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"שום מחשבה על הנזק שהם עושים לענף שלהם": התפתחות העיסוק העיתונאי והשיח המקצועי בעיתונות הספורט 1949-2013

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Haim Hagay at Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee
Haim Hagay
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Abstract

המחקר מעוגן במסורת המחקרית המבקשת לבחון את שאלת התמקצעות העיסוק העיתונאי. מטרת המחקר היא לבחון את השינויים שחלו במאפייני הקהילה העיתונאית ובתפיסת העיסוק העיתונאי בשדה עיתונות הספורט בין השנים 1949-2013. לשם כך בוצע ניתוח תוכן דיאכרוני בארבעה אשכולות עיתונאיים לשיח העיתונאי הרפלקסיבי, כפי שבא לידי ביטוי בידיעות שסיקרו את משחקי נבחרת ישראל בכדורגל. הממצאים מלמדים שניתן לזהות בשיח הספורט התאמה בין השינויים שחלו במאפייני הכותבים לבין שיח הגבולות, שניהלה הקהילה כדי להגדיר את עצמה. מרגע שהתגבשה קהילה מקצועית שזכתה להגמוניה לא מאותגרת בשדה, ההתייחסות הרפלקסיבית טשטשה את הגבולות הפנימיים בקהילה והדגישה את הגבולות החיצוניים בינם לבין ההדיוטות, כדי להדגיש את המומחיות העיתונאית. בשנות ה-90, כשהופיעו איומים חיצוניים מצד ספורטאים וכתבי טלוויזיה ורשת על ההגמוניה של עיתונאי הספורט, ביקשו העיתונאים ליישם ערכים מקצועיים הקשורים לפרדיגמה האובייקטיבית. כך הם שירטטו את גבולותיה פנימיים של הקהילה המקצועית ושימרו את תחום השיפוט שלהם.
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
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ירוקמ רמאמ
"םהלש ףנעל םישוע םהש קזנה לע הבשחמ םוש": חישהו יאנותיעה קוסיעה תוחתפתה
טרופסה תונותיעב יעוצקמה1949-2013
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ריצקת



    
         
   
          

   
           

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אובמ
           
 

          


Carlson, 2015



haimhagay@mx.kinneret.ac.il
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       

    Schudson & Anderson,
2009; Zelizer, 1993Sarfatti-
Larson, 1979

     
 
Abbott, 1988
            


           

      Davidson, 2013  
 
Sarfatti-Larson,
1979

           

Gieryn, 1999


     Schudson & Anderson, 2009 
  
         
Weaver& Williant, 2012
          

Zelizer, 1992 
         
          
        


Zelizer, 1993         
     Carlson, 2015     

Schudson & Anderson, 2009


 


Bishop, 1999
Bishop, 2004
Hindman, 2005

  Meyers, 2011       


           
    Berkowitz, 2000    
          
     
News of the World
Carlson &
Berkowitz, 2014
Livio, 2005Paradigm
Repair          
Paradigm Maintenance


        

Berkowitz, 2000; Schudson, 1978Hallin & Mancini,
2004
         

          
Livio, 2005

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

            
Carlson, 2007; Karlsson, 2011      

Zelizer, 1992


Hanitzsch, Van Dalen, & Steindl, 2018

Singer, 2007

Reich, 2012
            
Reese, Rutigliano, Hyun, & Jeong, 2007
   Reich, 2012    
      

          

           
         

Rowe, 2005
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


Kaufman & Galily, 2007





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             
  

 ץראה





   ונזע       



טרופסה תושדח        

תושדחתושדח
  
 תושדח          

 בירעמתועידי תונורחא    

רקחמה תולאש
          


1 
2         

3       
         

4 


    


רקחמה תטיש

Livio, 2005


         
     
Zandberg & Neiger, 2005
 
Bernstein, 2007      
          

           
           
Tamir, 2014

           
    Kaufman & Galily, 2007; 
           
  





1 בירעמתונורחא תועידי

2  ץראה

3 חטרופסה תושדקחשמה םש
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4 
     םעה לוק    
תושדחריעה

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

    


Atlas.ti
םיאצממ

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
Kaufman & Galily, 2007
       

        
  
          


 
        

ץראה



              
ץראה


           


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


טרופסה תושדח
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
Tamir& Galily, 2011
    לוק
םעה




        

    טרופסה תושדח  


טרופסה תושדח
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
         תושדח
טרופסה            
          





בירעמ

Meyers, 2005Davidson, 2013

             


            
טרופסה תושדח


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
   

  
 Davidson, 2013 
 

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
           
           



 
  טרופסה תושדח       



  
              


         
(
         


Zelizer, 1992 





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
Tamir& Galily, 2011 
 תושדח

תושדחבירעמתונורחא תועידי
Davidson, 2013



       


 ושדחת 

         
    Crouse, 1973Pack
Journalism
      
   Boyle, 2006Frank, 2003    

           
          
         
   
    
Tamir & Galily, 2011


          
תושדח
ץראהתונורחא תועידי
תושדח






     ושדחת  

         תושדח  


         
           

  Albæk, Christiansen, & Togeby, 2003    



         Albæk, 2011  

          

 

          







          
          

           


 

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
הריע


          



            
   קחשמה םש          




              
         

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


        
            

   
    

            


ץראהקחשמה םשריעה

ץראה

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   
  

     קחשמה םש     




           
קחשמה םש 
          


          Karlsson, 2011 
         
קחשמה םש

    קחשמה םש   


           
תונורחא תועידיבירעמ

         

  
 Livio, 2005

ריעה  
       





     ריעה     

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



ONE
            

           

          

Tamir & Galily, 2011

   







           






         



תונורחא תועידי
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  
   
תונורחא תועידי

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  




           



         

Tamir & Galily, 2011

 
        
תונורחא תועידי

   

    




   
           

     

 


           
ONE
           ריעה
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

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          


 ONE
           ONE

Koivula, 1999



  
Carlson & Berkowitz, 2014




         
             
Meyers, 2011הזה םלועה)   

1 םיסרטניא דוגינ.
ריעה



2 תוילרטינ. 

      
   

           

3 קויד חותיפותויפיצ.      
        תונורחא תועידי





4 תונקעצ. 
          
           

5 תיתרבח תוירחא.


 

6 תפידר תוליכרב קוסיעו תויצסנס. 



          
 


  
        

      Livio, 2005    
         

       

םוכיסו ןויד
       

        
  
       








 
          



           
         


    

   
          
         
      

        Meyers, 2011   
          

Carlson, 2012
         


          

 

            

  
Zandberg
& Neiger, 2005

         


     


 Meyers, 2011       
     
             


Livio, 2005   

Tamir & Galily,
2011            

           
          
             
         

           
           

         
 
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תורוקמה תמישר

תומגמ


טרופסה תושדח
טרופסה תושדח
תונורחא תועידי
בירעמ
הרוחסל קחשממ: ,ילארשיה לגרודכה1948-1999


 ץראה

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טרופסה תושדח
    

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רשק
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בירעמ
קחשמה םש
ץראה
ץראה
םינפ
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
תושדח
םיכוותמה: לארשיב תרושקתה יעצמא1948-1992
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 ,רשק
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ריעה
קחשמה םש
טרופסה תושדח

 םירשעה האמב לארשיב טרופסהו ףוגה תוברת
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

תונורחא תועידי
תונורחא תועידי
תונורחא תועידי
תונורחא תועידי

ץראה
ריעה
תונורחא תועידי
העונתב


הה לע :הרד'םירחא' לש םייתרושקת םיגוציי
תילארשי היגולויצוס


תושדח
ץראה
ץראה
תונורחא תועידי
 םילימ:תעגל תוסנמה רקחמ ינתוכיא - םושייו הירואת
קחשמה םש


Abbott, A. (1988).
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The Rise of Professionalism
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Aug 2017
The rise of modern educational systems brings an ideological resolution to the tension between universalistic principles and exclusive privilege embodied in the notion of expertise. The unification of training and research in the modern university is a particularly significant development. As graduate and professional schools emerged at the top of the educational hierarchy, the professions acquired not only an institutional basis on which to develop and standardize knowledge and technologies. They also received, in university training, a most powerful legitimation for their claims to cognitive and technical superiority and to social and economic benefits. While the university represents a major factor in the advance of professionalization, it is only one development in the twentieth-century maturation of industrial capitalism. The choice of professionalization over unionization as a strategy of collective mobility is of general significance: professionalism makes an important contribution to the ideological denial of structural inequality.
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The Decline of Nationalism among Football Fans
Article
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Throughout the history of the nation-state, political leaders have used sport as a means of promoting individual and national agendas. Over the last few years, their hold over sport appears to have weakened. In an era of commercialization, individualism, and globalization, many sport fans have access to matches from all over the world at all hours of the day. This commentary argues that while the broadcasting of international football tournaments remains highly profitable for national television networks, their close relationship with national political agendas will continue to weaken.
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Israeli Journalism during the State's Formative Era: Between Ideological Affiliation and Professional Consciousness
Article
  • Jul 2005
This article explores the process by which Israeli journalists in the 1950s and the 1960s forged a communal identity by thinking and writing about issues such as the importance of the journalistic profession, sources of their professional authority, reporting conventions, and their assessments of good and bad journalism and the appropriate ways to distinguish between them. It also explores how fundamental tensions between ideological and professional affiliations were concretized via various journalistic “areas of contention.” Thus, it indicates how debates over specific issues, such as preferred journalistic writing styles or the optimal relations between the Israeli media and military censors, could be better understood within the larger context of this process of journalistic self-definition.
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Caught in the Nexus: A Comparative and Longitudinal Analysis of Public Trust in the Press
Article
  • Nov 2017
  • INT J PRESS/POLIT
Despite signs of declining press trust in many western countries, we know little about trends in press trust across the world. Based on comparative survey data from the World Values Survey (WVS) and European Values Study (EVS), this study looks into national levels of trust in the press and identifies factors that drive differences across societies and individuals as well as over time. Findings indicate that the widely noted decline in media trust is not a universal trend; it is true for only about half of the studied countries, with the United States experiencing the largest and most dramatic drop in trust in the press. Political trust has emerged as key factor for our understanding of trust in the press. We found robust evidence for what we called the trust nexus—the idea that trust in the news media is strongly linked to the way publics look at political institutions. The link between press trust and political trust was considerably stronger in politically polarized societies. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that the relation between press trust and political trust is becoming stronger over time. We reason that the strong connection between media and political trust may be driven by a growing public sentiment against elite groups.
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Comparing Media Systems. Three Model of Media and Politics
Book
  • Apr 2004
Building on a survey of media institutions in eighteen West European and North American democracies, Hallin and Mancini identify the principal dimensions of variation in media systems and the political variables which have shaped their evolution. They go on to identify three major models of media system development (the Polarized Pluralist, Democratic Corporatist and Liberal models) to explain why the media have played a different role in politics in each of these systems, and to explore the forces of change that are currently transforming them. It provides a key theoretical statement about the relation between media and political systems, a key statement about the methodology of comparative analysis in political communication and a clear overview of the variety of media institutions that have developed in the West, understood within their political and historical context.
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Jayson Blair, The New York Times, and Paradigm Repair
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  • Jun 2005
This case study focuses on The New York Times's reaction to the Jayson Blair plagiarism/fabrication scandal by examining how the Times explained Blair's failures to uphold standards of newsgathering and its own failure of the editing process. The study uses image restoration and paradigm repair theories to explore how the Times attempted to repair its own image and that of journalism generally, and concludes that the Times demonstrated a more nuanced concept of paradigm repair than earlier research had shown. Although it distanced itself from Blair and emphasized the value of journalistic standards, the Times accepted responsibility for violations of those standards and admitted that the very structure of the news paradigm failed in this case.
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'The emperor lost his clothes': Rupert Murdoch, News of the World and journalistic boundary work in the UK and USA
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  • Apr 2013
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Episodes of journalistic deviancy become moments of reflection for the journalistic interpretive community, at times assuming international proportions. This study examines the construction of appropriate journalistic norms through reactions to the phone hacking scandal that led to the abrupt closure of the British Sunday tabloid the News of the World on 10 July 2011. A comparison of reactions in US and UK newspapers reveals how boundary work articulates appropriate practices through defining deviant behavior. Rather than isolating the troubles to a single newsroom, what emerges is a form of synecdochic deviancy in which the significance of the scandal expands to larger normative questions among journalists in both nations.
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