) )
respectively, assigned to the plane (330) .The Fig7. shows X-ray diffraction pattern for Mn powder can
observe a polycrystalline cubic system for Mathis result agrees with[17]
FIGURE 7. XRD patterns of the Mn thin film using the PLD technique with the number of pulse =100
shots
Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the surface morphology and size distribution of the synthesized Zn N.P.sN.P.s and
MnN.P.sN.P.s to different energies. The morphology and size of Zn N.P.sN.P.s and MnN.P.sN.P.s are
varied as the laser energy increases, as shown from these figures 3D A.F.M. images and granularity
accumulation distribution chart of (ZnandMn) thin films deposited on glass substrate synthesized with
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different laser energy and the number of the shot as Fig. 8and 9. These figures show the atomic force
microscopy images and their granularity accumulation distribution for pure (Zn and Mn) thin films
deposited by pulsed laser on the glass substrate by using different energies (650, 750, 850, and 950) and the
number of pules (100pules). These figures show that the particle sizes for all atoms located on the
nanometric scale. TheseShapesillustrates that the average diameter decreases with an increasing number of
energies Laserthis result agrees with [18,19].


FIGURE 8. 3D A.F.M. and their granularity accumulation distribution for Zn thin film prepared by PLD
with different laser energy at R.T
E=650mJ, Average
Diameter65.22nm
E=950mJ,Average Diameter
34.16nm,
E=750mJ,Average
Diameter47.65nm
E=850mJ,Average
Diameter42.51nm
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FIGURE 9. 3D A.F.M. and their granularity accumulation distribution for Mnthin film prepared by PLD
with different laser energy at R.TR.T.
CONCLUSIONS
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) applied for the determination of plasma parameters of
Zinc and Manganese. The plasma parameters (electron density, electron temperature, plasma frequency,
and Debye length ) calculate at 650, 750, 850, and 950 mJ laser pulse energy. Thin films prepared using the
pulse deposition technique. Results (PLD) of thin films of zinc and manganese polycrystalline, as well as
images (A.F.M.) that the size of the particles is affected by the laser energy as the more power increases the
average diameter is decreased and observed to be highly dependent on the strength of the laser pulse.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thank the University of Baghdad, College of Science, Department of Physics, Plasma Physics Lab, to
support this work.
E=650mJ, Mn, Average
Diameter66.81nm
E=750mJ, Mn, Average
Diameter of 61.32 nm
E=850mJ,Average Diameter
54.11nm
E=950mJ, MnAverage
Diameter 54.11nm
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