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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2019): 7.583
Volume 10 Issue 1, January 2021
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Warm Water
Foot Bath on Well Being of Elderly People in a
Selected Hospital, Guwahati, Assam
Kshetrimayum Rebis Devi1, Mayengbam Benita Devi2, Doli Deori3
M.Sc (Nursing), Rahman Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
Abstract: Aim of the study : The study is to assess the effectiveness of warm water foot bath on well being of elderly people in a
selected hospital, Guwaahati, Assam. Objectives: 1.To assess the level of well being of elderly people. 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of
warm water foot bath on level of well being of elderly people. 3. To determine the association of post- intervention of well being of
elderly people with demographic variables. Material and Method: Pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test design, 40 elderly
people were recruited from geriatric ward of Satribari Christian Hospital, Assam using purposive sampling technique. Demographic
variables, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS21), Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
was used to collect the data. Application of warm water foot bath was done and temperature was measured using thermometer. Result:
The finding of the study revealed that out of 40 elderly people 12(30%) of the elderly people belongs to age group of 61-65years and 66-
70 years, 27(42.5%) of the elderly people were female, 18(45%) of the elderly people completed high school, 12(30%) of the elderly
people belongs to business and private employed, 36(90%)of the elderly people are married, 26(65%) of the elderly people gets support
from children. Sleep medication were not prescribed for all 40(100%) of the elderly people. In the pre-intervention well being was not
maintained by all i.e. 40 (100%) of the elderly people whereas in post-intervention, well being was not maintained by majority i.e
31(77.5%) of elderly people and only nine (22.5%) of the elderly people had normal well being. The mean of pre-intervention score of
well being of elderly people (53.30) was lesser than the mean of post-intervention score of well being of elderly people (41.78). The
calculated ‘t’ value was 18.24 which was more than the tabulated value 2.02 (df 39) at p=<.001). This shows that administration of
warm water foot bath was effective in improving well being of elderly people. There was no significant association of post-intervention
of well being of elderly people with the demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: The study revealed that warm
water foot bath was effective on well being of elderly people.
Keywords: Warm water foot bath, well being, elderly people
1. Introduction
“To care for those who once cared for us is one of the
highest honors.” - Tia Walker
Worldwide, the age group of sixty years old and older is
growing faster than any other age group. With this
remarkable increase of older adults; promoting health and
well-being becomes priority for ageing well. [1] WHO
defines Healthy Ageing “as the process of developing and
maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in
older age”. [2]
According to World Health Organization, between 2015 and
2050, the proportion of the world's population over 60 years
will nearly double from 12% to 22%.By 2020, the number
of people aged 60 years and older will outnumber children
younger than five years.In 2050, 80% of older people will be
living in low- and middle-income countries. [3]
The state of well-being is a multifaceted phenomenon in the
older population which generally involves happiness, self-
contentment, satisfying social relationships, and autonomy.
[4]
Well-being is determined jointly by the interplay between
individual characteristics and qualities of people‟s social
environments, according to McNulty JK and Fincham FD.
[5] Depression is a major mental health problem, which is
yet to be recognized as an important public health
challenges. In India, elderly persons (60 years and above)
constitute eight point six of the total population (India
census 2011) which is projected to reached 19% by 2050.
Thus, depression among elderly population is likely to be
major cause of disease burden in the future. Depression is
one of the most common illnesses in the elderly population.
[6]
Globally, 15% of the elderly population is suffering from
mental disorders, and stress is one major mental health
problem affecting a sizeable proportion (10-55%) of the
elderly population. The prevalence of stress and anxiety
among the elderly population is gradually increasing and
expected to reach double in the next one decade. [7] Fatigue
is one of the five most common complaints for seeking
medical advice in primary care, and is considered to be one
of the main features of frailty in older adults. Although
fatigue is a known debilitating entity associated with
specific chronic diseases, not all patients with fatigue can be
diagnosed with an underlying medical condition. [8]
Poor sleep quality can have profound physical effects on the
elderly, including fatigability and an increased risk of falls.
These effects threaten both mobility and independence. Poor
sleep quality and sleep deprivation are also associated with
effects on activities of daily living and cognitive impairment
in the elderly. [9]
Paper ID: SR201230161027
DOI: 10.21275/SR201230161027
201
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2019): 7.583
Volume 10 Issue 1, January 2021
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
2. Need of the study
With increasing age the older population begins to struggle
with various health problems and in the absence of
appropriate care the older population suffer more from
health problems that could have been prevented.
Other than stress the older population also struggle with
fatigue, anxiety and sleep disturbances. Nearly five to seven
percent of elderly patients who are attending primary care
have a primary complaint of fatigue. The active elderly
person who suddenly losses energy and they become easily
fatigued. The number of persons above the age of 60 years is
fast growing especially in India. India is second most
popular country in world has 76.6 million people at over age
of 60 years. Fatigue is often symptom of underlying medical
or psychiatric illness. [10]
National sleep foundation suggest that along with fatigue
because of the physical changes old aged people tend to
have a harder time falling asleep and more trouble staying
asleep than when they were younger. The foundation
confirmed the prevalence of insomnia 46% of community
dwelling adults aged between 65-74 reported insomnia
symptoms. It is estimated that 40-70% of older adults have
chronic sleep problems out of which 50% are undiagnosed.
[11]
Warm foot bath therapy instigate the blood vessels to dilate
which improves the blood circulation, the heat encourage
sweating leading to release of toxin, thus warm foot bath
relieves stress as it provides relaxation to the whole body
leading to relieve from stress, anxiety and fatigue. Taking
such a foot bath will stimulate blood circulation, re-energize
self, reduce inflammation, and keep self-relaxed. Toxins
accumulate in our body through our daily lives, often due to
diet, stress and unhealthy lifestyles. Some toxic substances
may lead to blockages which can hinder the free blood
circulation, reducing its ability to transport nutrients and
oxygen to the body that needs these for growth. Proper
blood circulation can also flush away wastes from your
body. With the help of foot bath, stress is reduced as toxins
and wastes are removed once the blood circulation is
stimulated. Warm foot bath is considered a wonderful natural
sleep aid. Soaking your feet in the hot water before bed allows
the kidney to replenish the body‟s blood flow while you are
sleeping. Second, it can bring relaxation to your feet and
ankles. The heated water warms cold feet and relaxes the
muscles, tendons, and ligaments in the feet. Meanwhile, foot
bath is thought to help with depression as they can ease
tension, confusion, anger, and anxiety. [12]
Objectives
To assess the level of well being of elderly people.
To evaluate the effectiveness of warm water foot bath on
level of well being of elderly people.
To determine the association of post- intervention of well
being of elderly people with demographic variables.
Hypotheses
Hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 level of significance
H1: There will be a significant difference between pre
intervention and post intervention of well being of
elderly people.
H2: There will be a significant association between post
intervention of well being of elderly people with selected
demographic variables.
3. Methodology
Research approach: A quantitative evaluative approach
was used for the present study.
Research design: One group pre-test post-test design
Variables: (1) Independent variables: In this study the
independent variable refers to the warm water foot bath. (2)
Dependent variables: In this study the dependent variable
refers to the well being of elderly people.(3) Demographic
variables: In this study demographic variables are age,
gender, educational status, past occupation, marital status,
source of income, any medication prescribed for sleep.
Setting of the study: The present study was carried out in
geriatric ward of Satribari Christian Hospital, Guwahati.
Population: Population for this study includes elderly
people.
Target Population: Elderly people in a selected hospital,
Guwahati.
Accessible Population: Elderly people admitted in geriatric
ward of Satribari Christian Hospital, Guwahati.
Sample and sample size
In the present study, the sample were elderly people of age
group 60 years and above who are willing to participate and
who can read and write English or Assamese. The sample
size selected for the study was 40 elderly people admitted in
geriatric ward of Satribari Christian Hospital, Guwahati.
Sampling technique
Non probability purposive sampling technique was used for
the present study.
Inclusion criteria
Elderly people who are willing to participate.
Elderly people who can read and write English or
Assamese.
Exclusion criteria for sampling:
Elderly people who have diabetes mellitus, foot sore.
Elderly people who have loss of peripheral sensation.
Elderly people who are not present at the time of data
collection.
Description of the tool
The tool for the data collection for the present study has
been organized as follows:-
Section A: Demographic Variables: This part consists of
items for obtaining information of the elderly people which
Paper ID: SR201230161027
DOI: 10.21275/SR201230161027
202
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2019): 7.583
Volume 10 Issue 1, January 2021
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
includes age, gender, educational status, past occupation,
marital status, source of income, any medication prescribed
for sleep.
Section B1: DASS21
The DASS is a set of three self-report scales designed to
measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety
and stress. The original 42 –item DASS was developed by
Lovibond & Lovibond, (1995). Later, a shorter version of
the DASS, the DASS-21 was developed by Lovibond &
Lovibond (1995) to reduced administration time and has
been used widely. The reliability for subscale for depression
is 0.94, anxiety is 0.87, and stress is 0.9. It is divided into
seven questions for each, depression(3,5,10,13,16,17,21),
anxiety (2.4.7.9.15.19.20), and stress (1,6,8,11,12,14,18).
Each item is scored on : 0 = Did not apply to me at all, to 3
= Applied to me very much or most of the time. Sum the
score of each item to get a total score. Higher scores indicate
greater levels of distress. [13]
Section B2: Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS)
The Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) is a simple 10-item
self-reported questionnaire designed by Michielson et al. to
assess fatigue. Developers MichielsenHJ, Vries JD, Heck
GLV, Vijver JR and Sijtsmaanalysed the scale‟s
psychometric properties and found an internal consistency of
0.90. It is a 10 item scale evaluating item of symptoms of
chronic fatigue. Each item is answered using five point
ranging from 1-never, 2-sometimes, 3-regularly,4-often,5-
always. Total score 10-21: no fatigue (normal), 22-34:
fatigue and ≥35: extreme fatigue. [14]
Section B3: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
The PSQI was developed in 1988, by Buysse DJ, Reynolds
GF, Monk TH,Berman SR, Kupfer DJ to create a
standardized measure designed to gather consistent
information about the subjective nature of people's sleep
habits and provide a clear index that both clinicians and
patients can use. The reliability value of this itemis found to
be 0.83. The 19 self-rated items are combined to form seven
component scores each of which has a range of 0-3 points. A
score of “0” indicates no difficulty, while a score of
“3”indicates severe difficulty. Then the seven component
scores are then added and ≤5 associated with good sleep
quality and ≥5 associated with poor sleep quality. [15]
Section C: Bath thermometer
Bath thermometer is a device use for measuring water
temperature atthe boiling point of water at 100° and its
freezing point at 0°. Thermometer 1100 Mercury OMSON
RACK S5A specification no.202508 was used in this study.
Translation of tool
Initially demographic variables was prepared in English.
After obtaining the formal permission from the authors of
the tools the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale
(DASS21), Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) and Pittsburgh
Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were translated into Assamese
by an expert of Language Officer from Transformation and
Development Department .The Assamese Version of the
tools were sent to the Original Authors for Approval. The
Assamese Version of DASS21 was approved by Peter
Lovibond, the Assamese Version of Fatigue Assessment
Scale was approved by MarjoleinDrent, ild care foundation
and the Assamese Version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality
Index(PSQI) was approved by Ashley Xavier, Mapi
Research Trust. Then the translated tool of Assamese was
re-translated into English language by another expert who
was conversant with both languages
Content validity
Content validity of the structured demographic variables and
the translated version of Depression, Anxiety and Stress
Scale (DASS21), Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) and
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were given to five
experts. Three experts from the field of psychiatric nursing
and two experts from the field of psychiatrist who were
subject experts and who are also well versed with the
Assamese language.
Reliability of the tool
In order to establish reliability of the tool, parallel method
was used. The reliability for Depression, Anxiety and Stress
Scale(DASS21) was r=0.93, Fatigue Assessment Scale
(FAS)was r=0.87, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
was r=0.93which showed that tools was reliable. The
thermometer 110 0C of specification no.202508, OMSON
RACK S5A is found tallied with the department‟s standard
thermometer at Physics Lab of Department of Physics in
Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam. The tested
thermometer is reliable and valid for using in research
purposes.
Pilot study
The pilot study was conducted from 4thJune to 8thJune at
Satribari Christian Hospital, Chatribari, Assam., to assess
the feasible of the study and to decide the plan for analysis
Data collection procedure
Formal permission was obtained from the concerned
authorities. The data was collected from 9th June 2020 to 28th
June 2020 from40elderly people in Satribari Christian
Hospital. The samples were selected by non-probability
purposive sampling technique. The purpose of the study was
explained to the participants and informed consent was
taken from them. On the first day pre-intervention
assessment was done by using Depression, Anxiety and
Stress Scale (DASS21), Fatigue assessment Scale (FAS) and
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). On the same day
warm water foot bath was given twice a day for 15 minutes
at 41 ͦC. For another five days warm water foot bath was
given twice a day for 15 minutes at 41 ͦCand on fifth day
post-intervention assessment was done using Depression,
Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS21), Fatigue assessment
Scale (FAS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
Plan for data analysis: (1)Descriptive statistics: Collected
data will be analyzed by using descriptive statistics such as
frequency and percentage. (2) Inferential Statistics: The
effectiveness of warm water foot bath on well being of
elderly people will be tested by using paired „t‟ test. The
association between post intervention of well being of
elderly people with demographic variables will be tested by
χ2 test.
Paper ID: SR201230161027
DOI: 10.21275/SR201230161027
203
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2019): 7.583
Volume 10 Issue 1, January 2021
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
4. Results
Section I. Description of demographic variables of
elderly people
Table 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of
demographic variables of elderly people, n=40
Demographic
Variables Group Frequency
(f) Percentage
(%)
Age
61-65 Years 12 30%
66-70 Years 12 30%
71-75 Years 10 25%
76-80 Years 5 12.5%
81-85 Years 1 2.5%
Gender Male 23 57.5%
Female 17 42.5%
Transgender 0 0%
Education
Illiterate 0 0%
Primary 0 0%
Middle school 3 7.5%
High school 18 45%
Higher secondary 13 32.5%
Graduate & above 6 15%
Past occupation
Business 12 30%
Government
employed 6 15%
Private employed 12 30%
Unemployed 7 17.5%
Farmer 3 7.5%
Marital status
Married 36 90%
Unmarried 0 0%
Widow/widower 4 10%
Divorced/separated 0 0%
Source of income
Pension 6 15%
Support from children 26 65%
Saving 8 20%
None 0 0%
Any medication
prescribed for sleep If yes________ 0 0%
No 40 100%
The data in Table 1.shows that majority of 12(30%) of the
elderly people belongs to age group of 61-65 and 66-70.
Regarding gender, majority 27(42.5%) of the elderly people
were female. About the educational status majority 18(45%)
of the elderly people completed high school. With regard to
past occupation majority 12(30%) of the elderly people
belongs to business and private employed. Regarding the
marital status majority 36(90%)of the elderly people are
married. About the source of income majority 26(65%) of
the elderly people gets support from children. Sleep
medication were not prescribed for all 40(100%) of the
elderly people.
Section II. Level of well being of elderly people
Table 2: Comparison of pre-intervention and post-
intervention of well being of elderly people, n=40
Level of
well being Pre Intervention Post Intervention
Frequency Percentage Frequency percentage
Normal
Well being 0 0% 9 22.5%
Well Being
not maintained 40 100% 31 77.5%
The above Table 2. Indicates that in pre-intervention, well
being was not maintained by all i.e 40 (100%) of the elderly
people whereas in post-intervention, well being was not
maintained by majority i.e 31(77.5%) of elderly people and
only nine (22.5%) of the elderly people had normal well
being.
Table 3: Comparison of pre-intervention and post-
intervention of well being (Depression, anxiety and stress)
of elderly people using DASS21, (n=40)
Depression Pre-Intervention Post-Intervention
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Normal 0 0% 16 40.0%
Mild 9 22.5% 21 52.5%
Moderate 31 77.5% 3 7.5%
Severe 0 0% 0 0%
Extremely Severe 0 0% 0 0%
ANXIETY Pre-Intervention Post-Intervention
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Normal 0 0% 15 37.5%
Mild 4 10.% 19 47.5%
Moderate 28 70% 6 15%
Severe 8 20.% 0 0%
Extremely Severe 0 0% 0 0%
STRESS Pre -Intervention Post -Intervention
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Normal 0 0% 21 52.5%
Mild 33 82.5% 18 45.0%
Moderate 7 17.5% 1 2.5%
Severe 0 0% 0 0%
Extremely Severe 0 0% 0 0%
The above Table 3. Indicates that in pre -intervention
majority 31(77.5%) of the elderly people were having
moderate depression whereas in post-intervention, majority
21(52.5%) of the elderly people were having mild
depression. And in pre-intervention majority 28(70%) of the
elderly people were having moderate anxiety whereas in
post-intervention, majority 19(47.5%) of the elderly people
were having mild anxiety. Also in pre-interventionmajority
33(82.5%) of the elderly people were having mild stress
whereas in post-intervention, majority 21(52.5%) of the
elderly people were having normal.
Table 4: Comparison of pre-intervention and post-
intervention of well being (Fatigue) of elderly people using
FAS (Fatigue Assessment Scale)
FAS Pre Intervention Post Intervention
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
No Fatigue
(Normal) 13 32.5% 26 65.0%
Fatigue 27 67.5% 14 35.0%
Extreme Fatigue 0 0% 0 0%
The above Table 4.Indicates that in pre-intervention
majority 27(67.5%) of the elderly people had fatigue
whereas in post-intervention, majority 26(65.5%) of the
elderly people hadno fatigue (normal)
Paper ID: SR201230161027
DOI: 10.21275/SR201230161027
204
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2019): 7.583
Volume 10 Issue 1, January 2021
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Table 5: Comparison of pre-intervention and post-
intervention of well being (Sleep) of elderly people using
PSQI (PITTSBURGH SLEEP QUALITY INDEX)
PSQI Pre Intervention Post Intervention
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Good Sleep Quality 3 7.5% 27 67.5%
Poor Sleep Quality 37 92.5% 13 32.5%
The above Table 5. Indicates that in pre-intervention
majority 37(92.5%) of the elderly people had poor sleep
quality whereas in post-intervention, majority 27(67.5%) of
the elderly people had good sleep quality.
Section III Effectiveness of warm water foot bath on
level of well being of elderly people
Table 6: Comparison of paired „t‟ test of level of well being
of elderly people between pre intervention and post
intervention, n=40
Level of well being Mean ±SD „t‟ df p-value
Pre-intervention 55.30±10.45 18.24 39 <.001
Post-intervention 41.78±7.64
Significant at p<0.05
Table 6. shows that the t-test showing comparison between
pre-intervention and post-intervention. The Mean±SD of
pre-intervention of well beingwas53.30±10.45 and the
Mean±SD of post-intervention of well being was
41.78±7.64. The calculated „t‟ value was 18.24 which was
more than the tabulated value 2.02 (df 39) at
p=<.001).Hence, the research hypothesis was accepted and
null hypothesis was rejected. This shows that administration
of warm water foot bath was effective in improving well
being of elderly people.
Table 7: Paired „t‟ test of pre-intervention and post-
intervention of well being (Depression) of elderly people
using DASS21(n=40)
Depression Mean±SD „t‟ df p-value
Pre-intervention 7.45±1.13 12.28 39 <.001
Post-intervention 4.93±1.09
Significant at p<0.05
Table 7. shows that the t-test showing comparison between
pre-intervention and post-intervention. The Mean±SD of
pre-intervention of well being was 7.45±1.13 and the
Mean±SD of post-intervention of well being was 4.93±1.09.
The calculated „t‟ value was 12.28 which was more than the
tabulated value 2.02 (df 39) at p=<.001).This shows that
warm water foot bath reduces the level of depression of
elderly people.
Table 8: Paired „t‟ test of pre-intervention and post-
intervention of well being (Anxiety) of elderly people using
DASS21, (n=40)
Anxiety Mean±SD „t‟ df p-value
Pre-intervention 6.73±1.06 12.10 39 <.001
Post-intervention 4.28±1.26
Significant at p<0.05
Table 8. shows that the t-test showing comparison between
pre-intervention and post-intervention. The Mean±SD of
pre-intervention of well being was 6.73±1.06 and the
Mean±SD of post-intervention of well being was 4.28±1.26.
The calculated „t‟ value was 12.10 which was more than the
tabulated value 2.02 (df 39) at p=<.001).This shows that
warm water foot bath reduces the level of anxiety.
Table 9: Paired „t‟ test of pre-intervention and post-
intervention of well being (Stress) of elderly people using
DASS21 (n=40)
Stress Mean±SD „t‟ df p-value
Pre intervention 8.70±0.9 6.10 39 <.001
Post intervention 7.43±1.2
Significant at p<0.05
Table 9 shows that the t-test showing comparison between
pre-intervention and post-intervention. The Mean±SD of
pre-intervention of well being was 8.70±0.9 and the
Mean±SD of post-intervention of well being was 7.43±1.2.
The calculated „t‟value was 6.10 which was more than the
tabulated value 2.02 (df 39) at p=<.001). This shows that
warm water foot bath reduces the level of stress.
Table 10: Paired„t‟ test of pre-intervention and post-
intervention of well being (Fatigue ) of elderly people using
FAS (FATIGUE ASSESSMENT SCALE) (n=40)
Fatigue Mean±SD „t‟ df p-value
Pre-intervention 23.7±6.91 11.11 39 <.001
Post-intervention 19.38±4.88
Significant at p<0.05
Table 10. shows that the t-test showing comparison between
pre-intervention and post-intervention. The Mean±SD of
pre-intervention of well being was 23.7 ±6.91 and the
Mean±SD of post-intervention of well being was
19.38±4.88. The calculated „t‟ value was 11.11 which was
more than the tabulated value 2.02 (df 39) at p=<.001). This
shows that warm water foot bath reduces the level of fatigue.
Table 11: Paired„t‟ test of pre-intervention and post-
intervention of well being(Sleep) of elderly people using
PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) (n=40)
Sleep Mean± SE „t‟ df p-value
Pre-intervention 8.78±2.24 14.16 39 <.001
Post-intervention 5.78±1.61
Significant at p<0.05
Table 11, Table 8 shows that the t-test showing comparison
between pre-intervention and post-intervention. The
Mean±SD of pre-intervention of well being was 8.78±2.24
and the Mean±SD of post-intervention of well being was
5.78±1.61. The calculated „t‟ value was 14.16 which was
more than the tabulated value 2.02 (df 39) at p=<.001).This
shows that warm water foot bath was effective in improving
quality of sleep of elderly people.
Section IV Association of post intervention of well being
of elderly people with demographic variables
Paper ID: SR201230161027
DOI: 10.21275/SR201230161027
205
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2019): 7.583
Volume 10 Issue 1, January 2021
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Table 12: Chi square test showing the association of post-intervention of overall well being of elderly people with
demographic variables, n=40
Demographic
Variables Groups Post intervention Total Chi Square df p value
Normal Well being Well being Not Maintained
Age
61-65 years 2 10 12
3.10 4 9.48NS
66-70 years 4 8 12
71-75 years 1 9 10
76-80 years 2 3 5
81-85 years 0 1 1
Gender Male 5 18 23 0.01 1 3.83NS
Female 4 13 17
Educational
status
Middle school 0 3 3
3.85 3 7.81NS
High school 4 14 18
Higher secondary 2 11 13
Graduate & above 3 3 6
Past occupation
Bussiness 1 11 12
5.04 4 9.48NS
Government employed 3 3 6
Private employed 3 9 12
Unemployed 2 5 7
Farmer 0 3 3
Marital status Married 7 29 36 1.92 1 3.83NS
Widow 2 2 4
Source of
income
Pension 3 3 6 5.42 2 5.99NS
Support from children 3 23 26
Saving 3 5 8
NS-Not significant at 0.05 level of significance
Table 12 Reveals that there was no significant association of post-intervention of well being of elderly people with the
demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance. Hence the research hypothesis was rejected and null hypothesis was
accepted.
Table 13: Chi square test showing the association of post-intervention of well being (depression) of elderly people with
demographic variables
(n=40)
Demographic variables Groups Post intervention Total Chi Sq df p
Normal Mild Moderate
Age
61-65 years 4 7 1 12
5.68 8 15.51NS
66-70 years 7 4 1 12
71-75 years 2 7 1 10
76-80 years 2 3 0 5
81-85 years 1 0 0 1
Gender Male 9 12 2 23 0.11 2 5.99NS
Female 7 9 1 17
Educational status
Middle school 0 3 0 3
7.99 6 12.59NS
High school 6 9 3 18
Higher secondary 6 7 0 13
Graduate & above 4 2 0 6
Past occupation
Business 4 5 3 12
12.40 8 15.51NS
Govt employed 4 2 0 6
Private employed 6 6 0 12
Unemployed 2 5 0 7
Farmer 0 3 0 3
Marital status Married 13 20 3 36 2.34 2 5.99NS
Widow 3 1 0 4
Source of income Pension 4 2 0 6 4.00 4 9.49NS
Support from children 8 15 3 26
Saving 4 4 0 8
NS-Not significant at 0.05 level of significance
Table 13.reveals that there was no significant association of post intervention of depression of elderly people with the
demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.
Paper ID: SR201230161027
DOI: 10.21275/SR201230161027
206
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2019): 7.583
Volume 10 Issue 1, January 2021
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Table 14: Chi square test showing the association of post-intervention of well being (anxiety) of elderly people with
demographic variables, (n=40)
Demographic variables Groups Post intervention Total Chi Sq df p
Normal Mild Moderate
Age
61-65 years 4 7 1 12
8.46 8 15.51NS
66-70 years 7 3 2 12
71-75 years 1 7 2 10
76-80 years 2 2 1 5
81-85 years 1 0 0 1
Gender Male 8 13 2 23 2.47 2 5.99NS
Female 7 6 4 17
Educational status
Middle school 0 1 2 3
8.40 6 12.59NS
High school 7 8 3 18
Higher secondary 5 7 1 13
Graduate & above 3 3 0 6
Past occupation
Business 3 8 1 12
12.82 8 15.51NS
Govt employed 3 3 0 6
Private employed 7 4 1 12
Unemployed 2 3 2 7
Farmer 0 1 2 3
Marital status Married 13 17 6 36 0.86 2 5.99NS
Widow 2 2 0 4
Source of income Pension 3 3 0 6 4.16 4 9.49NS
Support from children 8 12 6 26
Saving 4 4 0 8
NS-Not significant at 0.05 level of significance
Table 14 reveals that there was no significant association of post-intervention of anxiety of elderly people with the
demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.
Table 15: Chi square test showing the association of post-intervention of well being (stress) of elderly people with
demographic variables, (n=40)
Demographic
Variables Groups Post intervention Total Chi Sq df P value
Normal Mild
Age
61-65 years 6 6 12
4.03 4 9.49NS
66-70 years 8 4 12
71-75 years 3 7 10
76-80 years 3 2 5
81-85 years 1 0 1
Gender Male 12 11 23 0.00 1 3.84NS
Female 9 8 17
Educational status
Middle school 0 3 3
7.17 3 7.82NS
High school 11 7 18
Higher secondary 5 8 13
Graduate &above 5 1 6
Past occupation
Business 5 7 12
6.39 4 9.49NS
Govt. employed 5 1 6
Private employed 7 5 12
Unemployed 4 3 7
Farmer 0 3 3
Marital status Married 19 17 36 0.11 1 3.84NS
Unmarried 2 2 4
Source of income Pension 5 1 6 3.69 2 5.99NS
Support from children 11 15 26
Saving 5 3 8
NS-Not significant at 0.05 level of significance
Table 15.reveals that there was no significant association of post intervention of stress of elderly people with the
demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.
Paper ID: SR201230161027
DOI: 10.21275/SR201230161027
207
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2019): 7.583
Volume 10 Issue 1, January 2021
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Table 16: Chi square test showing the association of post-intervention of well being (fatigue) of elderly people with
demographic variables, (n=40)
Demographic
Variables Groups Postintervention Total Chi Sq df p
Normal Fatigue
Age
61-65 years 7 5 12
1.39 4 9.49NS
66-70 years 8 4 12
71-75 years 6 4 10
76-80 years 4 1 5
81-85 years 1 0 1
Gender Male 15 8 23 0.00 1 3.84NS
Female 11 6 17
Educational status
Middle school 2 1 3
1.53 3 7.82NS
High school 10 8 18
Higher secondary 10 3 13
Graduate & above 4 2 6
Past occupation
Business 6 6 12
2.53 4 9.49NS
Govt employed 4 2 6
Private employed 8 4 12
Unemployed 6 1 7
Farmer 2 1 3
Marital status Married 23 13 36 0.20 1 3.84NS
Unmarried 3 1 4
Source of income Pension 4 2 6 2.40 2 5.99NS
Support from children 15 11 26
Saving 7 1 8
NS-Not significant at 0.05 level of significance
Table 16 reveals that there was no significant association of post intervention of fatigue of elderly people with the
demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.
Table 17: Chi square test showing the association of post intervention of well being (sleep) of elderly people with
demographic variables, (n=40)
Demographic
Variables Groups Post intervention Total Chi Sq df P value
Good sleep quality Poor sleep quality
Age
61-65 years 9 3 12
1.86 4 9.49NS
66-70 years 7 5 12
71-75 years 6 4 10
76-80 years 4 1 5
81-85 years 1 0 1
Gender Male 17 6 23 1.02 1 3.84NS
Female 10 7 17
Educational status
Illiterate 1 2 3
3.14 3 7.82NS
Primary school 11 7 18
Middle school 10 3 13
High school 5 1 6
Past occupation
Business 9 3 12
5.32 4 9.49NS
Govt employed 5 1 6
Private employed 6 6 12
Unemployed 6 1 7
Farmer 1 2 3
Source of income Pension 5 1 6 6.75 2 5.99S
Support from children 14 12 26
Saving 8 0 8
NS-Not significant at 0.05 level of significance
Table 17.reveals that there was no significant association of
post intervention of sleep of elderly people with the
demographic variables like age, gender, educational status,
marital status, past occupation at 0.05 level of significance
except source of income.
5. Summary
Majority 12(30%) of the elderly people were from the age
group 61-65 and 66-70.
23(57.5%) of the elderly people were male.
18(45%) of the elderly people were educated up to high
school
Majority 12(30%) of the elderly people were business and
private employed
36(90%) of the elderly people were married
26(65%) of the elderly people belongs to support from
children
40(100%) of the elderly people does not prescribed any
medication for sleep
Paper ID: SR201230161027
DOI: 10.21275/SR201230161027
208
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2019): 7.583
Volume 10 Issue 1, January 2021
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
6. Recommendation
The study can be replicated in different settings.
The same study can be done on large number of sample
Effectiveness of warm water foot bath can be assessed by
conducting the study with control and experimental.
7. Conclusion
From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded
that warm water foot bath on level of well being of elderly
people was effective in improving sleep, reduce fatigue,
depression, anxiety and stress.
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