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Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era -- A review
Abstract
The exploration of the universe has recently entered a new era thanks to the multi-messenger paradigm, characterized by a continuous increase in the quantity and quality of experimental data that is obtained by the detection of the various cosmic messengers (photons, neutrinos, cosmic rays and gravitational waves) from numerous origins. They give us information about their sources in the universe and the properties of the intergalactic medium. Moreover, multi-messenger astronomy opens up the possibility to search for phenomenological signatures of quantum gravity. On the one hand, the most energetic events allow us to test our physical theories at energy regimes which are not directly accessible in accelerators; on the other hand, tiny effects in the propagation of very high energy particles could be amplified by cosmological distances. After decades of merely theoretical investigations, the possibility of obtaining phenomenological indications of Planck-scale effects is a revolutionary step in the quest for a quantum theory of gravity, but it requires cooperation between different communities of physicists (both theoretical and experimental). This review is aimed at promoting this cooperation by giving a state-of-the art account of the interdisciplinary expertise that is needed in the effective search of quantum gravity footprints in the production, propagation and detection of cosmic messengers.
... There are two motivations that lead to the construction of modifications of gravity. The first is purely theoretical, namely, to construct gravitational theories that do not suffer from the renormalizability problems of general relativity and thus are closer to a quantum description [1,2]. The second is cosmological, namely, to construct gravitational theories that at a cosmological framework can describe the early and late accelarating eras [3][4][5][6][7] , as well as to alleviate various observational tensions [8]. ...
We confront f(T,TG) gravity, with big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) requirements. The former is obtained using both the torsion scalar, as well as the teleparallel equivalent of the Gauss–Bonnet term, in the Lagrangian, resulting to modified Friedmann equations in which the extra torsional terms constitute an effective dark energy sector. We calculate the deviations of the freeze-out temperature Tf, caused by the extra torsion terms in comparison to ΛCDM paradigm. Then, we impose five specific f(T,TG) models and extract the constraints on the model parameters in order for the ratio |ΔTf/Tf| to satisfy the observational BBN bound. As we find, in most of the models the involved parameters are bounded in a narrow window around their general relativity values as expected, asin the power-law model, where the exponent n needs to be n≲0.5. Nevertheless, the logarithmic model can easily satisfy the BBN constraints for large regions of the model parameters. This feature should be taken into account in future model building.
A bstract
In Hořava-Lifshitz gravity, a putative consistent theory of quantum gravity for which there is evidence for both black hole thermodynamics and a holographic construction, spacetime is endowed with a preferred dynamical spacelike foliation. The theory has a leaf reparameterization symmetry that is neither global nor local gauge, hyperbolic and elliptic equations of motion, a lack of splittability, and universal horizon black hole solutions. The reparameterization symmetry is “mixed”: it is a local symmetry in one coordinate yet global on each leaf. More broadly it is an example of both unfree and projectable gauge symmetries. The mixed symmetry and associated charge has not yet been accounted for in calculations of universal horizon thermodynamics in Hořava-Lifshitz gravity. This has led to problems, in particular the failure of the first law in a class of asymptotically AdS solutions where the normal to the leaves of the foliation is not aligned with the time translation Killing vector at infinity. We show how the dynamics of the charge corresponding to this symmetry coupled with the other features above resolves this issue. We then briefly comment how this mixed symmetry, the corresponding charge, and the elliptic equations of motion also conspire to evade recent holographic arguments for only local gauge fields in consistent theories of quantum gravity due to the lack of splittability of the elliptic equation and associated mode.
A bstract
We propose a testable alternative to inflation directly built in a very general class of ultraviolet complete theories of quantum gravity enjoying Weyl invariance. After the latter is spontaneously broken, logarithmic quantum corrections to the action make both the primordial tensor spectrum (from graviton fluctuations) and the scalar spectrum (from thermal fluctuations) quasi scale invariant. We predict a scalar spectral index n s which only depends on two parameters and is consistent with observations, a tensor index n t = 1 − n s > 0, and, if the fundamental energy scale of the theory Λ * = M Pl is of order of the Planck mass, a tensor-to-scalar ratio r 0 . 05 ≈ 0 . 01 detectable by BICEP Array and LiteBIRD in the immediate or near future, respectively, and a blue-tilted stochastic gravitational-wave background observable by DECIGO in the further future. From the observational constraint r 0 . 05 < 0 . 036, we also find the lower bound Λ * > 8 . 5 × 10 ¹⁰ GeV, much stronger than any previous one for this class of theories.
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