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UNCORRECTED PROOF
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9CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier 34090, France
:PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
;CIRAD, DGDRS, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
<Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, New Tafo Akyem, Eastern Region Ghana. P.O 8, Ghana
=Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa 48940, Spain
>IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48008, Spain
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K8E<FLJ <==<:K F= JF@C 8E; 8KDFJG?<I@: ;IFL>?K 8E; K?<@I @EK<I8:K@FE
9;LC8@ <K 8C 'FJ<I <K 8C -:?N<E;<ED8EE <K 8C
.?< I<;L:K@FE F= KI8EJG@I8K@FE @E I<JGFEJ< KF JF@C N8K<I JKI<JJ ?8J 9<<E
:?8I8:K<I@Q<; @E I8Q@C I8>8 $LE@FI <K 8C 8E; #E;FE<J@8 'FJ<I
<K 8C -:?N<E;<ED8EE <K 8C 9LK @E K?<J< CF:8K@FEJ 0*
8E; 8@I K<DG<I8KLI< I8I<CP I<8:? JKI<JJ=LC :FE;@K@FEJ =FI K?< KI<<J -L:?
<==<:KJ ?8M< EFK 9<<E 8;;I<JJ<; @E K?< 1<JK =I@:8E :8:8F 9<CK N?<I<
I8;@:8CCP ;@==<I<EK 8KDFJG?<I@: :FE;@K@FEJ ;L< KF K?< @E_L<E:< F= K?<
"8ID8KK8E N@CC C@B<CP @DGFJ< ;IFL>?K JKI<JJ C<M<CJ 9<PFE; K?FJ< GI<M@
FLJCP JKL;@<; .?< F9A<:K@M< F= K?@J JKL;P @J KF :C8I@=P K?< <==<:KJ F= 8K
DFJG?<I@: 8E; JF@C N8K<I JKI<JJ FE :8:8F KI<< KI8EJG@I8K@FE ;LI@E> K?<
;IP "8ID8KK8E J<8JFE 8E; J?<; C@>?K FE K?< ;I@M<IJ F= KI8EJG@I8K@FE LE
;<I JL:? :@I:LDJK8E:<J )LI ?PGFK?<J@J @J K?8K :8:8F KI<<J N@CC I<JGFE;
JKIFE>CP KF 9FK? KPG<J F= JKI<JJ<J 9LK N< <OG<:K 0* KF 9< DFI< @E_L<E
K@8C ;L< KF K?< <OKI<D<CP CFN I<C8K@M< ?LD@;@K@<J 8E; C8I>< K<DG<I8KLI<
FJ:@CC8K@FEJ <OG<I@<E:<; LE;<I K?< @E_L<E:< F= K?< "8ID8KK8E
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Study site and experimental design
.NF GCFKJ F= :8:8F KI<<J N@K? 8E; N@K?FLK @II@>8K@FE N<I< DFE@
KFI<; K?IFL>?FLK K?< ;LI8K@FE F= K?< <OG<I@D<EK <:<D9<I KF
'8I:? 8E; K?<@I I<JGFEJ< KF :C@D8K< KI8:B<; :CFJ<CP 9P
UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
D<8EJ F= M8I@FLJ J<EJFIJ .?< D<8JLI<; <EM@IFED<EK8C M8I@89C<J N<I<
JF@C MFCLD<KI@: N8K<I :FEK<EK 8K =FLI ;<GK?J =IFD KF :D 8@I K<D
G<I8KLI< 8@I I<C8K@M< ?LD@;@KP 8E; G?FKFJPEK?<K@:8CCP 8:K@M< I8;@8K@FE
@>
.?< JKL;P N8J :FE;L:K<; 8K K?< <OG<I@D<EK8C JK8K@FE F= K?< 8:8F
,<J<8I:? #EJK@KLK< F= !?8E8 ,#! CF:8K<; @E (<N .8=F BP<D 8JK<IE
,<>@FE !?8E8 ’”( ’”1 D 8JC K K?@J CF:8
K@FE K?< :C@D8K< @J N8ID 8E; ?LD@; 8CC P<8I IFLE; <O:<GK =FI KNF ;IP
J<8JFEJ .?< D8@E ;IP J<8JFE ?8J @KJ :FI< 9<KN<<E <:<D9<I 8E; <9
IL8IP 9LK K?< FEJ<K :8E 9< 8J <8ICP 8J D@; (FM<D9<I 8E; C8JKJ LEK@C
JFD<K@D< @E '8I:? .?< J<:FE; ;IP J<8JFE F::LIJ 9<KN<<E K?< J<:FE;
?8C= F= $LCP 8E; K?< 9<>@EE@E> F= -<GK<D9<I 8E; @J KPG@:8CCP DL:? C<JJ
J<M<I< K?8E K?< D8@E ;IP J<8JFE
.?IFL>?FLK K?< P<8I K<DG<I8KLI< @E .8=F FJ:@CC8K<J 9<KN<<E 8
DFEK?CP 8M<I8>< D@E@DLD F= KF 8E; 8 DFEK?CP 8M<I8>< D8O@
DLD F= KF E@D%N8GFE> 8E; I@DGFE> EEL8C I8@E
=8CC I8E><J 9<KN<<E 8E; DD N@K? 8 D<8E M8CL< F= DD
G<I P<8I E@D%N8GFE> 8E; I@DGFE> -K8==
K K?< JKL;P J@K< 8 ?8 :8:8F GC8EK8K@FE N8J <JK89C@J?<; @E $LE<
8:8F KI<<J Theobroma cacao & F= ?FDF><E<FLJ ><E<K@: FI@
>@E N<I< GC8EK<; N@K? 8 O D JG8:@E> KI<<J ?8 LE;<I
E<8K? Gliricidia sepium $8:H GI<M@FLJCP GC8EK<; 8K 8 ;<EJ@KP F= KI<<J
?8 .?< GC8EK8K@FE :FEJ@JK<; F= =FLI 9CF:BJ N@K? GCFKJ <8:? 8:?
GCFK :FEK8@E<; KI<<J GC8EK<; @E ^M< IFNJ N@K? <@>?K KI<<J G<I IFN #E
(FM<D9<I KNF GCFKJ F= ?P9I@; D<CFE8;F KI<<J N@K? D<8E
:8EFGP ?<@>?K F= D<K<IJ N<I< J<C<:K<; =FI K?< JKL;P .?< J<C<:K<;
GCFKJ N<I< CF:8K<; 8K C<8JK D 8N8P =IFD K?< E<8I<JK J?8;@E> KI<<
8E; K?<I<=FI< N<I< :FEJ@;<I<; 8J 8 ”KPG@:8C 1<JK =I@:8E =LCC JLE JPJ
K<D” .?< KNF JKL;P GCFKJ N<I< J<G8I8K<; 9P K<E IFNJ F= :8:8F KI<<J KF
8MF@; 8EP <;>< <==<:K FI @EK<I8:K@FE 9<KN<<E K?< KNF @> IFD K?<
F= (FM<D9<I KF K?< F= '8I:? KI<<J @E FE< GCFK @II@
>8K@FE KI<8KD<EK N<I< @II@>8K<; N@K? & G<I KI<< <HL@M8C<EK KF 8G
GIFO@D8K<CP DD G<I KI<< FE 8CK<IE8K@E> ;8K<J LJ@E> 8 ?FJ<
N?<I<8J KI<<J @E K?< J<:FE; GCFK :FEKIFC FECP I<:<@M<; 8D9@<EK GI<:@G
@K8K@FE .?< @II@>8K@FE N8J <M<ECP 8GGC@<; N@K?@E :D =IFD K?< KILEB
N?<I< DFJK F= K?< IFFKJ N<I< 9<C@<M<; KF 9< ;@JKI@9LK<; 8II 8E;
&F:BNFF; #II@>8K@FE :CFJ< KF K?< KILEB N8J EFK I<;L:<; 9P
CFJJ<J ;L< KF :8EFGP @EK<I:<GK@FE K?LJ @KJ <=^:8:P N8J ?@>?<I K?8E 8
I8@E=8CC F= DD
2.2. Soil properties
::FI;@E> KF 8 JF@C 8E8CPJ@J F= K?< <OG<I@D<EK8C J@K< :FE;L:K<; @E
'8I:? K?< LGG<I JF@C :D N8J 8 <LKI@: _LM@JFC N@K? J8E;P
CF8D K<OKLI< 8E; 9<CFN :D F= ;<GK? K?< JF@C K<OKLI< N8J J8E;P :C8P
CF8D .?< G" N8J 8:IFJJ K?< <EK@I< GIF^C< .?< LGG<I JF@C N8J GFFI
FI>8E@: D8KK<I :FEK<EK N8J D8>E<J@LD N8J
KFK8C E@KIF><E N8J 8DDFE@LD N8J GGD G?FJG?FILJ N8J
GGD GFK8JJ@LD N8J 8E; <O:?8E><89C< :8C:@LD
N8J 8J<; FE K?< JF@C K<OKLI< 8K 8 ;<GK? F= :D K?<
9LCB ;<EJ@KP ^<C; :8G8:@KP 8E; G<ID8E<EK N@CK@E> GF@EK
*1* N<I< <JK@D8K<; @E 8E; I<JG<:K@M<CP <
CFN :D K?< M8CL<J F= 8E; *1* N<I< 8E;
I<JG<:K@M<CP
2.3. Transpiration measurements
FI K?< <EK@I< ;LI8K@FE F= K?< <OG<I@D<EK KI<< KI8EJG@I8K@FE N8J <J
K@D8K<; =IFD D<8JLI<D<EKJ F= J8G M<CF:@KP LJ@E> K?< "<8K ,8K@F
'<K?F; ",' '8IJ?8CC @M< KI<<J @E <8:? GCFK N<I< J<C<:K<;
N@K? D<8E J; ;@8D<K<IJ D<8JLI<; :D 9<CFN K?< D8@E 9I8E:? F=
8E; :D @E K?< :FEKIFC 8E; @II@>8K<; GCFKJ I<
JG<:K@M<CP @> 1@K?@E <8:? GCFK K?< KI<<J N<I< J<C<:K<; 98J<;
FE 8 M@JL8C J:FI@E> JPJK<D F= FM<I8CC :FE;@K@FE :8EFGP ;<EJ@KP C<8=
>I<<EE<JJ ELD9<I 8E; ;@8D<K<I F= AFIHL<KK< 9I8E:?<J <K: 8E; 8MF@;
@E> JG8K@8C :CLJK<I@E> F= DFE@KFI<; KI<<J #E (FM<D9<I N< @E
JK8CC<; FE< ?<8K GIF9< J<EJFI - 8JKJ<EJFIJ /- FE <8:? J<
C<:K<; KI<< 8:? J<EJFI :FEJ@JK<; F= K?I<< GIF9<J DD @E C<E>K?
DD @E ;@8D<K<I 8E; DD 8O@8C ;@JK8E:< 8G8IK .?< :<EKI8C GIF9< :FE
K8@E<; 8E <M8EF?D ?<8K<I 8E; K?< C8K<I8C KNF GIF9<J FE< LGJKI<8D
8E; FE< ;FNEJKI<8D N@K? I<JG<:K KF K?< ?<8K<I :FEK8@E<; K?<ID@JKFIJ
GC8:<; 8K DD DD 8E; DD =IFD K?< J<EJFI K@G KF DFE@KFI
J8G _FN 8:IFJJ K?< <EK@I< ;<GK? F= K?< J8GNFF; .?< K?<ID@JKFI K<DG<I
8KLI< J<EJFI :FEJ@JK<; F= 8 % GI<:@J@FE I<J@JKFI 8E; 8 % K?<ID@JKFI
N@I<; K?IFL>? 8 K?I<< N@I< ?8C= 9I@;>< :FEE<:K<; KF 8 ;8K8CF>><I G<I @I
Fig. 1. -:?<D8K@: I<GI<J<EK8K@FE F= K?< ^<C; <OG<I@D<EK8C GC8E N@K? 8E FM<IM@<N F= K?< D<8JLI<D<EKJ K8B<E .?< <OG<I@D<EK :FDG8I<; 8E @II@>8K<; GCFK IFNJ
F= KI<<J KF 8 :FEKIFC I8@E=<; FE< .?< <OG<I@D<EK8C GCFKJ N<I< J<G8I8K<; 9P 8 9L`<I F= K<E IFNJ F= KI<<J #E <8:? GCFK N< D<8JLI<; J8G M<CF:@KP :IFJJ<J
JF@C DF@JKLI< JHL8I<J K<DG<I8KLI< 8E; 8@I I<C8K@M< ?LD@;@KP ;FKJ G?FKFJPEK?<K@:8CCP 8:K@M< I8;@8K@FE *, 89FM< 8E; 9<CFN K?< :8EFGP ;FKJ 8E;
C@KK<I=8CC GIF;L:K@FE ?8K:?<; G8I8CC<CF>I8DJ .?< GFJ@K@FE F= K?< J<EJFIJ I<_<:KJ K?<@I I<8C GFJ@K@FE @E K?< ^<C; <OG<I@D<EK !I8G?@:J 9P *@<KIF <CC8 -8C8 ;I8N
@E> F= K?< :8:8F KI<< 9P JK<CC< ,@9<PI<
UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
I@>8K@FE KI<8KD<EK , 8DG9<CC -:@<EK@^: &F>8E /. /- .?<
8::LI8:P F= K?< K?<ID@JKFIJ N8J 8E; K?< I<JFCLK@FE N8J
.?< :<EKI8C E<<;C< N8J ?<8K<; 9P 8 0 GLCJ< F= J<:FE;J GFN<I<;
9P K?< ;8K8CF>><I 8E; I<;L:<; KF 0 K?IFL>? 8 ?<8K :FEKIFC 9F8I; 8JK
J<EJFIJ /-
-<EJFIJ N<I< @EJK8CC<; FE K?< KILEB =FCCFN@E> K?< OPC<D ;@I<:K@FE 8K
8 D@E@DLD ;@JK8E:< F= :D =IFD 8EP EF;< FI 9I8E:?@E> 8E; 8K 8 D@E
@DLD ?<@>?K =IFD K?< JF@C F= :D 8IB K?@:BE<JJ N8J :D
E KI<<J 8E; N8J B<GK @E GC8:< KF GIFK<:K K?< NFLE; =IFD ;IPE<JJ
8E; =LE>8C 8KK8:BJ .?< GIF9<J N<I< GIF>I8DD<; @E 8::FI;8E:< N@K?
K?< L8C '<K?F; GGIF8:? ' FIJK<I .?< ' :FD9@E<J
K?< KI8;@K@FE8C 8GGIF8:? KF :8C:LC8K< J8G M<CF:@KP =IFD ?<8K GLCJ< M<CF:
@KP '8IJ?8CC N@K? K?< .D8O '<K?F; )"( <K 8C .?<
C8KK<I 8CCFNJ KF :8GKLI< ?@>? 8E; CFN _FN I8K<J 9FK? LGN8I; 8E; ;FNE
N8I; 8CFE> K?< JK<D FIJK<I .?I<< M8CL<J F= ?<8K GLCJ< M<CF:@KP
N<I< I<:FI;<; <M<IP D@ELK<J G<I J<EJFI 8:? M8CL< N8J :8C:LC8K<;
=IFD K?< K<DG<I8KLI< ;@==<I<E:< 9<KN<<E <8:? G8@I F= LG 8E; ;FNE
_FN K?<ID@JKFIJ CF:8K<; 8K K?I<< ;<GK?J N@K?@E K?< J8GNFF;
8E; DD =IFD K?< 98IB -8G M<CF:@KP N8J :8C:LC8K<; =FI <8:? F= K?<
K?I<< GFJ@K@FEJ 8E; K?<E LGJ:8C<; KF 8E @EK<>I8K<; M8CL< F= J8G _LO =FI
<8:? KI<< K?IFL>? 8 N<@>?K<; JLD 98J<; FE K?< J8GNFF; 8I<8 <JK@
D8K<; K?IFL>? NFF; :FI@E> 8JJF:@8K<; KF K?< JG<:@^: I8;@8C GFJ@K@FE
FIJK<I <=FI< LGJ:8C@E> KF 8 J@E>C< M8CL< G<I KI<< <8:? :FLGC<
F= K?<IDF:FLGC<J N8J :8C@9I8K<; KF ?8M< K?< Q<IF =FI J8G M<CF:@KP N?<E
E@>?K GFK<EK@8C <M8GFKI8EJG@I8K@FE N8J Q<IF - C<9P <K 8C
LI><JJ <K 8C #E K?@J JKL;P @K N8J 8JJLD<; K?8K ;LI@E> K?< K?I<<
DFEK?J F= ;IP J<8JFE K?< J8GNFF; 8I<8 @E:I<D<EK @J E<>C@>@9C< K?<I<
=FI< :?8E><J @E KI8EJG@I8K@FE 8I< 8GGIFO@D8K<; KF M8I@8K@FEJ @E J8G
_LO
2.4. Soil VWC
-F@C MFCLD<KI@: N8K<I :FEK<EK 01 N8J DFE@KFI<; @E KNF _8K CF
:8K@FEJ G<I GCFK <HL@;@JK8EK :D KF 8CC JLIIFLE;@E> KI<<J 8K =FLI
;<GK?J 8E; :D N@K? .,)- :8G8:@K8E:< GIF9<J
'., >IFLG *LCCD8E1 /- @> .?< :?FJ<E ;@JK8E:< 8C
CFN<; KF :8GKLI< K?< 8M<I8>< 01 F= 9FK? K?< @II@>8K<; 8E; K?< EFE
@II@>8K<; GCFKJ 8MF@;@E> GFK<EK@8C 9@8J<J ;L< KF LE<M<E @II@>8K@FE @E K?<
=FID<I <JG@K< K?<@I ;@JK8E:< =IFD K?< KI<<J K?< CF:8K@FEJ =FI 01
DFE@KFI@E> N<I< J?8;<; 9P K?< GCFKJ’:CFJ<; :8EFGP <==<:K@M<CP C@D@K
@E> HL@:B <M8GFI8K@FE F= N8K<I 8=K<I 8 N8K<I@E> <M<EK 9< @K I8@E=8CC FI
@II@>8K@FE .?< .,)- J<EJFIJ <JK@D8K< JF@C 01 =IFD D<8JLI<
D<EKJ F= K?< 8GG8I<EK ;@<C<:KI@: G<ID@KK@M@KP @E K?< D& F= JLIIFLE;
@E> D<;@LD FI K?@J JKL;P K?< D8EL=8:KLI<IJ :8C@9I8K@FE =FI 8 ><E<I@:
D@E<I8C JF@C N8J LJ<; M8CL< F= JF@C 01 G<I GIF9< N8J I<:FI;<; FE 8
, ;8K8CF>><I <M<IP D@ELK<J =IFD (FM<D9<I KF '8I:?
#E FE< @EJK8E:< K?< JF@C 01 N8J KI8EJ=FID<; @EKF N8K<I GF
K<EK@8C KF :FDG8I< FLI I<JLCKJ N@K? FK?<I I<GFIK<; I<JLCKJ .F F9K8@E K?<
G<;FKI8EJ=<I =LE:K@FE @K N8J 8;FGK<; K?< DF;<C 9P 08E !<EL:?K<E
!<EL:?K<E .?< G8I8D<KI@Q8K@FE F= K?< DF;<C N8J ;FE< N@K?
K?< , G8:B8>< soilphysics 4.0 -@CM8 8E; ;< &@D8 8E; K?< JF@C
GIFG<IK@<J D<8JLI<; N@K? K?< JF@C 8E8CPJ@J
2.5. Leaf area index
&<8= I<8 #E;<O &# N8J <JK@D8K<; =IFD D<8JLI<D<EKJ F= G?FKF
JPEK?<K@:8CCP 8:K@M< I8;@8K@FE *, 89FM< 8E; 9<CFN K?<
:8EFGP @> @E 8E @EM<IK<; =FID F= <<IJ C8N H '<8JLI<
D<EKJ F= *, N<I< :FCC<:K<; =IFD (FM<D9<I K? KF '8I:? K?
N@K? 8 9I@<= @EK<IILGK@FE =IFD <:<D9<I K? KF $8EL8IP
K? #E:FD@E> G?FKFJPEK?<K@: 8:K@M< I8;@8K@FE *,
89FM< K?< :8EFGP N8J D<8JLI<; <M<IP D@ELK<J 8K
FE< GFJ@K@FE @E K?< @II@>8K<; GCFK .?< *, J<EJFI -+ GF><< @E
JKILD<EKJ -8EK8 'FE@:8 /- N8J DFLEK<; FE KFG F= 8 D C<M
<CC<; @IFE G@G< GC8EK<; @E K?< JF@C @< D 89FM< K?< :8EFGP ;;@K@FE
8CCP *, N8J DFE@KFI<; LE;<I K?< :8EFGP 8K K?I<< CF:8K@FEJ @E <8:?
GCFK N@K? K?I<< J<EJFIJ DFLEK<; FE C<M<CC<; GFC<J 8K :D ?<@>?K .?<
<OK@E:K@FE :F<=^:@<EK % E<:<JJ8IP KF :8C:LC8K< &# =IFD *, ;8K8 H
;<G<E;J FE K?< JFC8I 8E>C< 8E; 8 C<8= 8E>C< ;@JKI@9LK@FE :F<=^
:@<EK 8E; N8J :8C:LC8K<; 8GGCP@E> H 8DG9<CC .?< G8
I8D<K<I N8J :8C:LC8K<; 8J K?< I8K@F F= M<IK@:8C KF ?FI@QFEK8C GIFA<:
K@FEJ F= K?< :8EFGP 8DG9<CC 8J<; FE ^<C; D<8JLI<D<EKJ
N8J <M8CL8K<; 8K :FII<JGFE;@E> KF 8E <CC@GJF@; C<8= 8E>C< ;@JKI@9L
K@FE I<C@89C< <JK@D8K@FE F= % @J GFJJ@9C< FECP N?<E K?< JFC8I 8E>C< @J
:CFJ< KF K?< Q<E@K? C<I:?@E><I 8E; 3L .?FD8J 8E; 1@EE<I
K?<I<=FI< N< <JK@D8K<; &# =IFD *, D<8JLI<D<EKJ :FCC<:K<;
9<KN<<E 8E; JFC8I K@D< LIK?<IDFI< KF 8MF@; FM<I<JK@
D8K@FE F= &# ;L< KF <O:<JJ ;@I<:K I8;@8K@FE I<8:?@E> K?< J<EJFIJ LE;<I
K?< :8EFGP ;8K8 =IFD <8:? J<EJFI N<I< JDFFK?<; 8E; @EK<IGFC8K<;
N@K? K?< Daniell DF;@^<; FLI@<I D<K?F; IF:BN<CC <K 8C
-KF==<I 8E; CFFD=@<C; 8E; K?< K?I<< I<JLCK@E> :LIM<J 8M<I8><;
KF ><K 8 ^E8C &# M8CL< =FI K?< <EK@I< GCFK
&# :?8E>< ;L< KF ;<=FC@8K@FE N8J 8CJF DFE@KFI<; K?IFL>? K?< J8D<
DFE@KFI@E> G<I@F; N@K? 8 J<K F= =FLI C@KK<I KI8GJ G<I KI<8KD<EK @>
8:? KI8G :FEJ@JK<; FE 8 JLJG<E;<; ^E< E<K F= K?8K N8J GFJ@
K@FE<; @E I8E;FD@Q<; CF:8K@FEJ N@K?@E <8:? GCFK .?< C@KK<I GIF;L:K@FE
N8J :FCC<:K<; <M<IP ;8PJ 8E; FM<E;I@<; 8K =FI ?FLIJ KF F9
K8@E K?< ;IP N<@>?K .F :FEM<IK K?< C<8= ;IP N<@>?K @E &# @E K?< 9<>@E
E@E> F= K?< <OG<I@D<EK K?< D<8E JG<:@^: C<8= 8I<8 -&
N8J :8C:LC8K<; J8DGC< F= C<8M<J =IFD K?<
CFN<I D@;;C< 8E; KFG :8EFGP =FI <8:? KI<8KD<EK GCFK N8J J:8EE<; FE
8 I<=<I<E:< JLI=8:< 8E J?<<K .?< KFK8C 8I<8 N8J <JK@D8K<; 8J K?<
G<I:<EK8>< F= K?< @D8><J K?8K N8J EFK N?@K< N@K? #D8><$ 8
,8J98E; .F F9K8@E K?< -& K?< 8M<I8>< C<8= 8I<8 N8J ;@M@;<;
9P @KJ FM<E;IP N<@>?K
2.6. Atmospheric conditions
@I K<DG<I8KLI< 8E; I<C8K@M< ?LD@;@KP N<I< CF>><; ?FLICP @E <8:?
GCFK N@K? N@K? KNF @LKKFEJ - "P>IF:?IFE @LKKFE&@EB
&& 1?@K<N8K<I 1#/- 89FM< K?< :8EFGP 8K :8 D ?<@>?K .F GIF
K<:K K?< J<EJFIJ =IFD ;@I<:K I8;@8K@FE 8E; GI<:@G@K8K@FE K?<J< N<I< @E
JK8CC<; =8:@E> K?< >IFLE; >CL<; KF K?< @EK<IE8C G8IK F= 9FKKC< :8GJ
@> J K<DG<I8KLI< 8E; I<C8K@M< ?LD@;@KP N<I< CF>><; ?FLICP
8E; 8J K?<P I<GI<J<EK :FEK@ELFLJ M8I@89C<J 8 C@E<8I @EK<IGFC8K@FE N8J
8GGC@<; @E FI;<I KF F9K8@E ?8C=?FLICP K@D< J<I@<J K?8K D8K:?<; K?FJ< F=
K?< FK?<I D<8JLI<; M8I@89C<J @E K?< ;8K8 J<K .?< M8GFLI GI<JJLI<
;<^:@K 0* 8E; E@>?KK@D< GFK<EK@8C <M8GFKI8EJG@I8K@FE I<HL@I<; KF
:8C@9I8K< K?< Q<IF GF@EK =FI J8G M<CF:@KP N<I< :8C:LC8K<; =FCCFN@E> K?<
) *<ED8E'FEK<@K? D<K?F; CC<E <K 8C 9P D<8EJ F= K?<
*PK?FE G8:B8>< “opencroplib==0.1.5”<IE@ <K 8C .?< :8C:L
C8K@FE F= K?< E@>?KK@D< GFK<EK@8C <M8GFKI8EJG@I8K@FE LJ<; 8 N@E; M<CF:
@KP 89FM< K?< :8EFGP F= 8K D ?<@>?K @E :FDGC@8E:< N@K?
K?< 8M<I8>< E@>?KK@D< M8CL< =IFD 8 N<8K?<I JK8K@FE 8K C<JJ K?8E BD
=IFD K?< J@K< 8@CP GI<:@G@K8K@FE ;8K8 9<KN<<E ):KF9<I 8E;
'8I:? N<I< I<KI@<M<; =IFD K?< /E@^<; !8L><8J<; E8CP
J@J F= 8@CP *I<:@G@K8K@FE F= K?< () C@D8K< *I<;@:K@FE <EK<I *
-K8==
2.7. Statistical analysis
*I@FI KF 8E8CPJ@J N< :?<:B<; =FI J<EJFI >C@K:?<J ELD<I@:8C 8IK<=8:KJ
F= K?< J<EJFI I8N J@>E8C 8E; D<8JLI<D<EK <IIFIJ :8LJ<; 9P =8LCKP J<E
JFIJ CC D<8JLI<; M8I@89C<J 9LK J8G M<CF:@KP N<I< KI<8K<; 8J :FEK@EL
UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
FLJ N@K? K?< ?PGFK?<J@J K?8K K?<P :8EEFK 89ILGKCP :?8E>< FM<I ?8C= 8E
?FLI FI K?@J I<8JFE @K N8J ;<:@;<; KF JKL;P K?< <MFCLK@FE F= K?<@I ^IJK
;<I@M8K@M< @E K@D< 8E; :FEJ@;<I 8J FLKC@<IJ K?< GF@EKJ N?FJ< 89JFCLK<
M8CL< C@<; FLKJ@;< K?< KNF JK8E;8I; ;<M@8K@FEJ :FE^;<E:< @EK<IM8C
>I8G?@:8C <M8CL8K@FE F= K?< ;8K8 GF@EKJ _8>><; 8J FLKC@<IJ N8J :8II@<;
FLK 9<=FI< K?<P N<I< ;@J:8I;<;
2.7.1. GAMM analysis
><E<I8C@Q<; 8;;@K@M< D@O<; DF;<C !'' N8J LJ<; KF DF;<C
8E; 8JJ<JJ K?< ;@==<I<E:<J 9<KN<<E K?< @II@>8K<; 8E; EFE@II@>8K<; GCFK
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D8I@CP 9<:8LJ< &# N8J <OG<:K<; KF <O?@9@K 8 :FDGC<O EFEC@E<8I I<C8
K@FEJ?@G N@K? K?< <EM@IFED<EK -<:FE;CP @K N8J E<:<JJ8IP KF LJ< 8
!'' 9<:8LJ< &# D<8JLI<D<EKJ @E K@D< N<I< EFK :FDGC<K<CP @E;<
G<E;<EK 8J K?<P N<I< K8B<E 9P K?< J8D< J<EJFIJ &8JKCP K?< :?F@:< KF
LJ< 8 !'' N8J ;@:K8K<; 9P K?< =8:K K?8K =FI <8:? ;8K< N< ?8; FECP =<N
GF@EKJ =FI &# K?LJ C8I>< M8I@8E:< #K NFLC; ?8M< 9<<E ;@=^:LCK KF 8G
GI<:@8K< K?< ;@==<I<E:< N@K?FLK K?< !'' DF;<C :8GKLI@E> K?< K@D<
<MFCLK@FE F= &# .?< 9L@CK !'' DF;<C ^KK<; 8 >8LJJ@8E ;@JKI@9LK@FE
=FI &# :FEK@ELFLJ M8I@89C< LJ@E> K?< KI<8KD<EK @II@>8K<; FI :FEKIFC
8J ^O<; <==<:KJ 8E; K8B@E> @EKF 8::FLEK K?< I8E;FD J<EJFIKFJ<EJFI
M8I@89@C@KP .?< <==<:K F= K@D< N8J ^KK<; 9P 8 JDFFK? K<ID LJ@E> L:?FE
JGC@E<J 8CCFN@E> K?< K?< GI<;@:K@FEJ KF K8B< @EKF 8::FLEK K?< ;@==<I<E
K@8C @E N8K<I 8M8@C89@C@KP ;L< KF @II@>8K@FE .?< !''DF;<C<; &# =FI
9FK? N8K<I@E> KI<8KD<EKJ N8J GCFKK<; 8E; N< @EK<IGI<K<; EFE
FM<IC8GG@E> :FE^;<E:< @EK<IM8CJ 8J 8 J@>E@=@:8EK ;@==<I<E:< 9<
KN<<E KI<8KD<EK C<M<CJ =FI 8 >@M<E G<I@F; CC K?<J< 8E8CPJ<J N<I< G<I
=FID<; @E K?< , <EM@IFED<EK M .<8D LJ@E> G8:B8><J GCPI
1@:B?8D K@;PM<IJ< M 1@:B?8D <K 8C D>:M
1FF; 8E; @KJ8;L> M M8E ,@A <K 8C
2.7.2. Boosted Regression Tree analysis
1< LJ<; FFJK<; ,<>I<JJ@FE .I<<J 8E8CPJ@J ,. DF;<CC@E> KF GI<
;@:K KI8EJG@I8K@FE =IFD :C@D8K@: M8I@89C<J C@K? <K 8C ,. LJ<J
KNF 8C>FI@K?DJ I<>I<JJ@FE KI<< 8E; 9FFJK@E> .I<<98J<; I<>I<JJ@FE
DF;<CJ ;<J:I@9<; =FI LJ< @E <:FCF>P 9P <’8K? 8E; 89I@:@LJ
G8IK@K@FE K?< JFCLK@FEJ JG8:< N@K? 8 J<K F= ILC<J @;<EK@=P@E> K?< DFJK ?F
DF><E<FLJ I<>@FEJ @E K<IDJ F= I<JGFEJ< KF GI<;@:KFIJ .?<P K?<E ^K 8
:FEJK8EK KF <8:? I<>@FE ^KK@E> K?< 8M<I8>< I<JGFEJ< @E K?8K I<>@FE N@K?
K?< 8JJLDGK@FE F= EFID8CCP ;@JKI@9LK<; <IIFIJ 1@K? <8:? @K<I8K@FE K?<
KI<< >IFNJ 9P I<G<8K<;CP 8GGCP@E> K?< 8E8CPJ@J F= K?< GI<;@:KFIJ JG8:< KF
@KJ FNE FLKGLK LEK@C 8 LJ<I;<^E<; JKFGG@E> :I@K<I@FE @J I<8:?<; .I<<
98J<; DF;<CJ 8I< @EKL@K@M< <8JP KF M@JL8C@Q< 8E; 8I< =8@ICP @EJ<EJ@K@M< KF
FLKC@<IJ D@JJ@E> ;8K8 8E; ;8K8 KPG<J ELD<I@: 9@E8IP :8K<>FI@:8C <K:
9LK K?<P C8:B K?< 8::LI8:P F= FK?<I D<K?F;J JL:? 8J !&' 8E; !''
.F :FDG<EJ8K< =FI K?@J ;FNEJ@;< @K @J :FEM<E@<EK KF :FD9@E< KI<<98J<;
DF;<CJ N@K? 9FFJK@E> .?< @;<8 9<?@E; K?< 9FFJK@E> D<K?F;J @J K?8K @K @J
DFI< GIF989C< KF ^E; D8EP ILC<J F= K?LD9 K?8E KF ^E; 8 J@E>C< ?@>?CP
8::LI8K< GI<;@:K@FE ILC< -:?8G@I< #K @J K?<I<=FI< DFI< :FEM<
E@<EK KF 8GGIFO@D8K< K?< JFCLK@FE 9P 8M<I8>@E> K?< I<JLCKJ F= 8 C8I><
ELD9<I F= ILC<J F= K?LD9 I8K?<I K?8E 8@D@E> =FI 8 LE@HL< ?@>?CP 8::L
I8K< FE< .?< ,. LJ<J 9FFJK@E> 8J 8 N8P KF <M8CL8K< K?< >I8;@<EK F= K?<
GI<;@:KFIJ JG8:< 9P =F:LJ@E> FE K?< M8I@8K@FE @E K?< I<JGFEJ< EFK <O
GC8@E<; P<K 9P K?< DF;<C 8K 8 >@M<E JK<G 8E; ^KK@E> 8 E<N KI<< KF @KJ
I<J@;L8CJ C@K? 8E; &<8K?N@:B .?IFL>? 9FFJK@E> ;<:@J@FE KI<<J
8I< ^KK<; @K<I8K@M<CP KF K?< KI8@E@E> ;8K8 @E:I<8J@E>CP <DG?8J@J@E> K?<
JK@CC GFFICP DF;<CC<; F9J<IM8K@FEJ J K?< 9FFJK@E> GIF:<JJ @J JK8><
N@J< <O@JK@E> KI<<J 8I< C<=K LE:?8E><; 8J K?< DF;<C @J <EC8I><; 9LK K?<
^KK<; M8CL< @J <JK@D8K<; 8K <8:? JK<G KF I<_<:K K?< :FEKI@9LK@FE F= K?<
E<NCP 8;;<; KI<< .?< ^E8C ,. DF;<C @J 8 C@E<8I I<>I<JJ@FE DF;<C
N?<I< <8:? K<ID @J 8 KI<<
#E FI;<I KF <EJLI< K?< JK89@C@KP F= K?< DF;<CJ’I<JLCKJ 8E; 8M<IK FM<I
^KK@E> K?< <M8CL8K@FE CFFB<; 8K K?< ;@==<I<E:< 9<KN<<E K?< KI8@E@E>
;8K8 :F<=^:@<EK F= :FII<C8K@FE 8E; K?< :F<=^:@<EK F= :FII<C8K@FE =FI K?<
=FC; :IFJJM8C@;8K@FE .?< JB@CC F= K?< DF;<CJ @EJK<8; N8J 8JJ<JJ<;
9P GCFKK@E> K?< GI<;@:K<; M8CL<J 8>8@EJK K?< D<8JLI<; FE<J C@K? 8E;
&<8K?N@:B C@K? <K 8C
.?< ,. 8E8CPJ<J N<I< :8II@<; FLK LJ@E> , M .<8D 8E;
K?< >9D !I<<EN<CC <K 8C 8E; ;@JDF "@AD8EJ <K 8C
G8:B8><J .?< G8I8D<K<I@Q8K@FE F= K?< KNF DF;<CJ :8E 9< =FLE; @E .89
.NF ,. DF;<CJ N<I< 9L@CK LJ@E> F= K?< ;8K8J<K KF <OGC8@E K?<
I<C8K@M< @DGFIK8E:< F= K?< GFK<EK@8C ;I@M<IJ F= KI8EJG@I8K@FE ;LI@E> K?<
;IP "8ID8KK8E J<8JFE .?< I<D8@E@E> N8J LJ<; KF ^K K?< DF;<CJ
8E; <M8CL8K< K?<D 8>8@EJK K?< D<8JLI<; M8CL<J .?< KNF ,. DF;<CJ
:FEJ@;<I<; JF@C MFCLD<KI@: N8K<I :FEK<EK 01 G?FKFJPEK?<K@: 8:K@M<
I8;@8K@FE 89FM< K?< :8EFGP *, 8E; K?< M8GFLI GI<JJLI< ;<^:@K F= K?<
8KDFJG?<I< 0* 8J <EM@IFED<EK8C GI<;@:KFIJ K?< C<8= 8I<8 @E;<O
&# F= K?< KNF GCFKJ 8J @E;@:8KFI F= K?< ><E<I8C JK8K< F= K?< :8EFGP 8E;
K?< ;@8D<K<I F= @E;@M@;L8C KI<<J 8J 8 GIFOP =FI K?<@I ;@D<EJ@FE .?< ^IJK
DF;<C DF;<C LJ<; K?< ?8C=?FLICP ;8PK@D< ;8K8 *,
KF @EM<JK@>8K< K?< @DGFIK8E:< F= <8:? 8=FI<D<EK@FE<;
GI<;@:KFIJ @E ;<K<ID@E@E> K?< ;8@CP ;8PK@D< :P:C< F= J8G M<CF:@KP .?<
J<:FE; DF;<C DF;<C @EM<JK@>8K<; K?< IFC< F= K?< J8D< GI<;@:KFIJ 8K
K?< K@D< J:8C< F= FE< ;8P =FI K?@J K?< @EGLK M8I@89C<J 8J N<CC 8J J8G M<
CF:@KP N<I< 8M<I8><; FM<I K?< G<I@F; F= K?< ;8P N@K? 8 *, 89FM<
.F 8MF@; GFJJ@9C< :FM8I@8K@FEJ ;L< KF 8 :FDDFE ;8@CP :P:C< =FI K?<
^IJK DF;<C @K N8J ;<:@;<; KF I<DFM< K?< ;8@CP G8KK<IE =IFD K?< M8GFI
GI<JJLI< ;<^:@K 8E; I8;@8K@FE D8@EK8@E@E> FECP K?< <==<:KJ ;L< KF K?<
M8I@8K@FE =IFD K?< 8M<I8>< ;8@CP :P:C< .?< >CF98C ;8@CP G8KK<IE N8J
D8@EK8@E<; 8J 8 J<G8I8K< M8I@89C< @< K?< ?FLI F= K?< ;8P "FLI 8E;
@E:CL;<; 8DFE> K?< GI<;@:KFIJ
.?< KNF DF;<CJ N<I< 98J<; FE K?< 8JJLDGK@FE F= 8 EFID8C ;@JKI@9L
K@FE F= K?< ;8K8 =8D@CP ”!8LJJ@8E” 8E; G8I8D<K<I@Q<; KF 8MF@;
FM<I^KK@E> .89 C@K? 8E; &<8K?N@:B C@K? <K 8C
Table 1
#EK<I8:K@FEJ 9<KN<<E K?< M8I@89C<J :FEJ@;<I<; @E K?< ,. 'F;<C @E <OGC8@E
@E> :8:8F J8G M<CF:@KP 8K 8 JL9;8@CP K@D<J:8C< FI <8:? G8@I F= M8I@89C<J K?<
K89C< I<GFIKJ K?< D<8E M8CL< F= K?< I<J@;L8CJ N?@:? I<GI<J<EKJ K?< JKI<E>K? F=
K?< @EK<I8:K@FE #E 9FC; K?< @EK<I8:K@FEJ :FEJ@;<I<; JKIFE> K?LJ J@>E@=@:8EK
9P K?< DF;<C
"FLI @8D<K<I 0* *,79FM< &# -F@C701
"FLI
@8D<K<I
0* 82788.32 71754.54
*,79FM<
&#
-F@C701
Table C.1
*8I8D<KI@Q8K@FE F= K?< ,. DF;<CJ KF GI<;@:K K?< KI8EJG@I8K@FE ;LI@E> K?< ;8P
8K 8 D@ELK< K@D< @EK<IM8C 'F;<C 8E; 8K 8 ;8@CP K@D< JK<G 'F;<C
,. DF;<C I<HL@I<J K?< ;<=@E@K@FE F= 8 J<K F= ?PG<IG8I8D<K<IJ =8D@CP K?<
KPG< F= JK8K@JK@:8C <IIFI ;@JKI@9LK@FE :?8I8:K<I@Q@E> K?< ;8K8 @E FLI :8J< !8LJJ
@8E KFC<I8E:< KC K?< K?I<J?FC; @E M8I@8E:< :?8E>< LE;<I N?@:? KF JKFG K?<
DF;<C I<@K<I8K@FE 98> =I8:K@FE 9> K?< =I8:K@FE F= ;8K8J<K KF LJ< =FI K?<
KI8@E@E> F= <8:? KI<< .?< I<D8@E@E> ;8K8 @J LJ<; 8K <8:? JK<G KF :IFJJ M8C@;8K<
K?< J<K F= I<C8K@FEJ =FLE; ELD9<I F= KI<<J EK K?< ELD9<I F= KI<<J E<:<J
J8IP =FI FGK@D8C GI<;@:K@FE #K @J ;<K<ID@E<; 98J<; FE KC 8E; 9> KI<< :FDGC<O
@KP K: K?< D8O@DLD C<M<C F= @EK<I8:K@FE 9<KN<<E M8I@89C<J KF :FEJ@;<I @E 8
KI<< C<8IE@E> I8K< CI ;<K<ID@E<J K?< :FEKI@9LK@FE F= <8:? KI<< KF K?< >IFN
@E> DF;<C .?< J<<; ELD9<I LJ<; N8J
-K<G 8D@CP KC 9> EK K: CI
'F;<C D@E !8LJJ
'F;<C ;8P !8LJJ
UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
3. Results
3.1. Climatic conditions
.?< 8M<I8>< ;8@CP K<DG<I8KLI< ;LI@E> K?< <OG<I@D<EK F= (F
M<D9<I F= '8I:? N8J 8E; K?< D8O@
DLD 8E; D@E@DLD I<:FI;<; K<DG<I8KLI<J N<I< 8E; I<
JG<:K@M<CP @> <KN<<E $8EL8IP 8E; <9IL8IP K?< J@K< <OG<I@<E:<;
K?< ?FKK<JK K<DG<I8KLI<J 8E; K?< C8I><JK ;8@CP K?<ID8C FJ:@CC8K@FEJ JLI
G8JJ@E> 9FK? K?< LGG<I 8E; CFN<I K?I<J?FC;J =FI D8@EK8@E@E> G?FKFJPE
K?<J@J =FI J<M<I8C ?FLIJ .<DG<I8KLI<J 89FM< K?< K?I<J?FC; 8K N?@:?
G?FKFJPEK?<J@J ;<:C@E<J N<I< I<:FI;<; K?IFL>?FLK K?< <EK@I<
G<I@F; LE;<I 8E8CPJ@J FE 8M<I8>< =FI ?FLIJ 8 ;8P @>
.<DG<I8KLI<J 9<CFN K?< CFN<I K?I<J?FC; =FI G?FKFJPEK?<K@: <=^:@<E:P
@EJK<8; F::LII<; FECP @E $8EL8IP 8E; <9IL8IP N?<E K?<
"8ID8KK8E N@E;J I<8:?<; K?< J@K< ,<C8K@M< ?LD@;@KP =<CC 9<CFN =FI
K?< ^IJK K@D< @E <8ICP <:<D9<I 8E; =IFD C8K< <:<D9<I LEK@C '8I:?
K?< J@K< <OG<I@<E:< J<M<I8C ?FLIJ N@K? ," 9<CFN 8CDFJK ;8@CP
@> I<8:?@E> LG KF ^=K<<E ?FLIJ G<I ;8P 9<CFN @E $8EL8IP
LI@E> FLI JKL;P G<I@F; K?< KFK8C GI<:@G@K8K@FE N8J DD F= N?@:?
DD =<CC @E '8I:? N?@C< K?< I<D8@E@E> DD N<I< ;@JKI@9LK<; @E
JGFI8;@: <M<EKJ =IFD <:<D9<I KF <9IL8IP *I@FI KF K?< FEJ<K F= FLI
JKL;P @E ):KF9<I 8E; (FM<D9<I K?< J@K< I<:<@M<; DD F= GI<
:@G@K8K@FE .?< 8M<I8>< JF@C 01 8:IFJJ K?< <EK@I< :D GIF^C<
N8J 8CN8PJ ?@>?<I @E K?< @II@>8K<; KI<8KD<EK K?8E @E K?< :FEKIFC
K?IFL>?FLK K?< <OG<I@D<EK -F@C 01 N8J 89FM< @E $8EL8IP 8E;
<9IL8IP @E K?< @II@>8K<; GCFK N?@C< @E K?< EFE@II@>8K<; :FEKIFC GCFK
01 :FEK@EL<; KF ;<:C@E< 9<CFN FM<I K?< J8D< G<I@F; 01
HL@:BCP I<:FM<I<; @E 9FK? KI<8KD<EKJ @E '8I:? N?<E I8@EJ I<JLD<;
Fig. 2. C@D8K@: :FE;@K@FEJ ;LI@E> K?< JKL;P G<I@F; &<=K KFG D<8E ;8@CP 8@I K<DG<I8KLI< JFC@; 9C8:B C@E< K?< K?I<J?FC;J =FI G?FKFJPEK?<K@: ;<:C@E< 8E;
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Fig. A.1. (LD9<I F= ?FLIJ G<I ;8P LE;<I JKI<JJ=LC :C@D8K@: :FE;@K@FEJ =FI :8:8F KI<<J 8::FI;@E> KF M8CL<J I<GFIK<; @E &8?@M< <K 8C )>LEKLE;<
'<@EQ<I !)'- <K 8C 8E; 8PDFE; 8E; "8;C<P <8:? 98I @J FE< ;8P .FG 8@I ?LD@;@KP 9<CFN D@;;C< K<DG<I8KLI< 89FM< G?FKFJPE
K?<K@: FGK@DLD K?I<J?FC; 9FKKFD K<DG<I8KLI< 9<CFN K?< 98J< K<DG<I8KLI< =FI M<><K8K@M< >IFNK?
UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
3.2. Leaf area index (LAI)
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3.3. Sub-daily patterns of sap velocity in response to climatic drivers
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Fig. 3. &<8= 8I<8 @E;<O &# @E K?< KNF N8K<I@E> KI<8KD<EKJ @II@>8K<; 9CL< 8E; :FEKIFC I<; K?IFL>?FLK K?< F9J<IM<; ;IP J<8JFE .?<
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Fig. B.1. @==<I<E:< @E <JK@D8K<; C<8= 8I<8 @E;<O &# 9<KN<<E K?< @II@>8K<; 8E; K?< :FEKIFC GCFK .?< ^KK<; C@E< @J 8 ><E<I8C@Q<; 8;;@K@M< DF;<C 8E; K?< J?8;<; 8I<8
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
Fig. B.2. &@KK<I GIF;L:K@FE F= :8:8F KI<<J ;LI@E> K?< ;IP "8ID8KK8E J<8JFE @E GI<J<E:< 9CL< 8E; 89J<E:< I<; F= @II@>8K@FE FOGCFKJ I<GI<J<EK M8I@8K@FEJ 9<
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Fig. 4. -L9;8@CP ;8PK@D< D<8JLI<D<EKJ F= :8:8F KI<<J J8G M<CF:@KP @E I<JGFEJ< KF M8IP@E> 0* @E K?< @II@>8K<; GCFK C<=K 8E; @E K?< :FEKIFC GCFK I@>?K ;LI@E> K?<
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?8M@FLIJ K?8K N<I< EFK 8CN8PJ <8JP KF >I8JG K?LJ K?< @DGFIK8E:< F=
K?< JKL;P N@K? K?< KNF ,. DF;<CJ
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;8P N<I< @;<EK@^<; 9P D<8EJ F= 8 ,. DF;<C DF;<C @> .?<
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
Fig. 5. -8G M<CF:@KP 8M<I8>< ;8@CP :P:C< =FI :8:8F KI<<J LE;<I ?@>? 8E; CFN 0* :FE;@K@FEJ .?< ;8J?<; C@E< I<GI<J<EKJ K?< 8M<I8>< 0* :P:C< .?< 8M<I8>< :P
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K?< K?< :FE^;<E:< @EK<IM8C
Fig. 6. )M<IM@<N F= ;8PK@D< J8G M<CF:@KP I<JGFEJ< KF K?< D8@E <EM@IFED<EK8C ;I@M<IJ 8J @;<EK@^<; N@K? 8 ,. DF;<C DF;<C .?< I<JGFEJ<J 8I< :8C:LC8K<; FE ?8C=
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-8G M<CF:@KP I<JGFE;<; C@E<8ICP KF K?< M8I@8K@FEJ F= 0* 8IFLE; @KJ
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
Fig. C.1. )9J<IM<; 89J:@JJ8 MJ GI<;@:K<; FI;@E8K<J J8G M<CF:@KP K?< :FII<JGFE;@E> C@E<8I I<>I<JJ@FE ;8J?<; C@E< 8E; PO C@E< =LCC 9C8:B C@E< =FI K?< ,. ?8C=
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3.4. Daily variations of sap velocity in response to climatic drivers
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
Fig. 8. .?I<<;@D<EJ@FE8C G8IK@8C ;<G<E;<E:< GCFKJ =FI K?< @EK<I8:K@FE 9<
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;8@CP :P:C< @E K?< ,. DF;<C =FI ?8C=?FLICP J8G M<CF:@KP @E :8:8F
KI<<J CC M8I@89C<J <O:<GK K?FJ< GCFKK<; 8I< ?<C; :FEJK8EK 8K K?<@I D<8E M8CL<J
&# 8E; JF@C 01 .?< I<C8K@M< @DGFIK8E:< F= I8;@8
K@FE *, 8E; 0* ;<:I<8J<; KF 8E; I<JG<:K@M<CP
F= K?< M8I@89@C@KP @E J8G M<CF:@KP N8J <OGC8@E<; 9P M8I@8K@FEJ @E KILEB ;@
8D<K<I
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<I<; M8I@89C<J N8J ;@==<I<EK KF K?8K F9J<IM<; =FI ?8C=?FLICP M8CL<J
@> -8G M<CF:@KP @E:I<8J<; E<8ICP C@E<8ICP N@K? &# 89FM<
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8 K?I<J?FC; C<M<C F= 8GGIFO@D8K<CP =FI FLI
JF@C G8JK N?@:? @K GC8K<8L<; .?< J?8G< F= K?< I<JGFEJ< :LIM< F= J8G M<
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;8@CP 8M<I8>< 0* @E 8 J@D@C8I =8J?@FE KF K?8K F9J<IM<; @E K?< ?8C=
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J8G M<CF:@KP @E:I<8J<; JC@>?KCP N@K? JF@C 01 @> LK N?<E &#
I<8:?<; K?< M8CL< F= K?< @E:I<8J< N@K? JF@C 01 9<:8D<
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@EK<I8:K@FE 9<KN<<E 8M<I8>< ;8@CP 0* 8E; *, 8CK?FL>? C<JJ GIF
EFLE:<; J?FN<; K?8K K?< @E:I<8J< @E 0* 8E; *, D8P ?8M< 8 JPE<I
>@JK@: <==<:K FE J8G M<CF:@KP @> J *, @E:I<8J<; LG KF
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8E; K?< 8GG8I<EK ;<:I<8J< @E J8G M<CF:@KP 8=K<I K?@J
M8CL< N8J EFK @EK<IGI<K89C< K K?< FE<;8P K@D< J:8C< EF @EK<I8:K@FE
9<KN<<E D<8E JF@C 01 8E; 0* N8J ;<K<:K<; 9P DF;<C .89
J@D@C8ICP KF N?8K N8J =FLE; 8K K?< JL9;8@CP K@D<J:8C< .89
4. Discussion
4.1. Climate
.?< D<8JLI<; :C@D8K< F= K?< ;IP J<8JFE @> N8J I<G
I<J<EK8K@M< =FI K?< :FE;@K@FEJ <OG<I@<E:<; 9P :8:8F ;LI@E> K?@J K@D< F=
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N@CK@E> GF@EK @E K?< :FEKIFC GCFK 8@I ?LD@;@KP ;IFGG<; <M<E 9<CFN
8E; K<DG<I8KLI<J N<I< JL9FGK@D8C @>J 8E; FE 8 ;8@CP 98J@J
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@E@K@FEJ >@M<E =FI JF@C 8E; 8KDFJG?<I@: JKI<JJ<J J<< -<:K@FE
Fig. C.2. )9J<IM<; 89J:@JJ8 MJ GI<;@:K<; FI;@E8K<J J8G M<CF:@KP K?< :FII<JGFE;@E> C@E<8I I<>I<JJ@FE ;8J?<; C@E< 8E; PO C@E< =LCC 9C8:B C@E< =FI K?< ,. ;8@CP
DF;<C DF;<C K<JK ;8K8
UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
Fig. 9. )M<IM@<N F= 8:8F’J ;8@CP J8G M<CF:@KP I<JGFEJ< KF K?< D8@E <EM@IFED<EK8C ;I@M<IJ 8::FI;@E> KF 8 ,. DF;<C DF;<C .?< I<JGFEJ<J 8I< :8C:LC8K<; =FI
;8@CP 8M<I8><J ;LI@E> K?< <EK@I< G<I@F; F= K?@J JKL;P LE:K@FE8C J?8G<J F= K?< I<JGFEJ< F= J8G M<CF:@KP KF K?< <EM@IFED<EK8C M8I@89C<J 0* *, -F@C 01 &# 8E;
KI<< ;@8D<K<I 8:? M8I@89C< @J GI<J<EK<; N@K? K?< I<C8K@M< @DGFIK8E:< F= @KJ M8I@8K@FE FE K?8K F= J8G M<CF:@KP N@K?@E G8I<EK?<J<J.?< I<; ;FKK<; C@E<J I<GI<J<EK K?<
&)-- JDFFK?@E> =FI <8:? I<JGFEJ< =LE:K@FE
Table 2
#EK<I8:K@FEJ 9<KN<<E K?< M8I@89C<J :FEJ@;<I<; @E K?< ,. 'F;<C @E <OGC8@E
@E> :8:8F J8G M<CF:@KP 8K 8 JL9;8@CP K@D<J:8C< FI <8:? G8@I F= M8I@89C<J K?<
K89C< I<GFIKJ K?< D<8E M8CL< F= K?< I<J@;L8CJ N?@:? I<GI<J<EKJ K?< JKI<E>K? F=
K?< @EK<I8:K@FE #E 9FC; K?< @EK<I8:K@FEJ :FEJ@;<I<; JKIFE> K?LJ J@>E@=@:8EK
9P K?< DF;<C
*,79FM< &# -F@C701 0* @8D<K<I
*,79FM< 5507.51
&# 19350.06
-F@C701
0*
@8D<K<I
Fig. 10. .?I<<;@D<EJ@FE8C G8IK@8C ;<G<E;<E:< GCFKJ =FI K?< @EK<I8:K@FE 9<
KN<<E JF@C 01 8E; &# @E K?< ,. DF;<C
=FI ;8@CP 8M<I8>< J8G M<CF:@KP @E :8:8F KI<<J CC M8I@89C<J <O:<GK
K?FJ< GCFKK<; 8I< ?<C; :FEJK8EK 8K K?<@I D<8E M8CL<J
Fig. 11. .?I<<;@D<EJ@FE8C G8IK@8C ;<G<E;<E:< GCFKJ =FI K?< @EK<I8:K@FE 9<
KN<<E *, 8E; 0* @E K?< ,. DF;<C =FI ;8@CP 8M
<I8>< J8G M<CF:@KP @E :8:8F KI<<J CC M8I@89C<J <O:<GK K?FJ< GCFKK<;
8I< ?<C; :FEJK8EK 8K K?<@I D<8E M8CL<J
4.2. Canopy
<JG@K< K?< F::LII<E:< F= ?@>? K<DG<I8KLI<J K?< KI<<J N<I< 89C< KF
:FG< N@K? K?< :C@D8K< @E <:<D9<I 1< 8I>L< JF 9<:8LJ< N< ;@; EFK F9
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FLJ JKL;@<J N@K? EF 8KDFJG?<I@: JKI<JJ '@P8A@ <K 8C 'FJ<I <K 8C
&<8= J?<;;@E> @J 8 :FDDFE I<JGFEJ< KF ;IFL>?K F= KIFG@:8C 8E;
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#E C@E< N@K? K?< @;<8 K?8K :8:8F KI<<J 8GGCP K?@J ;IFL>?K:FG@E> JKI8K<>P
;LI@E> K?< DFI< J<M<I< G8IK F= K?< ;IP J<8JFE =IFD $8EL8IP FEN8I;J
&# ;<:I<8J<; @E 9FK? N8K<I@E> KI<8KD<EKJ 8CK?FL>? 8K 8 =8JK<I I8K< @E
K?< :FEKIFC GCFK @> JLGGFIK@E> K?< @;<8 K?8K C<8= J?<;;@E> ?<CGJ :8
:8F KF :FG< N@K? JF@C ;IFL>?K "FN<M<I >@M<E K?8K &# 8CJF ;<:I<8J<;
UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
@E K?< @II@>8K<; GCFK K?IFL>?FLK K?< <OG<I@D<EK8C G<I@F; @K @J C@B<CP K?8K
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D<EK F= 8 D8KLI< KI<< =FLE; @E C@K<I8KLI< 8II 8E; &F:BNFF;
CK<IE8K@M<CP @K :8E 9< @EK<IGI<K<; 8J K?< 8KDFJG?<I@: ;IFL>?K ?8M
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9P K?< DFI< 89LE;8EK C@KK<I GIF;L:K@FE F9J<IM<; @E <:<D9<I N?<E
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:FEKIFC 9LK 8@I ?LD@;@KP 8E; K<DG<I8KLI< I<8:?<; M8CL<J 89FM< JKI<JJ
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<OKI<D<CP CFN 8@I ?LD@;@KP KF N?@:? :8:8F C<8M<J D@>?K EFK 9<
8;8GK<; <JG<:@8CCP :FEJ@;<I@E> K?8K :8:8F ;<M<CFG<; LE;<I M<IP ?@>?
I<C8K@M< 8@I ?LD@;@KP 8IM8C?F <K 8C
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K<I8:K@FE 9<KN<<E 0* 8E; JF@C 01 @E <OGC8@E@E> J8G M<CF:@KP .89
@K :FLC; 9< 8JJLD<; K?8K K?< <==<:KJ F= 8KDFJG?<I@: 8E; JF@C JKI<JJ FE
&# N<I< @E;<G<E;<EK #= K?@J 8JJLDGK@FE @J 8::<GK<; K?< ;@==<I<E:< @E
&# ;IFG 9<KN<<E K?< KNF GCFKJ DLJK ?8M< 9<<E ;I@M<E 9P K?< ;@==<I<E:<
@E JF@C 01 @>J 8E; .?< =8:K K?8K K?< E<K CFJJ @E &# @E K?< :FE
KIFC I<C8K@M< KF K?8K @E K?< @II@>8K<; KI<8KD<EK MJ FM<I
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;@==<I<E:< @E C@KK<I=8CC 9<KN<<E K?< KNF KI<8KD<EKJ
8E; I<JG<:K@M<CP 8 I<C8K@M< ;@==<I<E:< F= JL>
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D<EK .?@J ?PGFK?<K@:8C C<8= _LJ?@E> @E K?< @II@>8K<; KI<8KD<EK E<M<I
JL=^:<; KF :FLEK<I98C8E:< K?< C<8= J?<;;@E> GFJJ@9CP ;L< KF 8 C@D@K8
K@FE @E :8I9FE KF @EM<JK @E C<8= GIF;L:K@FE I<JLCK@E> @E 8 ;IFG @E &#
LIK?<I DFI< JG<:@^: JKL;@<J KF @EM<JK@>8K< K?< <==<:KJ F= 8KDFJG?<I@:
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GIFG<ICP :?8I8:K<I@Q< JL:? <==<:KJ
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>8K<; GCFK N8J @DGLK89C< DFJKCP KF K?< 8KDFJG?<I@: JKI<JJ #E K?< :FE
KIFC KI<8KD<EK K?< 8;;@K@FE8C CFJJ N8J :8LJ<; 9P K?< JF@C JKI<JJ 8E; K?<
@EK<I8:K@FE 9<KN<<E K?< KNF JKI<JJ<J @= GI<J<EK .?LJ FLI I<JLCKJ FE K?<
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01 I<>8I;C<JJ F= K?< GFJJ@9C< @EK<I8:K@FE 9<KN<<E K?< KNF JKI<JJ<J
@> #= K?< KNF JKI<JJ<J N<I< @E;<G<E;<EK K?<E K?< ;<GI<JJ@E> <=
=<:KJ F= JF@C 8E; 8KDFJG?<I@: JKI<JJ N<I< F= K?< J8D< D8>E@KL;< FE<
K?@I; F= K?< @E@K@8C :8EFGP ;<EJ@KP <8:? CK<IE8K@M<CP K?< <O@JK<E:< F=
8E @EK<I8:K@FE 9<KN<<E K?< KNF NFLC; D<8E K?8K K?< JF@C JKI<JJ @D
G8:K<; K?< :8EFGP C<JJ K?8E K?< 8KDFJG?<I@: FE< .?< D8AFI IFC< =FLE;
=FI K?< 8<I@8C JKI<JJ @J @E C@E< N@K? "LK:?<FE 8K 8C "LK:?<FE
<K 8C N?F :FE:CL;<; K?8K K?< 9<E<^:@8C <==<:K F= @II@>8K@FE FE
:8:8F KFK8C 9@FD8JJ GIF;L:K@FE N8J C@D@K<; N?<E @E GI<J<E:< F= 8KDFJ
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&8?@M< <K 8C 9LK KF FLI BEFNC<;>< K?@J N8J K?< ^IJK 8K
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I<JLCKJ :FEKI8JK N@K? K?FJ< =IFD 8 JKL;P @E N?@:? &# ;@; EFK :?8E>< @E
I<JGFEJ< KF 8 I<;L:K@FE @E GI<:@G@K8K@FE FM<I DFEK?J 'FJ<I
<K 8C #K DLJK 9< EFK<; K?8K K?< <OG<I@D<EK8C :FE;@K@FEJ 9<KN<<E
K?@J <OG<I@D<EK8C J@K< @E -LC8N<J@ #E;FE<J@8 8E; FLIJ @E <8JK<IE !?8E8
;@==<I >I<8KCP FI K?< J@K< @E -LC8N<J@ @K N8J JL>><JK<; K?8K K?< I<;L:
K@FE @E @E:FD@E> GI<:@G@K8K@FE N8J @EJL=^:@<EK KF @DGFJ< JKI<JJ=LC :FE
;@K@FEJ ;L< KF K?< ?@>? D<8E 8EEL8C I8@E=8CC DD !8K<8L,<P
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8@I ?LD@;@KP E<M<I ;IFGG<; 9<CFN @E :FEKI8JK KF FLI JKL;P J@K<
N?<I< I<C8K@M< 8@I ?LD@;@KP F=K<E =<CC 9<CFN 8E; N?<I< N< =FLE; 8
J@>E@=@:8EK ;IFG @E &# @II<JG<:K@M< F= K?< @II@>8K@FE I<>@D<
4.3. Sap velocity
.?< KNF DF;<CJ ;<M<CFG<; ?8C=?FLICP ,. DF;<C ;8@CP ,.
DF;<C 8CCFN<; LJ KF F9K8@E 8 >FF; <JK@D8K< F= K?< <EM@IFED<EK8C 8E;
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CFN<; 8E <==<:K@M< @EM<JK@>8K@FE F= K?< @DG8:KJ F= 8KDFJG?<I@: 8E; JF@C
N8K<I JKI<JJ FE :8:8F ;LI@E> "8ID8KK8E J<8JFE /G KF EFN @E :8:8F
K?< I<JGFEJ< F= KI8EJG@I8K@FE KF 8KDFJG?<I@: ;IFL>?K JKI<JJ ?8; FECP
9<<E JKL;@<; LE;<I :FEKIFCC<; :FE;@K@FEJ @E PFLE> @E;@M@;L8CJ 8E;
E<M<I @E :FD9@E8K@FE N@K? C@D@K<; N8K<I 8M8@C89@C@KP < CD<@;8
<K 8C I8>8 $LE@FI <K 8C '<CE@:B *I<M@FLJ JKL;@<J
8;;I<JJ@E> K?< <==<:KJ F= :C@D8K@: =8:KFIJ 0* JF@C 01 8E; *,
D8@ECP FE KI8EJG@I8K@FE ;@; EFK ^E; :C<8I G8KK<IEJ I8>8 $LE@FI <K 8C
&8?@M< <K 8C I8>8 $LE@FI <K 8C 8I>L<; K?8K C8I><
K<DGFI8C 8E; JG8K@8C ?<K<IF><E<@KP D8@ECP @E 0* 8E; JF@C N8K<I
:FLC; 8::FLEK =FI JFD< F= K?< LE<OGC8@E<; M8I@89@C@KP @E KI8EJG@I8K@FE
1< 8I>L< K?8K FLI 8GGIF8:? F= J<G8I8K@E> K?< @EJK8EK8E<FLJ ?8C=?FLICP
<==<:K =IFD K?< @EK<>I8K<; ;8@CP <==<:KJ 8CCFN<; LJ KF ;@J<EK8E>C< JFD<
F= K?<J< G8KK<IEJ LIK?<IDFI< KF FLI BEFNC<;>< K?@J @J K?< ^IJK JKL;P
K?8K 8;;I<JJ<; K?< <==<:K F= K?< @EK<I8:K@FEJ 8DFE> M8I@89C<J FE J8G M<
CF:@KP
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FE< ;8P <JG@K< K?<@I C8:B F= M8I@8K@FE 8K K?< JL9;8@CP C<M<C JF@C 01
8E; &# M8I@<; FM<I K?< J<8JFE J<KK@E> ;@==<I<EK ;8@CP :FE;@K@FEJ =FI J8G
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
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Declaration of Competing Interest
.?< 8LK?FIJ ;<:C8I< K?8K K?<P ?8M< EF BEFNE :FDG<K@E> ^E8E:@8C
@EK<I<JKJ FI G<IJFE8C I<C8K@FEJ?@GJ K?8K :FLC; ?8M< 8GG<8I<; KF @E_L
<E:< K?< NFIB I<GFIK<; @E K?@J G8G<I
Acknowledgements
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GI<J@;<EK F= ,F:BN@E;J 8E; K?< (8K@FE8C JJF:@8K@FE =FI ,<J<8I:? 8E;
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KF #, =FI K?< =IL@K=LC NFIB@E> <EM@IFED<EK 8E; =FI @KJ :FEKI@9LK@FE
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D<EK8K@FE
UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
Appendix A. Atmospheric stressors
Appendix B. Leaf area index
Appendix C. Boosted Regression Trees analysis
C1. parameterization of the models
C2. Evaluation of BRT models on the test data
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
P.D. Sala et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology xxx (xxxx) 108670
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