Citizen science in Greece for the environmental sector and beyond

Abstract

Citizen science (CS) may be understood as a scientific domain as well as a research method that involves non-experts (citizens) in one or more parts of the life cycle of a research project or activity, resulting in the generation of new knowledge or understanding. For the environmental domain, CS evolved initially on the basis of the participation of citizens in the observation/monitoring of the quality and the characteristics of the environment they live in. CS in Greece is still at a premature level in comparison to other countries, as resulting from the number and the extent of the relevant activities. In the frame of an internet-oriented survey, we were able to identify approximately 100 CS-related ongoing or recently finished projects, the majority of which refer to STEM activities. Out of those activities, biodiversity surfaced as the main research subject, while air quality, urban environment, and agriculture seem to be high in the research preferences. Regarding the non-STEM activities, education is the domain with the biggest influence in citizen science projects. We provide the detailed results of a thorough investigation of CS-related activities in Greece, with emphasis on the environmental sector. We identify the environmental domains that were addressed by relevant projects, and we evaluate the results of such activities in terms of their potential impact on the environment and society. In addition, we report on the status and future trends concerning environment-related CS activities, with special emphasis on the use of popular and widely accessible devices like smartphones for environmental monitoring.

Full text

Environmental Education
Proceedings 703
of the Eighth International Conference
on Environmental Management, Engineering, Planning & Economics
Thessaloniki, Greece, July 20-24, 2021
ISBN: 978-618-5494-53-7
Citizen science in Greece for the environmental sector and beyond
A. Bakousi1, Th. Kassandros1and K. Karatzas1*
1Environmental Informatics Research Group, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Aristotle University, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
*Corresponding author: E-mail: kkara@auth.gr, Tel +30 2310 994176
Abstract
Citizen science (CS) may be understood as a scientific domain as well as a research method
that involves non-experts (citizens) in one or more parts of the life cycle of a research project
or activity, resulting in the generation of new knowledge or understanding. For the
environmental domain, CS evolved initially on the basis of the participation of citizens in the
observation/monitoring of the quality and the characteristics of the environment they live in.
CS in Greece is still at a premature level in comparison to other countries, as resulting from
the number and the extent of the relevant activities. In the frame of an internet-oriented
survey, we were able to identify approximately 100 CS-related ongoing or recently finished
projects, the majority of which refer to STEM activities. Out of those activities, biodiversity
surfaced as the main research subject, while air quality, urban environment, and agriculture
seem to be high in the research preferences. Regarding the non-STEM activities, education is
the domain with the biggest influence in citizen science projects. We provide the detailed
results of a thorough investigation of CS-related activities in Greece, with emphasis on the
environmental sector. We identify the environmental domains that were addressed by relevant
projects, and we evaluate the results of such activities in terms of their potential impact on the
environment and society. In addition, we report on the status and future trends concerning
environment-related CS activities, with special emphasis on the use of popular and widely
accessible devices like smartphones for environmental monitoring.
Keywords: citizen science; environment; participatory environmental sensing
1. INTRODUCTION
The term citizen science appeared in the scientific literature for the first time approximately
three decades ago. However, citizen science is still a term without a single definition, as it is
always related to the scientific domain it is linked each time [1]. We will refer to citizen
science as the scientific domain where citizens are involved in the scientific process, spanning
from the initiation of scientific activity (identification and statement of the research
question(s) of interest), up to the final use of the research results. In this way, citizens have
the opportunity not only to contribute to the data collection and retrieval, but also to be
involved in different stages of the research, and to receive and give feedback about the
outcomes and the use of the data collected [2]. It is therefore evident that citizen science can
contribute to the direction of achieving the Global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
although there is no great practical contribution to this domain yet [3]. SDGs were established
by the United Nations in the frame of the so-called Agenda 2030 initiative, an effort to
promote well-being, education, peace, justice and strong institutions, support life below water

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and on earth, foster responsible consumption and production, and to fight poverty, hunger,
inequities, towards the prosperity of the three sustainability pillars: social, economic and
environmental sustainability [4].
The main target of our research was to identify European CS projects with Greek
participation, to focus on the contribution and participation of a typical Greek University (i.e.
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki - AUTh) to such an activity, and to identify and quantify
if a typical local CS activity reflects upon SDGs. For this reason, we made use of a data
research method that can address the aforementioned targets stepwise, i.e., starting from the
country level, then focusing on the university level, and then working on the basis of a typical
CS project to be further scrutinized in order to identify its relationship to SDGs.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The initial step of the research (country level) was materialized by making use of the online
search facility of the Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS,
https://cordis.europa.eu/) of the European Commission. For this purpose, the basic set of
scale stayed undefined, to include all CS projects
related to Greece according to CORDIS. The initial set of materials (search results) identified,
was validated and cleansed; for each project, search was conducted in order to verify that the
content of the acquired information is indeed relevant to CS and Greece. Moreover, each
concerning the CS dimensions and themes addressed as well as the research groups involved.
As a result, projects were quantified according to their scientific domain, representative
organization, and their STEM or non-STEM characterization (STEM: Science, Technology,
Engineering, Mathematics).
The next step of the research (AUTh level) was materialized by making use of the
relevant subgroup of projects identified via the first step, as well as by conducting additional
project-oriented research via available internet-based resources (web sites, social media
pages, etc.). In this way we aimed at enriching the number of CS projects to be identified,
nevertheless, we chose not to include in our research those CS activities that took place within
the greater Thessaloniki area but had no relationship with AUTh.
As a follow-up activity (3rd step of our research), we focused on CS-related projects and
activities that contributed directly or indirectly to the Agenda 2030. Per the last step of our
research, we analyzed a local citizen science project with AUTh participation in detail,
concerning its contribution to the SDGs. For this purpose we chose Urwatair
(www.urwatair.gr), a citizen science project, working in two directions via two subprojects:
URair, which studied the relationship of the everyday activities of the citizens of Thessaloniki
to the air quality of their environment, and URwater, which aimed at the improvement
rainwater management via the aid of the citizens of Thessaloniki [5]. As a first step, citizens
participating in the URair sub-project (a total of 33 participants), were asked to fill in a
questionnaire on the contribution of the project to the Agenda 2030 (a total of 8
questionnaires were filled). The questionnaire consisted of 7 questions; beginning with one
question on the active contribution or possible connection of the project to the SDGs in
general, following by six question with regard to the actions performed during the project and
their connection to the sustainable indicators.

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The second step of the analysis was the quantification of the project contribution to the
SDGs. To complete this step, we selected the indicators with direct or indirect relation to the
content and aim of the project, taking into consideration both air quality and citizen science
[6]. Then, based on the values per indicator proposed by the University of Siena Santa
Chiara Lab [7], we quantified the contribution of the project, adding the value of each
indicator per SDG to a unique value per each SDG addressed. Finally, we compared the
icator/ SDG to the mean Greek and Mediterranean values.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initially, we identified a total of 95 projects via CORDIS with Greek participation, for a
period spanning from 2005 up to 2021. Their statistical analysis indicated that 44.09% of
these projects is represented by an educational institution (university or/and school), 19.35%
is represented by a research organization, 12.90% by a non-profit organization, while the
remaining 23.66% by both public and private companies. From the academic sector, 39.78%
of the projects is linked with a university while 3.23% refers to an elementary or secondary
education school. Taking into consideration the scientific domain of interest, 72.04% of the
projects were STEM-related, while only 27.96% were non-STEM-related. Regarding the
Figure 1. Greek participation to citizen Science projects (CORDIS, period 2005-2021).

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Among those 95 projects, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki was found to have
participated in at least 14 projects since 2017, 35.71% of which are non-STEM and 64.29%
are STEM-related, nine of which are still running (Table 1).
Table1. Indicative list with citizen science-related projects with AUTh participation
# Acronym Promo Start
Date
End
Date
1CHESS Connected Health Early Stage Researcher Support
System
1/9/2015 31/8/2019
2Heteropolitics Refiguring the Common and the Political 1/4/2017 31/12/2020
3FAirWAY Farm systems that produce good Water quality for
drinking water supplies
1/6/2017 30/11/2021
4AfriCultuReS Enhancing Food Security in AFRIcan
AgriCULTUral Systems with the Support of
REmote Sensing
1/11/2017 31/10/2021
5PTwist An open platform for plastics lifecycle awareness,
monetization, and sustainable innovation
1/1/2018 12/31/2019
6SISCODE Society in Innovation and Science through
CODEsign
1/5/2018 30/4/2021
7Wreck History Protection and Promotion of Underwater Cultural
Heritage
6/12/2018 -
8MindSpaces MindSpaces - Art-driven adaptive outdoors and
indoors design
1/1/2019 31/12/2021
9EU-
Citizen.Science
The Platform for Sharing, Initiating, and Learning
Citizen Science in Europe
1/1/2019 31/12/2021
10 Urwatair Improve the quality of your everyday environment,
learn new skills on environmental informatics,
enrich knowledge about environmental monitoring,
URenvironment
1/4/2019 30/9/2020
11 Life Atias LIFE ATIAS - Addressing the Threat of Invasive
Alien Species in North Greece, using Early
Warning and Information systems for mammals
9/2/2019 30/9/2022
12 VEO Versatile Emerging infectious disease Observatory 1/1/2020 31/12/2024
13 RESET Redesigning Equality and Scientific Excellence
Together
1/1/2021 31/12/2024
14 Incentive Establishing Citizen Science Hubs in European
Research Performing and Funding Organizations to
drive institutional change and ground Responsible
Research and Innovation in society
1/2/2021 31/1/2024
Regarding the citizen science SDG related projects in Greece, we identified five projects
related to the Agenda 2030 (Table 2). All projects were materialized via a university.
HERCULES was a sustainable landscape- protect, manage, and
plan for sustainable landscapes of significant cultural, historical, and archaeological value at
local, national, and pan-European scales involved in the guidance
creation and in the formation of good landscape practices. HERCULES project managed to
address five of the 17 SDGs [9]. COBWEB project was focused on the creation of a platform

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containing geographical citizen science data that could be used on different occasions by
policymakers. The agenda 2030 has a potential benefit of the COBWEB project, under the
scope that contains geographic information data with an SDG contribution [10]. PlasticTwist
addressed a number of SDGs related to environmental protection and sustainable innovation
(https://ptwist.eu/). INCENTIVE project also focuses on the Agenda 2030 implementation, as
it approaches seven of the 17 SDGs. The INCENTIVE project plans to address seven SDGs
with special emphasis on education, inclusiveness, sustainability at various levels and
scientific advancement. In particular, the SDGs that INCENTIVE aims to reach are: i) quality
education (SDG4), ii) gender equality (SDG 5), iii) industry innovation and infrastructure
(SDG 9), iv) reduces inequalities (SDG 10), v) responsible consumption and production
(SDG12), vi) peace, justice and strong intuitions (SDG 16), vii) partnership for the goals
SDG17) (https://incentive-project.eu/, site under construction).
Table 2. Agenda 2030 related citizen science projects with Greek participation
Name Promo Start Date End Date
HERCULES
CULtural landscapES: Tools for understanding,
managing, and protecting landscape functions and
values
1/12/2013 31/11/2016
COBWEB Citizen Observatory Web 1/11/2012 31/10/2016
URair/URwatair Improve the quality of the everyday environment,
acquire new skills on environmental informatics,
enrich knowledge about environmental monitoring
1/4/2019 30/9/2020
PlasticTwist Design, deploy and validate an open platform that
awareness, circular economy practices and
sustainable innovation.
01/01/2018
-
31/12/2019
INCENTIVE Establishing Citizen Science Hubs in European
Research Performing and Funding
Organisations to drive institutional change and
ground Responsible Research and
Innovation in society
01/02/2021 31/01/2024
URwatair [5] was the only CS project with entire local participation; URair sub-project
was about air quality assessment and URwater sub-project was about rainwater management
with the aid of the citizens of Thessaloniki, while both subprojects aimed at the amelioration
of everyday life. Concerning URair, as the quality of the breathed air is connected to
environmental protection, participants were asked to evaluate the contribution of the project
concerning sustainability (via the 17 sustainable development goals), both for its direct
contribution and for its possible connection with SDGs. For this purpose, citizens, who
participated in the project, filled in a questionnaire about the contribution of URair to
sustainability. Results indicated a 58% potential and/or active contribution to the SDGs (10 of
17 goals), while the seven goals that were characterized as not having an active or potential
contribution, were the ones that air pollution monitoring projects do not hold the ability to
directly contribute, such as no poverty, zero hunger, gender equality, clean water and

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sanitation, affordable and clean energy, reduced inequalities, life below water and peace,
justice and strong institutions (Table 3). Taking into consideration the later scale of the
questionnaire, we focused on particular SDGs and targets, more specifically Good Health and
Well-being (targets: 3.4, 3.9), Quality Education (target 4.4), Industry Innovation and
Infrastructure (target 9.1), Sustainable Cities and Communities (target 11.6), Responsible
Consumption and Production (target 12.4), Climate Action (targets: 13.2, 13.3), Partnership
Table 3. Active contribution and possible connection of URair to the SDGs
Sustainable Development Goal Active
Contribution
Possible Connection
Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3) 75% -
Quality Education (SDG 4) 62,5% -
Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7) - 62,5%
Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG 8) - 75%
Industry Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG 9) - 62.5%
Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11) - 75%
Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12) 50% 37,5 %
Climate Action (SDG 13) 75% -
Life on Land (SDG 15) 37,5% 50%
Partnership for the Goals (SDG 17) 62,5% -
Development was based on the following actions:
i. For the citizens to monitor the quality of their atmospheric environment, low-cost sensors
environment towards an inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable place (SDG11).
ii. Aiming at everyday life amelioration, giving citizens the opportunity to monitor their
daily environment (for example air pollution levels at their home, neighborhood, daily
routes), so as to educate them on what affects their everyday life, eventually, the overall
quality of life they enjoy concerning the atmospheric environment and to be informed
about best practices (SDG11, SDG13, SDG15).
iii. Organizing workshops to engage citizens in environmental monitoring, to link them with
knowledge extraction and to educate them with on-hands experience, on air quality, low-
cost sensors, knowledge extraction, and best practices compilation (SDG4).
iv. During the first steps of the project, in order not only to define the objectives and its
structure, but also to provide participants a systematic and tailored approach, an online
questionnaire was created and used to receive feedback from citizens concerning their
interest and their knowledge of air pollution problems, aiming at understanding their
background needs so that the implementation of the action to be in accordance with their
characteristics (SDG10).
v. Supporting the uniqueness among the citizens, regarding their technological familiarity,
their everyday routine, and their preferred mean of communication, via a variety of
scenarios, devices, and degree of commitment to choose from (SDG10).

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vi. The project was, to our knowledge, the first citizen science action focusing on the quality
of the atmospheric environment and the amelioration of relevant everyday life in Greece
(SDG9).
vii. To achieve all the above, partnerships were developed among a variety of stakeholders,
like journalists, educators, NGOs, and citizens (SDG17).
Table 4. Direct contribution of URair (sub)project actions to sustainability based on
Sustainable
Development Goal
URair actions
Good Health and Well-
being (SDG3)
Everyday life environmental monitoring (85,7%)
Daily life amelioration based on environmental information and monitoring
(57,1%)
Environmental monitoring with the use of low-cost sensors (42,9%)
Quality Education
(SDG 4)
URwatair as the first citizen science action addressing the atmospheric
environment and the amelioration of everyday life in Greece (100%)
Supporting the uniqueness among the citizens, regarding their technological
familiarity, their everyday routine, and their preferred mean of communication
(100%)
Workshops organization and processing (100%)
Daily life amelioration caused by environmental information and monitoring (87%)
Everyday life environmental monitoring (85,7%)
Environmental monitoring with the use of low-cost sensors (57%)
Industry Innovation
and Infrastructure
(SDG 9)
Everyday life environmental monitoring (57,1%)
URwatair as the first citizen science action addressing the atmospheric
environment and the amelioration of everyday life in Greece (57,1%)
Workshops organization and processing (42,9%)
Sustainable Cities and
Communities (SDG 11)
Daily life amelioration caused by environmental information and monitoring
(87%)
Everyday life environmental monitoring (57,1%)
URwatair as the first citizen science action addressing the atmospheric environment
and the amelioration of everyday life in Greece (57,1%)
Responsible
Consumption and
Production (SDG 12)
Everyday life environmental monitoring (71,4%)
URwatair as the first citizen science action addressing the atmospheric
environment and the amelioration of everyday life in Greece (42,9%)
Climate Action (SDG
13)
URwatair as the first citizen science action addressing the atmospheric
environment and the amelioration of everyday life in Greece (100%)
Workshops organization and processing (100%)
Daily life amelioration caused by environmental information and monitoring
(85,7%)
Everyday life environmental monitoring (71,4%)
Partnership for the
Goals (SDG 17)
URwatair as the first citizen science action addressing the atmospheric
environment and the amelioration of everyday life in Greece (100%)
Workshops organization and processing (100%)
Daily life amelioration caused by environmental information and monitoring
(71%)
Supporting the uniqueness among the citizens, regarding their technological
familiarity, their everyday routine, and their preferred mean of communication
(57,1%)
Environmental monitoring with the use of low-cost sensors (42,9%)

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Given the fact that all the indicators described by [6] are not included in the quantitative
characterization by the University of Siena Santa Chiara Lab [7], we chose to address all
indicators, taking into consideration both air quality and citizen science, and focus on the
quantitative ones on our analysis. To get the values obtained from University of Siena Santa
Chiara Lab in a comparable form, we first normalized each value, based on the calculation
proposed by [11]. Following that, we summed the values of the addressed quantitative
indicators per SDG to a unique value per SDG, in order to measure the URair contribution to
sustainability, and compared it with the Greek and Mediterranean average values (Figure 2).
Regarding the URair contribution to sustainable development, URair was found to
contribute with a percentage of 10.52%, 11.30%, 8.40% to the third, ninth and eleventh SDG,
while Greece contributes with a 17.91%, 37.60% and 64.10%, and the Mediterranean with a
percentage of 23.97%, 41.78%, 36.02% respectively. The analysis on the Good Health and
Well- Being SDG (SDG3), concerning air pollution (indicators 3.4.1 and 3.9.1), showed that
URair project seems to contribute no more than little to the amelioration of health and well-
being. Similar results are noticed about Greece and Mediterranean Areas. However, due to the
insufficiency of the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators regarding air
quality, this result could be considered indicative, applied only to the extend the 3.4.1 and
3.9.1 indicators provide.
Figure 2. Contribution (%) to the air quality related SDGs based on the indicators addressed.
Concerning the Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure SDG (SDG 9), two indicators
were taken into consideration, one regarding the proportion of the population using the
internet and the other one of the proportion of women in research. The overall value of the
has the potential to expand. In SDG 11, Sustainable Cities and Communities, URair has the
lowest contribution of all. Finally, the project URair seems to contribute the most to SDG9,
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
SDG3
SDG9
SDG11
URair Greece Mediterranean Average

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following SDG3 and SDG11. However, it should be noticed that this contribution is based
only on one indicator. Taking this into consideration, URair contributes to SDG11 via its
measurements regarding fine particulate matter, which covers only a small fraction of the
make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable
contributions to SDGs, and also bring to the surface the need to design a CS activity so as to
address SDGs in a detailed and quantifiable way, rather than trying to access the contribution
of CS activities to sustainability indicators in a strictly a posteriori way.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The number of European projects with Greek participation is growing, suggesting that the
field while being in its early childhood age, is gaining momentum in the country.
Nevertheless, and despite the efforts done mostly by institutions and research organizations,
area, and Aristotle University has an active contribution to citizen science, with most of its
projects being STEM-related. Concerning Agenda 2030 goals, local CS projects like URair
have the capacity to tackle SDGs, and therefore support sustainability at a level that may
initially be local but can also reflect regional or even national scales. Our results also suggest
that there is a gap in the sustainable development goals, targets and indicators concerning air
quality. Though good air quality is one of the prerequisites of health and prosperity, there are
not but a few indicators directly connected to air pollution.
Further progress shall take place, not only in the field of citizen science itself, but also in
the methods and practices employed so that citizens along with researchers and stakeholders
shall contribute to sustainability and the Global Goals. To this end, the INCENTIVE project,
working towards the development of a CS hub at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki as
well as at 3 other universities in Europe (University of Twente, Autonomous University of
Barcelona, and Vilnius Gediminas Technical University) is expected to act as an accelerator
of CS activities in Greece.
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