Chapter

Los casos ‘séptimo’ y ‘octavo’ en el Ars grammatica de Julián de Toledo

January 2021

In book: Nuevos Estudios de Latín Medieval Hispánico, eds. C. Codoñer, Mª. A. Andrés Sanz, J. C. Martín-Iglesias, D. Paniagua, (pp.181-192)
Publisher: SISMEL-Edizioni del Galluzzo, Firenze

Authors:

José Carracedo Fraga

University of Santiago de Compostela

Julian of Toledo continues a grammatical tradition that comes to him from Late Antiquity and defends in his Ars grammatica the need to consider the so-called «seventh» and «eighth» cases for a correct description of the case system of Latin. This paper includes an analysis of how Julian may either follow his grammatical sources or be an innovator in his explanations and examples.

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Article

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From Body to Substance: Islamic Menstruation Laws in the Shadow of Late Antiquity?

November 2024 · Islamic Law and Society

[...]
Tobias Scheunchen

This essay traces the development of the Islamic legal discourse on menstruation ( ḥayd ) in the formative and classical periods of Islamic law (until approximately 1200 ce ). I argue that, unlike their late antique predecessors and contemporaries, Muslim jurists parsed menstrual blood, with its perceived ability to travel and pollute other bodies and substances, as a generically polluting ... [Show full abstract] substance (the “substance-thesis”). This development marked a noteworthy departure from rabbinic law, in which the menstruating female body was regarded as inherently impure. The complex and sophisticated conceptual shift in Islamic legal discourse involved the participation of Muslim jurists, exegetes, theologians, and grammarians, who constructed and justified the new social boundaries between men and menstruant women in their respective disciplines. By treating menstruation laws as part of a comprehensive cultural regime governing the body, I seek to understand the nexus between Islamic menstruation laws and the social worlds they constituted, historically examining the conceptual shifts in the logic of making such laws. The essay puts sociological and anthropological theories in conversation with a wide array of Islamic legal and quasi-legal sources, offering a model for understanding the legal and cultural process by which Islamic (menstruation) laws became codified against the backdrop of much older late antique legal epistemologies.

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The Dual Hierarchy of Late Antiquity

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The East Romans of Byzantium and the Sasanian Persians competed as geopolitical rivals for over four centuries between 224 and 628 ad. Through a series of intractable conflicts, these two great empires would develop a dual hierarchy that sought to divide the known world between them. Despite competing claims to universal rule, mutual spheres of interest arose as both empires sought to create ... [Show full abstract] rules, norms, and standard practices of diplomatic behaviour to regulate their inter-imperial rivalry. Defined by contemporaries as the ‘Two Eyes’ of the Earth, this suzerain order aimed to hierarchically organize those considered ‘barbarians’. This period of late antiquity is rarely considered within the discipline of international relations. Through an English School approach, this work examines the diverse suzerain order of late antiquity as ‘barbarous’ nomadic tribes challenged the hierarchical ambitions of two rival empires who both claimed a unique role in the maintenance of world order.

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List of Maps

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The East Romans of Byzantium and the Sasanian Persians competed as geopolitical rivals for over four centuries between 224 and 628 ad. Through a series of intractable conflicts, these two great empires would develop a dual hierarchy that sought to divide the known world between them. Despite competing claims to universal rule, mutual spheres of interest arose as both empires sought to create ... [Show full abstract] rules, norms, and standard practices of diplomatic behaviour to regulate their inter-imperial rivalry. Defined by contemporaries as the ‘Two Eyes’ of the Earth, this suzerain order aimed to hierarchically organize those considered ‘barbarians’. This period of late antiquity is rarely considered within the discipline of international relations. Through an English School approach, this work examines the diverse suzerain order of late antiquity as ‘barbarous’ nomadic tribes challenged the hierarchical ambitions of two rival empires who both claimed a unique role in the maintenance of world order.

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Conclusion

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The East Romans of Byzantium and the Sasanian Persians competed as geopolitical rivals for over four centuries between 224 and 628 ad. Through a series of intractable conflicts, these two great empires would develop a dual hierarchy that sought to divide the known world between them. Despite competing claims to universal rule, mutual spheres of interest arose as both empires sought to create ... [Show full abstract] rules, norms, and standard practices of diplomatic behaviour to regulate their inter-imperial rivalry. Defined by contemporaries as the ‘Two Eyes’ of the Earth, this suzerain order aimed to hierarchically organize those considered ‘barbarians’. This period of late antiquity is rarely considered within the discipline of international relations. Through an English School approach, this work examines the diverse suzerain order of late antiquity as ‘barbarous’ nomadic tribes challenged the hierarchical ambitions of two rival empires who both claimed a unique role in the maintenance of world order.