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Nones and Catholics in Quebec: The Social Reconfiguration of Bill 21

Authors:
Meunier E.-Martin at University of Ottawa
Meunier E.-Martin
Jacob Legault-Leclair at University of Waterloo
Jacob Legault-Leclair
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The authors examine the relationship between religion and support for State secularism in the context of the recent passing of Bill 21 in Quebec. After contextualizing the transformation of Québécois’ regime of religiosity from the 1960s to the present day, the authors analyze two surveys on how the restrictive measures set out in Bill 21 have been received and supported. Public opinion data suggest something unexpected at first glance: support for the measures aimed at restricting the wearing of religious symbols in State institutions appears to come mainly from Francophones who are self-declared Catholics, rather than from the nonreligious. Language, religious (non) affiliation, age as well as place of residence appear to be major determinants when it comes to support for the restrictive State secularism measures.
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󰅺   󰂶 󰂶 󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼 󰃊 󰂹󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆽󰇀󰇃󰇄󰆽󰇀󰆽󰇀󰄀󰆼󰆻󰆻󰆼󰆾
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
󰂺󰃈
    
     󰅫󰅪
󰂐󰃖 
  󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 
󰅎󰂐
 󰃖
  󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 
󰅭󰅎󰂐

           󰄀
          󰆕󰆔  󰂺   
  󰄘      󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆓    󰂶
             󰆕󰆔  
  󰂺        
󰂹            
           󰄀
󰂶     󰂺 󰂶  󰃍󰃎 󰂶 
               
     󰂺

 󰄍  󰄍  󰄍  󰆕󰆔 󰄍  󰄍  󰄍  󰄍
 
 󰆔󰆙 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶         󰃍 󰆕󰆔󰃎   
󰄘  󰂺           
      󰃍  󰆔󰃎󰂺     
  󰃍 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰃎  
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󰇄󰆿   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
          󰄀
 󰃍            
    󰆕󰆚󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺      󰄘  󰄀
        󰂶    
              󰄀
󰂺 󰂶   󰆕󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶      󰂶  
        󰄀
      󰃍     󰃎 
  󰂺        
   󰆔󰆜󰆘󰆗󰂺
   󰆔󰆛   󰂶  󰆕󰆔      󰄀
    󰂺    󰂶    
    󰂶      󰄀
  󰃍    󰃎󰂶 󰄀
   󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚 󰃍   󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂷   
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺  󰆕󰆔          
󰂶    󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖    󰃍 󰆙󰆓󰃎    
󰃍 󰃎   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚         󰃍
󰆙󰆕󰃎       󰂺   
󰂶   󰆙󰆓   󰆙󰆕   󰂶   󰆙󰆓  
    󰂺     󰂶  󰆕󰆔 
         󰄀
󰂶        󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺󰇟
󰂶         󰄘  󰆕󰆔
       󰂶    󰄀
       󰄘 󰃍󰃎  󰄀
  󰃍󰃎 󰂶    󰃍 󰃎   󰂺   
 󰂶    󰂶   󰂺 󰂶    󰄀
     󰄀  󰄀  󰂶
         󰂺 
             󰄀
󰆞    󰂶  󰆕󰆔        󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖   󰂶    󰄀
         󰂺    󰂶 
   󰄀 󰄘       󰄀
        󰃍 󰂶 󰂶  󰂶
󰂺󰃎     󰂺  󰆕󰆔        
󰄙 󰂶 󰄀         
       󰄛 󰃍  󰆕󰆔󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆙󰂺󰃎󰂺 
           󰂹 󰄙 󰂶
󰄘   󰂼󰄛 󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺
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     󰇄󰇀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
   󰃍 󰄀󰃎   󰂶   
󰂶   󰃍 󰄀󰃎     󰂶
  󰂺  󰂶         
 󰆕󰆔    󰂶        󰄀
   󰄀      
  󰂺
             󰄀
󰂺      󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎  󰂶    
󰂺  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰃎    󰂶   󰂺  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰃎 
  󰂶    󰂶     
   󰂶      󰂶
󰄀 󰂶   󰂶  
   󰂺   󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆛󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎 󰂶 󰄀
󰂶  󰄀      󰂶
      󰂶    󰂶
  󰄀 󰂺      
         
󰂶  󰂶      
 󰂶       󰂶    
   󰂺  󰂶    
 󰂶      󰂶     󰄀
  󰂶    󰂶     
   󰂺
    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂶     
 󰂺         󰄀
      󰂺  󰂶   
           
    󰆕󰆓 󰂷         
   󰂶    󰆔󰆜󰆓󰆘    󰂷
            
        󰃍   󰄀
          
  󰃎󰂺
 󰂶          󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰃎
            
     󰂶        
     󰂶     
   󰄘      󰄀
 󰂺    󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆓󰂶     
          󰃍󰃎
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󰇄󰇁   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
    󰂶    󰂶   󰂶 󰄀
        󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺   
     󰂶   󰂶  󰄀
󰂶          󰂺
󰂶   󰂶       󰄀
          󰂺 󰂶
   󰄀     󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆓󰂶   
  󰄙󰄛  󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎     󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆓
        󰂺   󰄀
         󰂶 
          
     󰂺      󰄙
󰄛 󰃍   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰃎󰂶   󰂶  
     󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓     󰄀
        󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂺 
󰂶    󰄎       
 󰄎          󰂺 
     󰂶    󰂶   󰄀
          󰂺    
          󰂺 
󰂶       󰂶    
󰂷             
     󰂺  󰆕󰆔     
 󰂺    󰂶         
󰂶        󰂺    󰂶 
          
  󰂶           
  󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂺
   󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂶         󰃍
󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂷  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂷  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂷
 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂷 󰄀
 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂷  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂷  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺 󰂶 
        󰃍  󰃎  󰄀
          󰂺   
 󰂶         󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆖󰂷
󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆜󰃎󰂶         
 󰂺  󰂶    󰄘 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂶  󰄀
           
        󰂺
󰂶           
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     󰇄󰇂
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
         󰄀
 󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂺
     󰄀  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰂶  󰄀
    󰄘     󰄀
 󰂶      󰃍
 󰃎󰂺    󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎    
         󰂺  󰄀
    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎  󰄀 󰄀
󰄘   󰂶     󰄀
󰂶     󰄀 󰂺  
       󰄙    
 󰄛 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺  󰂶  󰄀     󰃖
     󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎      󰄙   󰄀
          󰂶
 󰂶    󰃕󰂻󰃖   󰂶󰄛 
    󰄙     󰂶   󰄀
󰄛 󰃍   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂹 󰆗󰃎󰂶      
     󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂷  󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺
  󰄘        󰄀
    󰂺 󰂶     
󰆕󰆔   󰂶    󰄘   
            󰄀
   󰂺        
      󰂶    󰂺
󰆔 󰂹 󰄘   
       󰄘 󰄀
  󰂶          
󰂶     󰂶    󰂺 
          
       󰂹
         󰄀
   󰂶      󰂶  
          󰄀
    󰂶      
     󰂺        󰄀
    󰂺
  󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂹 󰆙󰆛󰆚
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󰇄󰇃   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
 󰆼    󰂶   󰂶   󰂶   
   󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆛󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚 󰃍󰈱󰃎
     󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔       󰂺󰄀 󰄀
󰂶 󰄙        󰂿    
           
󰂹 󰂶 󰂶  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆓󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎󰄎 󰆔󰂶󰄛    
      󰂺     
 󰆕 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎  󰆖 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺
     󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆔󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆔󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆔󰂶  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔  
     󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂶  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂷         
󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆙󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆕󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂶  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘   󰄘
   󰃮    󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆙󰆗󰃎󰂷 
       󰂶  󰆓󰆘󰆖󰄍󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆔󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂷
          
  󰃍󰃎   
  󰂶       
 󰂶    󰂶    󰄀
 󰂶     󰃍󰂶  󰂶  
󰃎󰂺
    󰄘    
 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆓󰂶        
  󰂺
 󰆔        󰆛󰆓󰈱  󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆛 
󰆖󰆓 󰈱  󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆘󰂺       󰃍 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆚󰂷 󰄘 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆓󰂷
 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆖󰃎󰂶         󰂺
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     󰇄󰇄
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
󰂶      󰆔        
 󰃍  󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂶 
          󰂺   󰄀
         
󰂺          
  󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆛  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺       󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆛
   󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂷           
  󰂺     󰄘  󰄀
         󰂺
  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔󰂶   󰂶   󰄙󰄀 󰄛
 󰂶        󰂹 󰄙󰄛󰂶  
       󰂶    
  󰃍    󰃎󰂷   󰄙󰄛󰂶
          󰃍󰂶
   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂺
 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆓  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂶   󰄙  󰄛 󰃍
󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆓󰃎󰂺     󰂶   󰂶  󰄀
   󰄀 󰂶   󰃍
  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰃎󰂶       󰃍
  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰃎󰂺        
 󰄙 󰂶       󰄛 󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂹
󰆔󰆗󰆓󰃎   󰄙󰂶         
 󰂶     󰄛 󰃍󰄀
󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰂹 󰆕󰆜󰆗󰃎󰂺         
    󰂶 󰂶      
  󰂺       󰂶 
   󰂶      󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶  󰄀
󰂶 󰂶 󰃎󰂺        
     󰂺    
      󰂶     󰂺
 󰂶  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔 󰂶        󰄀
   󰂶       
         󰄘 󰄀
  󰂺        
 󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶     󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆘  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎  󰂺
           󰄀
     󰂺 󰄘 󰄀 
        󰄘 󰂺  󰄀
          󰄀
󰂶           
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󰆼󰆻󰆻   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
  󰄙 󰄛    󰃍  󰄀
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂶           󰃍󰂶
   󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂷  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰃎󰂺
             
󰄀   󰂺      
            
   󰂺       󰄀
󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆖󰃎󰂶   󰄀 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎     󰄀
      󰄙󰂶󰄛󰂹     
         󰂺 
         
 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔            
           󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂺 
    󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆓   󰂺
󰆕      
       󰆕󰆔      󰄀
     󰄘      
    󰃍 󰃎  
         󰃍 󰄀
󰃎         󰂺 󰄀
󰂶       󰂺 󰄙 󰄛
     󰄙󰄀󰄛 󰂶   
󰂺 󰂶   󰂶      󰂿
   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖     󰂶     󰂶
      󰂶     󰄀
          
    󰂺󰇠 󰂶      
󰆕󰆔󰂶           󰂺
           󰄘
  󰂶        
  󰂺
             󰆕󰆔󰂺
           
󰆟  󰆗󰆕󰈱  󰆘󰆔󰈱󰂶           󰄀
 󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺     󰂺󰄘 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎   󰂺
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     󰆼󰆻󰆼
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
 󰆕󰆓󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂶   󰆜󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺      
       󰆕󰆕  󰆕󰆙󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶   
            
        󰂶   󰆖
 󰆚󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺󰇡            
         
      󰂺
         󰄀 󰄀
       󰆕󰆔󰄘    󰂹 󰄀
 󰄀         󰄀
  󰃍󰂶 󰂶  󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰃎󰂺     󰄀
            
         
     󰆕󰆔󰂺        
 󰆕󰂺
 󰂶    󰂺   󰄀
          
          
  󰆔󰆛󰄍󰆕󰆗  󰂺       
󰂶    󰂶   󰆚󰆔󰈱󰂺     
        󰂶   
       󰄀  󰄀
    󰃍 󰆚󰆕󰈱         󰆕󰆔  
󰃎󰂺            
 󰂺          
     󰂹   󰂶   󰄀
  󰂶  󰄙󰄛        
  󰂶       󰂷  
 󰂶       󰂶 
󰄙󰄛            
 󰂶     󰄘  󰃍󰃎󰂺
      󰂶 󰂷    󰂺
 󰂶         󰄀
    󰂺
󰆠     󰃍 󰆕󰆕  󰆕󰆙󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂶 󰆔󰂶󰆓󰆔󰆘 󰂶  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔
󰄎 󰂶    󰆖󰂺󰆔 󰈱󰂷      
 󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂶  󰆜󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎  󰆔󰂶󰆓󰆓󰆓 󰂶  󰄎
  󰆔󰂺󰆔 󰈱󰂷      󰃍 󰆖  󰆚󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎  󰆔󰂶󰆕󰆔󰆕 󰂶 
󰄎   󰆖󰂺󰆔 󰈱󰂺
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󰆼󰆻󰆽   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
 󰆽          󰃍󰂶
󰂶  󰂶  󰃎  󰄀   󰂶 
 󰃍 󰃎   󰂶   󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜 󰃍󰈱󰃎
       󰂹  󰂶  󰂶
 󰂶  󰂶 󰄘 󰂶    󰂺
          󰃍󰄙󰄛󰃎 
  󰃍󰄙󰄛󰃎󰂺 󰂶       
  󰄙󰄘 󰄛  󰄙   󰂺󰄛
      󰆖  󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶 
   󰆔󰂶󰆕󰆔󰆕 󰂺  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔󰄎 󰂶
   󰆖󰂺󰆔󰈱󰂶 󰆔󰆜    󰆕󰆓
    󰆕  󰆖     󰄀
   󰂶     󰆖󰆗  󰂺
          
 󰂶     󰂺    󰄀
  󰄘         
   󰂶󰇢     
 󰂶     󰄙󰄛󰂹 󰆚󰆗󰈱    
   󰂶   󰆙󰆗󰈱  󰂺  󰄀
       󰂺 󰂶  󰇣
  󰂶    󰂶         󰂺 󰄀
󰂶          󰆖    󰆕󰂺 
 󰂶          󰂶  
󰆡 󰂶    󰆔󰂶          󰄀
      󰂺
󰆢 󰂶          󰂺
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     󰆼󰆻󰆾
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
 󰆾          󰃍󰂶
󰂶  󰂶  󰃎  󰄀   󰂶 
  󰂶   󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜 󰃍󰈱󰃎
      󰆖  󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶
    󰆔󰂶󰆕󰆔󰆕 󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔 󰄎
󰂶    󰆖󰂺󰆔󰈱󰂶 󰆔󰆜    󰆕󰆓
󰂶     󰂶        
      󰂺
      󰂺    
      󰂶       
         󰂺
    󰃍     󰃎 
         󰆚󰆕󰈱󰇤   
          
   󰂺       
     󰂺      󰂶 
          󰂺 󰂶
           
            󰂺  󰂶
   󰂶   󰂶 󰂶  󰂶
           
󰆣      󰂶           󰂺 
     󰆕󰆕  󰆕󰆙󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶     󰆔󰂶󰆓󰆔󰆘 󰄀
󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔 󰄎 󰂶    󰆖󰂺󰆔 󰈱󰂶 󰆔󰆜    󰆕󰆓󰂺
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󰆼󰆻󰆿   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
 󰆿          󰃍󰂶 󰂶 
󰂶  󰃎  󰄀   󰂶   󰂶 
 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜 󰃍󰈱󰃎
󰃻    󰄀󰂶 󰄀󰄀󰂶  󰃈󰄀󰄀󰄀 
    󰂺
      󰆕󰆕  󰆕󰆙󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶  
  󰆔󰂶󰆓󰆔󰆘 󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔 󰄎 󰂶  
 󰆖󰂺󰆔󰈱󰂶 󰆔󰆜    󰆕󰆓
 󰄎    󰆛󰆚󰈱  󰆜󰆕󰈱󰂺 󰂶   
     󰃍 󰃎󰂶   
  󰂺   󰂶    
  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎 󰂶       
        
󰂺 󰄘        
       󰃍   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂹
󰆕󰆛󰆘󰃎󰂺
  󰂶   󰂶          
   󰄘       
   󰄀 󰂺    
  󰄀 󰂶     
   󰄎󰂶 󰂶    󰄎
    󰂺      
     󰄘    
󰃍󰂹 󰆕󰆜󰆜󰄍󰆖󰆓󰆓󰃎󰂺
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     󰆼󰆻󰇀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
  󰆼  󰄘        󰄀
  󰃍󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰃎  󰄀 
 󰂶   󰃍󰃈󰃎  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜 󰃍󰈱󰃎
  
    
 
    
 
 󰆞󰆢󰈱 󰆥󰆢󰈱 󰆞󰆝󰆝󰈱
 󰆞󰆢󰈱 󰆠󰆢󰈱 󰆟󰆦󰈱
   
  
 󰆠󰆢󰈱 󰆣󰆢󰈱 󰆞󰆝󰆝󰈱
 󰆥󰆢󰈱 󰆣󰆢󰈱 󰆤󰆞󰈱
  󰆞󰆝󰆝󰈱 󰆞󰆝󰆝 󰈱 󰆞󰆝󰆝󰈱
      󰆖  󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶   
 󰆔󰂶󰆕󰆔󰆕 󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔 󰄎 󰂶   
󰆖󰂺󰆔󰈱󰂶 󰆔󰆜    󰆕󰆓
    󰂶        
     󰂺 󰂶   
        󰂺
 󰆔   󰆙󰆘 󰈱       
           󰄀
    󰂺󰇥     󰄘
   󰄎      󰄎
        󰂺 󰂶 
      󰆕󰆔    
   󰄀 󰂶        
 󰂺     󰄀   
      󰆕󰆔󰂶         
󰄀        󰂺  󰂶 󰄘  
           
   󰂺     󰆕󰆔  
      󰄀   
           
 󰂺
󰆤    󰂹      󰂿  󰄙 󰄛
  󰄙󰄛 󰂷   󰄙󰄛   󰄙 󰄛 󰂺
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󰆼󰆻󰇁   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
󰆖        󰆕󰆔󰂹  󰂿
  󰂶     󰂺   
  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜   󰆕󰆔         󰄀
        󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂿   󰂶   
           󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂶  
  󰂿    󰄘      󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂿
          󰂿 
 󰂶           󰄀
 󰂺󰇦   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗    󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶     
   󰄘      
          
󰂺
    󰆕   󰄘   
    󰂶 󰂶  󰂺    
    󰆕󰄍󰆗󰂺      󰂺
   󰂶         󰄀
       󰂺   󰆖󰆘  󰆘󰆗
 󰆔󰂺󰆗           󰆔󰆛  󰆖󰆗󰂷  
  󰆕󰂺󰆛       󰆘󰆘 󰆚󰆗󰂺   󰂶
󰂶            
󰂶    󰆔󰂺󰆖󰂺    󰂶    󰄀
   󰆚        󰄀
     󰂺      
     󰂺     󰆕󰂺󰆕  
          󰂺  
   󰂶 󰂶 󰂶     󰄀
  󰃍󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰃎     
       󰂶   󰆔󰂺󰆗 
    󰆚󰂺󰆘     󰂺 󰂶 
        󰂶    󰄀
     󰂺        
 󰂶            
   󰂺
󰆥              
󰂶       󰂺   󰂶  
 󰂶       󰂹     󰂺
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     󰆼󰆻󰇂
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
  󰆽             󰄀
    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎
 󰇠 󰈺 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆥
󰈺 󰆟󰂶󰆠󰆡󰆡
  
 󰃍󰂺 󰆞󰆥󰄍󰆠󰆡  󰃎
󰆠󰆢󰄍󰆢󰆡   󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆦󰆥󰃻󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆥󰆠
󰆢󰆢󰄍󰆤󰆡   󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆢󰆣󰃻󰃻󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆢󰆠
󰆤󰆢    󰆝󰂺󰆡󰆞󰆤󰃻󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆠󰆠
 󰃍󰂺 󰃎
 󰆞󰂺󰆠󰆠󰆡󰃻󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆟󰆦
 󰃍󰂺 󰃎
 󰆣󰂺󰆥󰆠󰆦󰃻󰃻󰃻 󰆞󰂺󰆝󰆝󰆟
 󰆟󰂺󰆟󰆝󰆝󰃻󰃻󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆦󰆟
   󰃍󰂺    󰃎
 󰃈  󰆝󰂺󰆦󰆠󰆠 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆠󰆞
 󰆞󰂺󰆥󰆥󰆡󰃻󰃻󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆢󰆝
 󰃍󰂺 󰃎
 󰆞󰂺󰆡󰆡󰆠󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆝󰆦
 󰆤󰂺󰆡󰆤󰆦󰃻󰃻󰃻 󰆟󰂺󰆠󰆞󰆝
  󰆞󰂺󰆣󰆝󰆟󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆞󰆣
  󰆞󰂺󰆝󰆠󰆝 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆡󰆢
  󰃍󰂺   󰆡󰆝󰂶󰆝󰆝󰆝󰆄󰃎
󰆡󰆝󰂶󰆝󰆝󰆝󰆄  󰆤󰆦󰂶󰆦󰆦󰆦󰆄 󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆥󰆤󰃻󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆥󰆡
󰆥󰆝󰂶󰆝󰆝󰆝󰆄   󰆝󰂺󰆤󰆡󰆝󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆦󰆥
  󰃍󰂺   󰄀 󰃎
󰂶 󰂶   󰆝󰂺󰆥󰆤󰆦 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆦󰆦
 󰆞󰂺󰆝󰆡󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆦󰆠
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via University of Ottawa
󰆼󰆻󰇃   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
  󰆽            󰃍󰂐󰃎
 󰇠 󰈺 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆥
󰈺 󰆟󰂶󰆠󰆡󰆡
 
     󰃍󰂺  󰃎
  󰆝󰂺󰆤󰆤󰆡 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆟󰆣
  󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆝󰆣󰃻󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆦󰆥
  󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆦󰆞󰃻󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆝󰆞
 󰃍󰂺 󰆟󰆝󰆞󰆠󰄍󰆟󰆝󰆞󰆡󰃎
󰆟󰆝󰆞󰆦 󰆞󰂺󰆢󰆤󰃻󰃻󰃻 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆣󰆥
󰃻 󰈺 󰈿 󰂺󰆓󰆘󰂷 󰃻󰃻 󰈺 󰈿 󰂺󰆓󰆔󰂷 󰃻󰃻󰃻 󰈺 󰈿 󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆔 󰂹       󰆖
 󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶     󰆔󰂶󰆕󰆔󰆕 󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔 󰄎 󰂶 
  󰆖󰂺󰆔 󰈱󰂶 󰆔󰆜    󰆕󰆓󰂺        󰄀
     󰂶  󰂶  󰂶    
 󰆕󰆓󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂶  󰆜󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂶  󰆔󰂶󰆓󰆓󰆓 󰂶  󰄎  
󰆔󰂺󰆔󰈱󰂶 󰆔󰆜    󰆕󰆓󰂺
         
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺         
       󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜 󰃍    
  󰆕󰆔󰃎   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗 󰃍     󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖 󰄀
  󰃎󰂺          
          󰆘󰄍󰆙 󰂶   
  󰄀 󰂺
            
󰂺      󰂶     
  󰂺       󰄀
         
      󰄙󰃖󰄛   󰂶 
      󰂶    󰄀
           
  󰂺     󰂶  
             󰂶
  󰂶     󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎 
 󰂶     󰂺
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     󰆼󰆻󰇄
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
󰆗 󰂹    󰆕󰆔   󰂿 
    
󰄘         
 󰆕󰆔      󰂺    
  󰂺      󰆕󰆔  
  󰂶   󰂶 󰂶 󰂶  󰂶
 󰂺    󰆕󰆔       
   󰂹      󰄘  
   󰂺
    󰂶     󰂶    
      󰃍   󰃎     󰄀
󰂺    󰄘  󰂶   
 󰂶      
       󰆕󰆔        
󰂺      󰂶    󰆕󰆔󰄘
   󰂺   󰄘 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎   
    󰂶       
 󰂺         󰄀
    󰂶    󰂶   
 󰂶    󰂶     
           
     󰄎     
           󰃍 
 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂷   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺
        󰂶 
     󰄀󰄀    󰄎
  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗      
           
 󰂺 󰂶     󰂶      󰄀
󰂶   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜 󰂹        
      󰃍      󰄀
   󰃎󰂺   󰂶   
         
       󰂶  󰂶 󰄀
    󰂺     
           󰂺
  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜 󰂶   󰂶  󰄀
           󰄀
    󰂶  󰄀   󰄀
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󰆼󰆼󰆻   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
       󰂺      󰃍󰃎
     󰂶  󰃍󰃎   
       󰆘󰄍󰆙 󰂺
            󰄀
 󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰃎󰂶     
 󰂶    󰄀   
   󰄀 󰄎  󰂶 
         
    󰃍   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺       󰄀
    󰂺 󰂶     󰄀
     󰂺      
         󰂿     
      󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂶      󰄀
 󰂶  󰂶             
 󰂺         
󰂺           󰄀
   󰆕󰆔        󰂶 
 󰂺    󰂹  󰆔󰆕󰈱   
            󰄀
   󰂶   󰆘󰆕󰈱    
     󰆘󰆘 󰈱        
󰃍   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺
   󰂶       󰂺  󰆘󰆓 󰈱  󰄀
       󰆔󰆘󰄍󰆖󰆗    󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺  
     󰄘   󰂶  󰂶
 󰂶      󰃍󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺 󰄘
           󰄀
          󰄀󰂶 
           󰂷  
        󰆖󰆘
  󰃍   󰆘󰆓  󰃎󰂺
            󰄀
 󰂶    󰄀   
󰄙󰄛 󰃍  󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂹 󰆚󰆔󰆗󰄍󰆚󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺   󰆕󰆔 
       󰂿   󰂷    
              󰄀
 󰂺     󰂶      
       󰂶      
        󰂺  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂶 
           󰆕󰆔󰄘 
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     󰆼󰆼󰆼
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
          
    󰄀󰄀    󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺 󰄀
󰂶   󰂶        
    󰂶 󰂶   󰄘  󰂶
         󰃍  󰃎󰂺
   󰂶    󰃍     󰄀
        󰃎   
     󰂺 󰂶     󰄀
  󰃍    󰃎     
          󰃍󰄀
   󰆖󰆘          
 󰄀        󰃎󰂺 󰄀
󰂶  󰆕󰆔󰄘        
     󰂺     
         󰂶   󰄀
󰂶  󰆖󰆘  󰂶         
   󰂺 󰂶      󰄀
      󰃍  󰃎󰂶    
        󰆕󰆔󰄎    󰄀
     󰂺        
         󰂷     
    󰆖󰆘    󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶  󰄀
󰂶     󰂶    󰃎 󰃍
  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂺 󰂶       
    󰂶      
󰄎        
   󰆕󰆔  󰂺
󰂶         󰆕󰆔
  󰆖󰆘  󰂶   󰂶    
󰃍 󰆘󰆓󰈱󰃎    󰂺     
      󰆕󰆔󰂶      
 󰂶 󰂶  󰂶   󰂺   
󰂶     󰂶    󰄎   
 󰃍󰃎 󰄎 󰂿   󰂶   
  󰆕󰆔       󰂿  󰄀
       󰂹    󰂶 
 󰃍 󰃎  󰂶   󰂺
     󰄘  󰂶    
       󰂶   
       󰂶   󰆕󰆔   
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󰆼󰆼󰆽   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
         󰂶 
    󰂶         
       󰂿       
       󰃍   󰃎  
         
  󰂺

       󰄀   󰄀
            
   󰂺        󰂶
 󰂺      󰂺
       󰂺     󰄀
          
󰃍󰃎󰂺
 
󰂶     󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺  󰂺 󰂹
   󰄘  󰂺
󰂶     󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺       
 󰂺 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶     󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂺      
 󰂐  󰂌   󰂺 󰂹   
󰄘 󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂺   󰂶 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂺    󰂐     󰃮  󰂶
󰂹     󰄘󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂺 󰄙  󰂹  󰄖󰄘     
󰄖󰄘   󰄛󰂶      󰆕󰆛󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆙󰆚󰄍󰆔󰆓󰆗󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰄙    󰂹       󰄀
   󰄛󰂶     󰂺 󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶     󰂐 󰃮
 󰃮   󰂶 󰂹 󰂹 󰆗󰆖󰄍󰆙󰆔󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆚󰂺  󰂌       󰂶
 󰂶  󰂶 󰂶 󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺  
󰂏    󰂞     󰂺
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     󰆼󰆼󰆾
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺 󰄙
󰂿          
󰄛   󰆔󰆔󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆖󰆓󰆜󰄍󰆖󰆖󰆖󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺 󰄙󰄘󰂹     󰄀
 󰂿      󰄛󰂶  
  󰂞     󰆗󰆚󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆛󰆔󰄍󰆖󰆓󰆘󰂺
󰂶    󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂺  󰃮󰂐     󰃖
󰂶 󰂹      󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂺      󰃖
 󰃮    󰂶 󰂹  
󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺   󰃖  󰂕   
󰃮   󰂶 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺    󰂐
  󰃮󰂶 󰂹    󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂺 󰄙  󰂹 󰄘   󰂿󰄛󰂶 󰃮󰂶 󰆔󰆜
 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰃈󰄃󰄃󰄃󰄃󰄃󰎦
󰄃󰃈 󰃍  󰆔󰆕󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂺 󰄙 󰂶    󰄘    󰄛󰂶 
󰂺  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶    󰂐 󰂌 󰂶 󰄀
󰂹  󰂹 󰆔󰆘󰆚󰄍󰆔󰆚󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂺     󰃮  󰂌 󰅪󰅲󰅬󰅪󰃣󰅪󰅲󰅰󰅩󰂺
󰂹 󰄀󰄘  󰂺
  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺      󰃮 󰂣 󰅫󰅪󰂤󰂶 󰂹 
  󰂺
󰄘󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆓󰂺   󰂺 󰆔  󰆕󰂶 󰂹 
 󰂺
󰂶 󰂶     󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂺    
󰂕󰂶 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂺      󰂏   󰃮  󰂕󰂶
󰂹 󰄘󰂺
󰄘󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆕󰂺      󰂐   
  󰅫󰅩󰃣󰅬󰅮 󰂶 󰂹   󰂺
󰄀󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰂺 󰄙    󰄙  󰄀
󰄛󰂹      󰄙 󰄛   󰄛󰂶 
 󰆘󰆓󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆛󰆚󰄍󰆕󰆜󰆘󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺 󰄙   󰂿󰄛󰂶  
    󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶      󰂶 󰂹
  󰄘 󰂹 󰆖󰆗󰆘󰄍󰆖󰆙󰆖󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰄙      󰄛󰂶  󰃖
 󰆘󰆚󰃍󰆕󰄍󰆖󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆚󰆘󰄍󰆙󰆗󰆚󰂺
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󰆼󰆼󰆿   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂺 󰄙      
 󰂹  󰂶     󰄛󰂶
    󰆙󰂹 󰆔󰆙󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆚󰆕󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰂺 󰄙   󰄘   󰄘    
󰄛󰂶     󰆗󰆘󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆖󰆓󰆚󰄍󰆖󰆖󰆛󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂺   󰂏  󰃮󰂺 󰄀
󰂹 󰃈󰂺
󰂶 󰄀󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂺  󰃮   󰂐 󰂌 
     󰂶     󰂶
󰂹  󰄘󰂺
󰂶 󰄀󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰄙   󰄀 󰂿    
󰂶     󰄛󰂶  󰂺󰄀  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶   
  󰂏      󰃮 󰂶 󰂹  
󰄘 󰄘󰂹 󰆗󰆕󰆖󰄍󰆗󰆚󰆗󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰄙      󰂹 
           
    󰄛󰂶   󰆘󰆚󰃍󰆕󰄍󰆖󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆖󰆖󰂺
󰂶    󰂺  󰃍󰂺󰃎 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺   󰂏
 󰂶 󰂹    󰂺
󰂶 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰄙     󰂹  󰄖 󰄘 󰄀
       󰄛󰂶   󰂺   
 󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶       󰂶   󰂹 
󰂹 󰆔󰆔󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆕󰆘󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰄀 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂺   󰂶 󰂹
   󰄘󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆓󰂺 󰄙  󰂹    󰄛󰂶 󰃖
   󰆕󰆕󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆗󰆘󰄍󰆔󰆙󰆗󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺 󰄙   󰂿󰄛󰂶    
  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶      󰂶 󰂹  
󰄘 󰂹 󰆖󰆗󰆘󰄍󰆖󰆙󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆖󰂺    󰂐       󰂶
󰂹    󰄘 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆜󰂺    󰃮󰂐 󰂌   󰃖
  󰂶 󰂹    󰄘 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆜󰂺 󰄙     󰄛󰂶  󰃖
   󰆔󰆓󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆜󰆕󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆛󰂺    󰂶 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂺  󰂏    󰂶 󰂹
󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺 󰄙     󰂹 󰄙 󰂶 󰄘  
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     󰆼󰆼󰇀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
󰄘 󰄛󰂶   󰄛󰂶    󰂶  󰆖󰆔󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰎦
󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃈󰆓󰆖󰃈󰆖󰆔󰃈󰄃󰄃󰄃󰄃󰄃󰄃
󰄃󰄃󰄃󰄃󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰄀󰂶  󰄀 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺 󰄙      󰄀
󰂹          󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆛󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰄛󰂶
   󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶     󰂐  
󰂶 󰂹   󰂹 󰆕󰆚󰄍󰆙󰆖󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰄀󰂶  󰄀 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂺 󰄙    
󰂹  󰄘 󰄛󰂶   󰃤 
󰆗󰆔󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂹 󰆘󰆜󰆘󰄍󰆙󰆔󰆚
󰂶 󰂺󰄀󰂶   󰄀󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂺 󰄙󰂶 
       󰂺    
   󰃕󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆛󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃖󰄛󰂶   󰆘󰆕󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂹 󰆙󰆛󰆖󰄍󰆚󰆕󰆜󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰄀󰂶 󰄀 󰂶  󰄀 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂺 󰄙󰄀
     󰄙 󰄛󰂺  󰄀 
  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆓󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎󰄛󰂶       󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶 󰃖
    󰂶 󰂹    󰄘 󰂹 󰆚󰆜󰄍󰆔󰆕󰆛󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰄀󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂺 󰄙󰄘         󰄀
󰂹     󰄘󰄛󰂶   󰂶 
  󰂺󰄀  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶   󰂐   󰃖
󰃖󰂶 󰂹    󰄘 󰂹 󰆕󰆔󰄍󰆗󰆗󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂺     󰂐    󰂶 󰂹
󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂺 󰄙  󰂺      󰄘󰄀
󰄛󰂶      󰂶     󰃖
 󰆔󰆗󰆙󰂹 󰆙󰆔󰄍󰆚󰆜󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂺 󰄙󰄘        󰄎󰂶
  󰄛󰂶   󰂶  󰂶   
 󰄀 󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶  󰂌  󰂐
   󰂶 󰂹    󰄘 󰂹 󰆕󰆜󰄍󰆚󰆔󰂺
󰂶 󰄀󰂶  󰂺󰄀 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺 󰄙    󰄀
   󰂿       
󰄛󰂶  󰃤   󰆙󰆔󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆖󰆓󰄍󰆕󰆗󰆛󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂺      󰂶   
             󰂶 󰄀
󰂹 󰂶 󰂹   󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰃮     󰂐     
󰂶 󰂹    󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂺  󰂏   
  󰂶  󰂹   󰂺
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󰆼󰆼󰇁   󰄀
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
 󰄀󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺 󰃖 󰂌     󰂶 󰄀
󰂹 󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂺 󰄙󰄘  
󰄘   󰂹     󰄘
 󰄛    󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶     󰂐 󰃖
󰂌    󰂶 󰂹  󰂹 󰆔󰆚󰆜󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆖󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰄙    󰂹    󰄘󰄛
 󰂺󰄀  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶      󰂐    
 󰃮 󰂶 󰂹   󰄘 󰄘󰂹 󰆘󰆓󰆔󰄍󰆘󰆗󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆖󰂺    󰂶 󰂹  󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺 󰄙          󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆖󰄍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆛󰃎󰄛
 󰃮  󰆕󰆕󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆓󰆘󰄍󰆕󰆕󰆛󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰂺  󰂏     󰂶  󰂹
  󰂺
 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆔󰄀󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆔󰄀󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆔󰄀󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔󰂺    󰂶 󰃕󰃖 󰄀
󰄀  󰃍󰃎󰂺 󰂺
 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆙󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺    󰃕 󰆕󰄀󰆚󰄀󰆔󰆔󰄀󰆔󰆕󰄀󰆔󰆘󰄀󰆔󰆜󰄀󰆕󰆓󰄀󰆕󰆔󰄀󰆕󰆕󰄀󰆕󰆖󰄀󰆕󰆗󰄀
󰆕󰆘󰄀󰆕󰆙󰄀󰆕󰆚󰄀󰆕󰆛󰄀󰆕󰆜󰄀󰆖󰆓󰃖󰂶 󰃕󰃖 󰄀 󰄀  󰃍󰃎󰂺 󰂺
 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔   󰂶 󰃕󰃖 󰄀 󰄀
  󰃍󰃎󰂺 󰂺
 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂺  󰅩󰅮󰅬󰃣󰅩󰅩󰅩󰅪󰂏  󰂌 󰂌   󰂌
󰂌   󰂌  󰂣󰂤󰂶 󰂶 󰃕󰂹󰃈󰃈󰆕󰂺󰎦
󰂺󰂺󰃈󰄃󰃈󰂺󰂿󰄃󰈺󰃈󰃈󰅨󰆔󰄃󰂺󰈺
󰈺󰃈󰃖
󰂶󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂺   󰂐    󰂶
󰂹    󰄘 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺      󰂐   󰃖󰂶
󰂹    󰄘 󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺     󰂐    󰃖
 󰂶 󰂹  󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺    󰂐  󰃖
     󰂶  󰂹    󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰄀󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺 󰄙  󰂹 󰄀
   󰄛       󰆘󰆙󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹
󰆙󰆗󰄍󰆛󰆕󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺 󰄙    
󰂹    󰄛󰂺    󰆕󰆓󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆖󰆔󰆚󰄍󰆖󰆖󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺 󰄙 
  󰂿        
󰄛󰂶      󰆘󰆕󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆗󰆚󰄍󰆕󰆙󰆘󰂺
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     󰆼󰆼󰇂
  󰆾 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆼󰃎 󰇄󰆾󰄍󰆼󰆼󰇂
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂺 󰄙    󰄛󰂶    󰆖󰆛󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰆜󰄍
󰆔󰆙󰆖󰂺
󰄀󰂺 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰄙        󰄀
      󰄀󰄛󰂶    
   󰆘󰆘󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂹 󰆚󰆔󰆚󰄍󰆚󰆖󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰄀󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂺        󰂐   
    󰂶 󰂹  󰂺
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... Les politiques mises de l'avant par certaines provinces et l'effet qu'elles peuvent avoir sur les affiliés de certaines religions nous pousse aussi à nous interroger sur les déplacements interprovinciaux. Alors que le Québec a connu des années de débats sur le port de signes religieux dans l'espace public lors de la crise des accommodements raisonnables (Zubrzycki, 2013), il nous semble pertinent de prendre en compte les différences provinciales quant à la répartition territoriale de groupes minoritaires particulièrement touchés par ce genre d'enjeux (Lavoie, 2018;Meunier & Legault-Leclair, 2021). En étudiant les facteurs déterminants de la migration interprovinciale, nous serons en mesure de tracer des liens entre les différents contextes provinciaux et les préférences migratoires des immigrants musulmans. ...
La migration interprovinciale chez les immigrants musulmans : La francophonie comme vecteur d'intégration?
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2023
  • CAN REV SOCIOL
Résumé Au Canada, les immigrants sont plus susceptibles de migrer à l'intérieur du pays—lors de migrations interprovinciales par exemple—que les individus nés au Canada. C'est notamment le cas des immigrants musulmans. Dans cet article, nous cherchons à identifier les caractéristiques déterminantes pour les secondes migrations entreprises par ces immigrants. Pour ce faire, nous avons posé notre regard sur (1) les caractéristiques sociodémographiques propres à cette communauté (la langue en particulier) et (2) au contexte sociopolitique des différentes provinces accueillant ces immigrants. Les résultats nous poussent à relativiser l'hypothèse d'une tension entre le fait d'habiter un milieu francophone au contexte sociopolitique tendu pour la communauté musulmane et un milieu anglophone où les enjeux sociopolitiques propres à cette communauté sont moins présents. Au‐delà des considérations strictement économiques, les immigrants musulmans doivent également négocier leur intégration en tenant compte de la langue et du milieu où certains enjeux sociopolitiques les concernant sont plus ou moins débattus et/ou un milieu où leur langue officielle de choix n'est pas parlée.
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... Critics of Bill 21, along with similar legislative measures that came before it, argue that recent Quebec governments have been pandering to the large electoral base of older francophones identifying as Catholic and living outside of Montreal, a demographic that tends to favour in larger numbers state secularism measures targeting religious minorities (Meunier and Legault-Leclair, 2021). In so doing, the state is participating in the creation of a social context that is potentially conducive to negative feelings towards minorities among its broader population. ...
The many facets of negative public opinion towards Muslims
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2023
Few studies have delved empirically into the various factors driving Islamophobia and negative attitudes towards Muslims, or the various forms they can take among individuals. To what extent does state secularism (or laïcité) policy, such as Bill 21 in Quebec, affect attitudes towards Muslims among the general public? What are the various dimensions of attitudes towards Muslims that can be measured in recent years? Using 2011–2019 Canadian Election Study data, the authors do not find a large impact of state secularism policy on public opinion towards Muslims, nor a strong dislike of organized religion explaining all negative attitudes towards Muslims in Quebec and in the rest of Canada. Instead, they find a wide variety of negative attitudes towards Muslims: some respondents specifically targeted Muslims with their discomfort and dislike, while others showed dislike towards Muslims tied to wider xenophobic attitudes towards racial minorities, immigrants, and other minority and vulnerable groups in society.
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Planting Seeds: The Catholic Parish in the Religious Transmission Ecosystem
Article
  • Jun 2025
  • REV RELIG RES
Along with parents and schools, congregations are part of a “religious transmission ecosystem” with children. Using case study data with a Catholic parish in Canada, this article explores how this parish defines and approaches various roles and initiatives across the religious transmission ecosystem, along with its perceived and experienced obstacles and responses related to religious transmission. I argue that while parents are seen as the central socialization influence, with parishes and Catholic schools playing supportive roles, a perceived problem is that many parents along with teachers in Catholic schools are cultural Catholics. As a result, this parish seeks to reassert itself as the dominant socialization influence in the religious transmission ecosystem toward (re)socializing children and their parents and teachers. Despite best efforts to help with religious transmission, this parish has resigned itself to a “planting seeds” approach, in hopes that something takes root and grows for parents and their children. The confluence of macro- and micro-level factors beyond parish control alongside cultural assumptions and behaviors within the parish together yield weak starting points to set children and their parents on a trajectory for higher rates of Catholic religious transmission.
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Post-Christendom Ignorance in Secular Society
Article
  • Dec 2024
  • J Appl Philos
In banning religious symbols for civil servants in a position of authority, Québec's laicity law disproportionately burdens religious minorities. Nevertheless, politicians seem to somehow avoid this problem, and the law is largely supported by the population. This insensibility to religious discrimination calls for an explanation. I argue that part of the explanation for this unequal treatment of religion in secular society lies in active religious ignorance. Drawing a parallel from how white ignorance functions to protect racial inequalities, I argue that a kind of active ignorance in the religious domain – that I name post-Christendom ignorance – makes it difficult to comprehend alternative understandings of religious experience and allows the majority to deny its religious positionality. Applying this framework, I criticize Québec's laicity law for wrongfully relying on inadequate hermeneutical resources about religion. Further, the failure to see that targeting only religious symbols worn by individuals is discriminatory is the result of the epistemic vice of closed-mindedness. This article aims to show how religious persons in secular society can suffer hermeneutical wrongs because of their religious identity, and it aims to show that this injustice in the epistemic domain can help explain the unequal treatment of religious minorities while providing grounds for criticism.
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From religious citizen to multicultural citizen: Changing conceptualizations of citizenship and belonging in Canada
Article
  • Feb 2024
The religious landscape in Canada has shifted dramatically during the past 50 years, from a country whose population and social institutions were inextricably entangled with Christianity to one which has an increasing number of people who do not identify with a religion at all. Citizenship in this context has shifted from a nation whose imaginary was predominantly Christian, with diversity conceptualized in rather limited ways to one characterized by (non)religious diversity and a multicultural reality. Yet, there are growing pains as majoritarian religion confronts a changing power dynamic and the new diversity. These growing pains have potentially negative implications for education. This article considers the new diversity, the articulation of religious symbols and practices as culture, and the implications of these for citizenship and living well together.
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The family transmission of religion in Canada: An intergenerational approach to religious socialization
Article
  • Sep 2024
This article seeks to measure the effect of parental socialization on the intergenerational transmission of religion and religiosity levels in Canada. Basing the analysis on the cohort replacement theory, the author is able to quantify the intergenerational change in religiosity. The use of a novel database – The Transmission of Religion across Generations – allows the author to demonstrate that there was an intergenerational decline in affiliation within all of the religious groups analysed (Catholicism, mainline Protestant, evangelical and Pentecostal, Islam, and ‘other religions’) and that the average level of religiosity is also decreasing. Among the socialization factors examined, only ‘talking about religion with certain family members’ and ‘the presence of religion in the household during childhood’ had a positive effect on the religiosity of the respondents. However, despite the positive effect of these indicators, the results reveal that their strength is not sufficient to reverse the overall trend of intergenerational religious decline and general secularization.
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Survey of the Effects of Law 21 on Students and Staff in Faculties of Education in Québec
Article
  • Mar 2024
A working group of the Observatoire sur la Formation à la Diversité et l’Équité conducted a survey of the impacts of Law 21, the Act respecting the Laicity of the State, during its first year of application on faculties and departments of education across Québec. Although the law is not supposed to affect universities or student teachers, since they are not employees of the Centres de services scolaires or school boards, findings from among the 972 survey respondents (students and staff in Québec faculties of education) associate Law 21 with negative and discriminatory treatment of student teachers during teaching internships, more polarized and conflictual interactions in university classrooms, and negative effects on the well-being, as well as academic and professional achievement, of students. The survey shows that discriminatory situations or effects related to Law 21, as reported by respondents, disproportionally affect those who are undergraduate students, identify as female, are immigrants or of immigrant background, have a first language other than French, and belong to a visible or religious minority. It also indicates that Québec universities have adopted specific measures in response to Law 21 to try to prevent such discriminatory experiences, but some of these have had stigmatizing or exclusionary effects.
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Religiosity matters: assessing competing explanations of support for secularism in Quebec and Canada
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2023
Secularism—i.e., the separation between the state and religious institutions—is a fundamental characteristic of liberal democracies, yet support for secular arrangements varies significantly across Western countries. In Canada, such attitudinal divergences are observable at the regional level, with citizens from Quebec displaying higher levels of support for secularism than other Canadians. In this paper, we test three hypotheses to account for this regional discrepancy: religiosity, liberal values, and out-group prejudice. Using data from an online panel survey ( n = 2,000), our findings suggest that support for secularism in Quebec is mostly explained by the province's lower baseline levels of religiosity, anticlerical feelings, and by its distinctive understanding of liberalism. These factors are likely to result from Quebec's unique religious and sociohistorical history. Results also suggest that while negative feelings toward religious minorities are positively correlated with support for secularism across the entire country, negative feelings toward ethnic minorities are associated with lower support for secularism in Quebec. These findings disprove the commonly held assumption according to which support for secularism is driven by ethnic prejudice in Quebec.
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Strange Bedfellows? Attitudes toward Minority and Majority Religious Symbols in the Public Sphere
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2018
In this study, we contend that distinguishing individuals who support bans on minority religious symbols from those who want to ban all religious symbols improves our understanding of the roots of opposition to minority religious symbols in the public sphere. We hypothesize that both groups are likely driven by markedly different motivations and that opposition to the presence of minority religious symbols in the public sphere may be the result of an alliance between “strange bedfellows,” clusters of individuals whose political outlooks usually bring them to opposite sides of political debates. Drawing on a survey conducted in the province of Quebec (Canada), we find that while holding liberal values and low religiosity are key characteristics of those who would ban all religious symbols, feelings of cultural threat and generalized prejudice are central characteristics of those who would only restrict minority religious symbols. Negative attitudes specifically toward Muslims, however, also appear to motivate both groups.
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Les valeurs de la société distincte. Une comparaison Québec-Canada
Book
  • Nov 2017
La « société distincte » est de retour. Les déclarations du premier ministre du Québec, destinées à relancer le débat constitutionnel, en témoignent. Curieusement, même si elle est bien formulée, avec en fer de lance la reconnaissance de la nation québécoise, cette notion n’a jamais vraiment dépassé le cadre institutionnel. Or, pour exister, une « société distincte » doit l’être aussi par ses citoyens. Il faut que ceux-ci soient porteurs de particularités qui transcendent la différence de langues. Les valeurs qui construisent le citoyen – dans ses rapports à la famille, aux relations homme-femme, au travail ou à la politique – permettent-elles de différencier les Québécois ? Grâce à une étude comparative entre le Québec et le reste du Canada, ce livre esquisse une tentative de réponse ; il y a une spécificité des valeurs québécoises.
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A Tale of Two Liberalisms? Attitudes toward Minority Religious Symbols in Quebec and Canada
Article
  • Apr 2019
Proponents of restrictions on the wearing of religious symbols in public institutions in Quebec have often framed their support in the language of liberalism, with references to “gender equality”, “state neutrality” and “freedom of conscience”. However, efforts to account for support for restrictions on minority religious symbols rarely mention liberalism. In this article, we test the hypothesis that holding liberal values might have different attitudinal consequences in Quebec and the rest of Canada. Our findings demonstrate that holding liberal values is associated with support for restrictions on the wearing of minority religious symbols in Quebec, but it is associated with opposition to such restrictions in the rest of Canada. Moreover, this difference between Quebec and the rest of Canada in the relationship between liberal values and support for restrictions on minority religious symbols can explain Quebecers' greater support for restrictions.
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Is Quebec Still a Catholically Distinct Society within Canada? An Examination of Catholic Affiliation and Mass Attendance
Article
  • May 2017
Since the Quiet Revolution, Quebec has significantly transformed its relationship to Catholicism. Some commentators have even gone as far as discussing an increasingly important secularization within the province. Yet, an examination of the main indicators of religiosity in Quebec provides evidence for the permanence of a certain cultural Catholicism. However, this cultural Catholicism is tending to gradually fade over time, giving place to the reconfiguration of the regime of religiosity. Meanwhile, in the rest of Canada, Catholicism tends to grow, primarily due to the immigrant population in recent years. In this general context, is Quebec still a “Catholically distinct” society? To answer this question, the authors use a series of logistic models to examine the main determinants of Catholic affiliation and Mass attendance. Age, place of birth and mother tongue emerge as principal determinants of religious affiliation and practice. Based on the findings from these models, the authors show that Quebec remains a Catholically distinct society in comparison with other Canadian regions. However, the gap between this province and the rest of Canada seems to have been increasingly fading, at least over the last thirty years.
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Becoming a Religious None: Irreligious Socialization and Disaffiliation: BECOMING A RELIGIOUS NONE
Article
  • Apr 2017
The rise in the numbers of religious "nones" is an almost universal phenomenon across the Western world. The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which religious nones are socialized to adopt a "no religion" position as children, as compared with disaffiliating during their teen or adult years. Related, among those religious nones who come from a religious background, we examine the timing and depth of a person's disaffiliation. This study sheds light on these issues by combining a quantitative analysis of religious nones samples in Alberta, Canada, America, and other international contexts with a qualitative analysis of 30 semistructured interviews with religious nones. Building on a stage of decline framework, we argue that while disaffiliation has been a lead catalyst for the growth among the religious none population-and we offer several observations of what fuels disaffiliation-moving forward we can and should expect irreligious socialization to gradually take the lead in explaining rising religious none figures.
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